Integration of GARD Turkey national program with other non-communicable diseases plans in Turkey.

For the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases (NCD), an action plan on NCDs is intended to support coordinated, comprehensive and integrated implementation of strategies and evidence-based interventions across individual diseases and risk factors, especially at the national and regional levels by World Health Organization (WHO). The Global Alliance against Chronic Respiratory Diseases (GARD) is making every attempt to align with WHO's non-communicable diseases action plan. GARD activities have been commenced in over 40 countries and in 11 countries an integrated NCD action plan is being prepared or has already been initiated. This integrated approach of GARD has also targeted to GARD Turkey project. The Turkish Ministry of Health has decided to apply this national control program in conformity with other NCD action plans. This article is intended to summarize these integration efforts of GARD Turkey (the National Control Program on Chronic Airway Diseases) with other NCD national programs.

The WHO global alliance against chronic respiratory diseases in Turkey (GARD Turkey).

In order to prevent and control non-communicable diseases (NCDs), the 61st World Health Assembly has endorsed an NCD action plan (WHA resolution 61.14). A package for essential NCDs including chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) has also been developed. The Global Alliance against Chronic Respiratory Diseases (GARD) is a new but rapidly developing voluntary alliance that is assisting World Health Organization (WHO) in the task of addressing NCDs at country level. The GARD approach was initiated in 2006. GARD Turkey is the first comprehensive programme developed by a government with all stakeholders of the country. This paper provides a summary of indicators of the prevalence and severity of chronic respiratory diseases in Turkey and the formation of GARD Turkey.

The effect of hyperbaric oxygen treatment on the inflammatory changes caused by intraperitoneal meconium.

Exposure of the peritoneal cavity to meconium causes a marked inflammatory response. The effect of intraperitoneal meconium on intestinal morphology and plasma nitrite and nitrate (NO2(-) + NO3(-)) levels and how this inflammatory process is influenced by hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) treatment were investigated in this study. The purpose was to determine whether HBO treatment could be considered a useful adjunct in the resuscitative treatment of severely ill patients admitted with meconium peritonitis (MP). Rats were divided into three groups. Human meconium (MP group, n=10) and sterile saline (control group, n=10) were injected intraperitoneally for 3 days. The procedure for meconium injection was combined with HBO treatment for the HBO group (n=10). HBO was administered for 7 days. In all groups, peritoneal swap cultures, plasma NO2(-) + NO3(-) levels, intestinal diameters, and macroscopic and microscopic changes in the intestine were determined on the 8th day. Bacterial growth was not detected in the peritoneal swap cultures. There was a significant difference in NO2(-) + NO3(-) levels between the MP and HBO groups ( P<0.05), between the MP and control groups ( P<0.01), and between the HBO and control groups ( P<0.05). Thin fibrinous adhesions in both the MP and HBO groups, and thickened and dilated intestinal loops in the MP group were observed macroscopically. The intestinal diameter in the MP group was significantly greater than in the HBO and control groups. The only microscopic difference was seen in the serosal layer. Compared with the animals in the control and HBO groups, the intestine of the rats in the MP group showed prominent serosal thickening, edema, capillary proliferation and cellular infiltration. The ameliorated inflammatory changes and decreased dilatation of the intestine accompanied by a significant decrease in NO2(-) + NO3(-) levels suggest that as an adjunctive treatment, HBO may have a beneficial effect in the resuscitative treatment of meconium peritonitis.

Nitric oxide synthase inhibition prevents intestinal damage in gastroschisis: a morphological evaluation in chick embryos.

PURPOSE: Increased small bowel nitric oxide (NO) synthase activity accused for postnatal intestinal dysmotility in gastroschisis. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of prenatal NO synthase inhibition on intestinal damage in gastroschisis. METHODS: Sixteen-day-old fertilized chick eggs were divided into 4 groups. In the control group, the allantoic and amniotic membranes were opened to create a common cavity. In the gastroschisis group, a defect in the abdominal wall was made, and intestinal loops were exteriorized. In the gastroschisis pretreated with L-NAME group, gastroschisis was created, and L-NAME was administered into the amnioallantoic cavity for 4 days. In the gastroschisis sham pretreated group, after the same surgical procedure as the previous group, same amount of saline was given beside L-NAME. At the end of 20th day of incubation, intestinal morphological changes were investigated macroscopically and microscopically. RESULTS: Macroscopic changes such as shortening, thickening, and fibrous adhesions were found in the exteriorized bowels of the just gastroschisis group and the gastroschisis pretreated saline group. However, there was only mild thickening in the gastroschisis pretreated with L-NAME group. Microscopically, compared with the gastroschisis group, serosal thickness, muscular thickness, and bowel wall thickness were found to be significantly lower in the gastroschisis pretreated with L-NAME group (128.0 +/- 19.3 microm and 239.5 +/- 3.0 microm v 57.0 +/- 8.2 microm and 145.0 +/- 9.7 microm). CONCLUSION: It is possible to decrease intrauterine intestinal morphological changes in gastroschisis by inhibiting NO synthase.

Laparoscopic-assisted pneumatic reduction of intussusception.

The nonoperative treatment of intussusception is done by fluoroscopy, however, false-positive and negative images may lead to unnecessary operations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of laparoscopy in pneumatic reduction. Surgical ileoileocolic intussusception was performed in 27 dogs. Sixteen dogs were observed for 3 days (group A), and 11 were observed for 5 days (group B). Laparoscopy was performed in the intussuscepted dogs during pneumatic reduction. Under general anesthesia, a 10-mm trocar was inserted supraumblically in the midline, and the laparoscope was introduced. The intussuscepted bowel was observed on the video monitor. A 5-mm trocar was inserted in the right upper quadrant. The mesentery of the terminal ileum was manipulated using grasping forceps to assist reduction. CO2 was insufflated into the rectum using a Foley catheter, and the reduction was observed on the video monitor. The success rate was 94% (mean reduction time, 2.5 minutes +/- 1.0) for group A and 100% (mean reduction time, 3.7 minutes +/- 0.8) for group B. Bowel perforation was observed in one dog, and recurrence of intussusception in another. The authors claim that observing the bowel on the video monitor may help in the differential diagnosis and reduction of difficult cases such as ileoileocolic and delayed intussusceptions. Therefore, unnecessary open surgery may be prevented.

Isolated bowel segment created by omentoenteropexy: histologic findings.

An isolated bowel segment (IBS) is a viable loop of bowel that is completely free of its mesenteric attachments. In this study, omentoenteropexy (OEP) was performed in 5-cm-long IBS of rats in order to provide neovascularization. Thirty-two rats were divided into four groups. After OEP, mesenteric division of the IBSs was performed at successive 1 week intervals in each group (3-6 weeks). The bowel-wall structures were histologically examined 2 days after division of the mesentery. Ischemic changes were observed in the group in which the interval was shorter than 4 weeks. In the IBSs that were supplied by the pediculated omental flap for 4 or more weeks no ischemic changes were noted in the mucosa, muscle layers, or intramural ganglia. We conclude that an IBS that preserves normal bowel structures can safely be created in the rat when its mesentery is divided 4 weeks after OEP. Physiological studies of motility and absorption can be performed and longitudinal tubularization may enable such an IBS to be used in short-bowel syndrome.

Ultrasound-guided percutaneous drainage in the treatment of children with hepatic hydatid disease.

The present study was designed to establish the safety and efficacy of ultrasound-guided percutaneous drainage in the treatment of hepatic hydatid cysts in children. A total of 14 cysts in eight patients were drained under aseptic conditions and continuous ultrasound guidance. An 18-G needle was used for puncture and silver nitrate solution as the scolecoidal agent. All procedures were successful. During follow-up, repeated ultrasound examinations revealed a progressive decrease in cyst size and an alteration in the cyst echopattern. None of the patients had a rise in hydatid antibody titer. There were no immediate or late complications. We conclude that the safety and efficacy of ultrasound-guided percutaneous drainage are satisfactory for the treatment of hepatic hydatid cysts in children.

An unusual case of testicular ectopia.

A testis is termed ectopic when it lies outside the normal line of descent. A case of testicular ectopia in which the testicle was located cranial and lateral to the internal ring dorsal to the external oblique muscle is reported in a 2-month-old boy. This highly aberrant ectopic testis was treated successfully by orchiopexy; as far as we know, this is the second such case in the literature.