Enhancing electrochemical detection through machine learning-driven prediction for canine mammary tumor biomarker with green silver nanoparticles.

This study developed an innovative biosensor strategy for the sensitive and selective detection of canine mammary tumor biomarkers, cancer antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3) and mucin 1 (MUC-1), integrating green silver nanoparticles (GAgNPs) with machine learning (ML) algorithms to achieve high diagnostic accuracy and potential for noninvasive early detection. The GAgNPs-enhanced electrochemical biosensor demonstrated selective detection of CA 15-3 in serum and MUC-1 in tissue homogenates, with limits of detection (LODs) of 0.07 and 0.11 U mL-1, respectively. The nanoscale dimensions of the GAgNPs endowed them with electrochemically active surface areas, facilitating sensitive biomarker detection. Experimental studies targeted CA 15-3 and MUC-1 biomarkers in clinical samples, and the biosensor exhibited ease of use and good selectivity. Furthermore, ML algorithms were employed to analyze the electrochemical data and predict biomarker concentrations, enhancing the diagnostic accuracy. The Random Forest algorithm achieved 98% accuracy in tumor presence prediction, while an Artificial Neural Network attained 76% accuracy in CA 15-3-based tumor grade classification. The integration of ML techniques with the GAgNPs-based biosensor offers a promising approach for noninvasive, accurate, and early detection of canine mammary tumors, potentially revolutionizing veterinary diagnostics. This multilayered strategy, combining eco-friendly nanomaterials, electrochemical sensing, and ML algorithms, holds significant potential for advancing both biomedical research and clinical practice in the field of canine mammary tumor diagnostics.

The response of the canine mammary simple carcinoma and carcinosarcoma cells to 5-aminolaevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy: An in vitro study.

BACKGROUNDS: Canine mammary gland tumors (CMGTs) are heterogeneous tumors and share many similar features with human breast cancer. Despite the improvement of current treatment options, new treatment modalities are required to effectively kill tumor cells without general toxicity in the treatment of CMGTs. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising method for cancer treatment. However, there is a limited study evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of PDT in the treatment of CMGTs. METHODS: In this context, we, for the first time, investigated the therapeutic potential of 5-aminolaevulinic acid (5-ALA) mediated PDT at 6 and 12 J/cm2 in two different subtypes [Tubulopapillary carcinoma (TPC) and carcinosarcoma (CS)] cells via different molecular analysis. The cytotoxic effects of 5-ALA/PDT on these cells were analyzed by intracellular PpIX level, WST-1 and ROS analysis. Furthermore, the underlying moleculer mechanism of 5-ALA/PDT mediated apoptotic effects on TPC and CS cells were evaluated Annexin V, AO/PI, RT-PCR and western blot analysis. RESULTS: The 5-ALA/PDT treatment upon irradiation considerably inhibited the viability of both TPC and CS cells (p<0.01) and caused apoptotic death through elevated ROS levels, the activation of Caspase-9, and Caspase-3, and the overexpression of Bax. However, the response of TPC and CS cells to 5-ALA/PDT was different. CONCLUSIONS: Our preliminary in vitro findings provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying 5-ALA/PDT mediated apoptosis in both TPC and CS cells. However, the therapeutic response of CMGT cells to 5-ALA/PDT is limited.

Evaluation of platelet indices and complete blood count in canine mammary tumors

Malignant mammary tumors in humans and bitches cause hematological disorders such as anemia, erythrocytosis, thrombocytosis, hyperproteinemia, and leucopenia. Novel studies have been conducted on the predictive and prognostic values of platelet (PLT) indices in human breast cancer (HBC). However, there is little information about the alterations in hematological parameters in canine mammary tumors (CMTs). The aims of this study were to evaluate the platelet indices and complete blood count (CBC) parameters in bitches with and without mammary tumor and to assess the above mentioned parameters with regard to histological tumor types and grades. A total of 71 bitches were enrolled in this study. The bitches in the study group were divided into 2 groups which consisted of malignant epithelial mammary tumors (group EMT; n = 43) and malignant mixed mammary tumors (group MMT; n = 12). Control group (group C) consisted of clinically and gynaecologically healthy 16 bitches. Blood samples were obtained to perform the CBC and PLT indices analysis. Histopathological examinations were carried out under a light microscope. Histological tumor types and malignancy grades were classified. The bitches with mammary tumor showed significantly increased PLT values and decreased hematocrit (HCT), hemoglobin (HGB) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) values versus the healthy ones, regardless of the tumor type. However, in comparisons with the group C, mean platelet volume (MPV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) values were different only in the group MMT, while plateletcrit (PCT) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) values were different only in the group EMT. Also white blood cell (WBC), PLT and PCT values were higher than the referenced laboratory ranges in grade 3 tumors. In the presented study, MPV was considerably correlated with PLT, platelet distribution width (PDW) and PCT. Also, PCT and PLT had high sensitivity and specificity to distinct EMT and MMT from the healthy bitches. Microcytic and hypochromic anemia occurs due to the decrease in the amount of HGB. Levels of MCV, MCH, and MCHC in the HBC group were reported to be significantly lower than in humans without breast cancer. Although anemia did not occur in EMT and MMT groups, obtained significances in the HCT, HGB, MCV, MCH, and MCHC levels between the bitches with and without mammary tumor were in line with the previous reports. In this study, WBC levels in grade 3 tumors were significantly higher than grade1 tumors (P < 0.05). Whereas levels of WBC in grade 1 and grade 2 tumors were in referenced laboratory ranges, it was higher in grade 3. Increased level of WBC in grade 3 was supposed to be due to the rise in malignancy as previously reported. Thrombocytosis was detected in 48.83% and 41.66% of the bitches in EMT and MMT groups, respectively. The higher percentage of CMTs with thrombocytosis in this study might be due to the difference in referenced upper limit of PLT in previous studies. The elapsed time between tumor formation and clinical presentation could be another influencing factor. Although PLT and PCT values were not significant according to the histological grading in this study, both parameters were found to be higher in grade 3 than the normal reference values. Further studies conducted with higher populations may lead the differences in these parameters to significance. With the support of further studies, alterations in the above mentioned parameters in bitches may contribute in the diagnosis process, management of treatment and may constitute an easy way to have an idea about the prognosis of mammary tumors.(AU)