ABSTRACT
Recently, biofuels with higher alcohol content have become a promising alternative to diesel fuel. These fuels are appealing because they are sustainable, renewable, and possess attractive fuel properties. This study uses a split injection strategy to analyze the performance and emissions of a CRDI diesel engine fueled by 1-heptanol. The work involved testing different fuel blends, ranging from 10 % to 30 %, while maintaining a constant engine speed of 1500 rpm and varying the operating load between 0 kg and 12 kg in 4 kg increments. During the second stage, the CRITIC-TOPSIS method determines the objective weights and rankings of various criteria and alternatives. A Python approach based on machine learning was used to ensure the CRITIC-TOPSIS results were accurate. Seven criteria were evaluated to maximize BTE while minimizing BSFC, NOx, smoke opacity, HC, CO, and CO2. The experimental results showed a slight drop of 2.98 % in BTE and an increase of about 13.33 % in BSFC. NOx and smoke opacity were reduced by 7.13%-4.53 %, while there was a 12.12 % increase in HC, 6.45 % higher CO, and a 5.5 % increase in CO2 at full load. Adding 1-heptanol to diesel and using a split injection strategy significantly reduced NOx and smoke opacity. The final ranking and best blend are determined using CRITIC-TOPSIS and Python algorithms to estimate performance and emissions criteria. At a load of 4 kg, D100 ranks first with a relative closeness value of 0.642, while at a pack of 8 kg, the blend HP20D80 ranks first with a relative closeness value of 0.633. According to the rankings, the HP20D80 blend is the best option for achieving optimal performance and reduced emissions in CRDI diesel engines. A research paper has presented a unique approach to multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) validated using a Python algorithm. This method can assist decision-makers in making better-informed choices when faced with MCDM problems that involve various criteria and alternatives.
ABSTRACT
Bio-methanol has recently interested researchers looking for a suitable alternative due to its low carbon/hydrogen (C/H) ratio. Adding methanol to Autogas could thereby improve combustion while lowering emissions. In the present investigation, testing is conducted at a compression ratio of 14:1 on various fuel ratios (55/45 to 75/25 with a 5% change) of methanol/Autogas with ignition timing ranging from 28°CA bTDC to 14°CA bTDC. The results indicate improvements due to the addition of 65% methanol. Improved brake thermal efficiency (BTE) by 6.27%, peak pressure (Pmax) by 0.36%, heat release rate (HRRmax), peak temperature (Tmax) by 0.89%, and rise in exhaust gas temperature (EGT). Simultaneously, combustion duration, HC & CO emissions, and the coefficient of variations in indicated mean effective pressure (CoVIMEP) are reduced. With methanol, the volumetric efficiency (ηvol) improves continuously. Optimal ignition timing is shown to advance with increasing methanol concentration. With ignition retard, the flame development phase (CA10) decreases by 1.7%/2°CA ignition retard, whereas the flame propagation phase (CA10-90) decreases to a minimum and then increases. Due to combustion instability, ignition retard increases the Cyclic variation and CoVIMEP, while Pmax, HRRmax, Tmax, and BTE increase to a maximum and then drop. Ignition retard is an effective way of reducing NOx emissions, although CO and HC emissions increase significantly. Due to reduced carbon supply, carbon emissions are extremely low even at higher methanol concentrations than Autogas-rich fuel. NOx emissions are also extremely low (62.5 % of the ignition angle at 24°CA), revealing that a higher methanol ratio could be used with minimal risk of power loss.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>PURPOSE</b>Soft tissue healing is of paramount importance in distal tibial fractures for a successful outcome. There is an increasing trend of using anterolateral plate due to an adequate soft tissue cover on ante- rolateral distal tibia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the results and complications of minimally invasive anterolateral locking plate in distal tibial fractures.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>This is a retrospective study of 42 patients with distal tibial fractures treated with minimally invasive anterolateral tibial plating. This study evaluates the bone and soft tissue healing along with emphasis on complications related to bone and soft tissue healing.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Full weight bearing was allowed in mean time period of 4.95 months (3-12 months). A major local complication of a wound which required revision surgery was seen in one case. Minor complications were identified in 9 cases which comprised 4 cases of marginal necrosis of the surgical wound, 1 case of superficial infection, 1 case of sensory disturbance over the anterolateral foot, 1 case of muscle hernia and 2 cases of delayed union. Mean distance between the posterolateral and anterolateral incision was 5.7 cm (4.5-8 cm).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The minimally invasive distal tibial fixation with anterolateral plating is a safe method of stabilization. Distance between anterolateral and posterolateral incision can be placed less than 7 cm apart depending on fracture pattern with proper surgical timing and technique.</p>
