[Low power laser as an adjuvant to paresthesia. report of two cases]. / Láser de baja potencia como coadyuvante a la parestesia. reporte de dos casos.

Tooth extraction or extraction is a common procedure in dental practice, although it is a common practice, it is not exempt from complications. Paraesthesia is defined as a neuropathy with altered sensations and permanent anesthesia. The case of two patients who attended the Department of Pathology at the Faculty of Dentistry with paresthesia is reported. Both were treated with low-power laser therapy, showing a significant improvement in their clinical condition. The application of low-power laser presents ideal benefits in various areas of the stomatological field. As it is a non-invasive, painless treatment and short sessions, the patient is encouraged to continue with the treatment until they are almost completely rehabilitated.

Phylogeny, historical biogeography and diversification rates in an economically important group of Neotropical palms: Tribe Euterpeae.

Tribe Euterpeae is an economically and ecologically important group of Neotropical palms (Arecaceae). Some species are hyperdominant in the Neotropics, and many constitute a good source of revenue. To reconstruct the biogeographical history and diversification of the Euterpeae, we inferred a robust dated molecular phylogenetic hypothesis including 82% of the species sequenced for five DNA regions (trnD-trnT, CISP4, WRKY6, RPB2, and PHYB). Ancestral range was estimated using all models available in BioGeoBEARS and Binary State Speciation and Extinction analysis was used to evaluate the association of biome and inflorescence type with diversification rates. All intergeneric relationships were resolved providing insight on the taxonomic controversy of Jessenia, Euterpe and Prestoea. Three widely distributed Neotropical species were non-monophyletic, inviting a revision of species circumscriptions. The Euterpeae started its diversification in the mid Eocene (40 Mya), with most species-level divergence events occurring in the last 10 million years. Four colonization events from Central to South America were inferred. Different diversification rates were associated with biomes. Lowland rainforest was inferred as the ancestral biome of Euterpeae, attesting to the importance of lowland adapted lineages on the assembly of the montane flora. The two-fold higher speciation rate for montane taxa (compared with lowland rainforest taxa) was contemporaneous to the Andean orogenic uplift. The specialized beetle pollination of Oenocarpus with its hippuriform (horsetail shape) inflorescence was not associated with diversification rates in Euterpeae.

LA PALMA AMARGA (Sabal mauritiiformis, Arecaceae) EN SISTEMAS PRODUCTIVOS DEL CARIBE COLOMBIANO: ESTUDIO DE CASO EN PIOJÓ, ATLÁNTICO / The Bitter Palm (Sabal mauritiiformis, Arecaceae) in Productive Systems of the Colombian Caribbean: A Case Study in Piojó, Atlántico

La palma Sabal mauritiiformis es un recurso importante en el Caribe colombiano debido al uso de sus hojas para techar. Para evaluar el estado de sus poblaciones en Piojó (Atlántico), uno de los municipios más productores de hojas, se estudió la densidad y la estructura poblacional de la palma. Se establecieron 16 parcelas de 0,1 ha, en los tres sistemas de uso de suelo más comunes en la zona: ganadería (6), cultivos (5) y rastrojo (5). Se encontró que la palma amarga constituye un recurso silvestre, muy resistente y capaz de adaptarse a ambientes perturbados pues está incorporada en sistemas productivos de cultivos, rastrojos y ganadería, donde las prácticas de manejo influyen en la densidad y estructura de sus poblaciones. La palma es muy resistente y capaz de adaptarse a ambientes perturbados. El área estudiada incluyó 5349 individuos distribuidos en cuatro categorías de tamaño. Los rastrojos (3620 ± 2808 individuos/hectárea) y los cultivos (5612 ± 3361 ind/ha) presentaron más individuos y mejores estructuras poblacionales que las áreas de ganadería (1488 ± 827 ind/ha), en las cuales se encontraron poblaciones más deterioradas por efecto del pisoteo y el forrajeo. La prevalencia de individuos en algunas clases de tamaño refleja las condiciones de manejo actual e histórico; actividades como el pastoreo o las quemas, sin una apropiada planificación, pueden comprometer el desarrollo de las poblaciones de la palma y la futura disponibilidad del recurso.

The palm Sabal mauritiiformis is an important resource in the Colombian Caribbean, as its leaves are used for thatching. In order to assess the status of its populations in Piojó (Atlántico department), one of the major leaf producers in the region, palm population structure was studied by randomly establishing 16 sample plots of 0.1 ha in the three major use areas where the palm occurs:: pastures (6), crops (5) and fallows (5). We found that the bitter palm is a heavily exploited wild resource and management practices impact population structure. The bitter palm is a resilient species, easily adaptable to disturbed environments. The studied plots included 5349 individuals, distributed in four size categories. Fallows (3620 ± 2808 individuals/ha) and crops (5612 ± 3361 ind/ha) had more individuals and population structures that reflect a better condition than pastures (1488 ± 827 ind/ha), which had a population structure with discontinuous distributions due to trampling and foraging. Prevalence of individuals in certain size classes reflects current and historical management conditions; activities such as grazing or removal of vegetation by burning, without proper planning, can jeopardize the development of populations and future resource availability.

[Pollination ecology of three sympatric species of Oenocarpus (Arecaceae) in the Colombian Amazon]. / Ecología de la polinización de tres especies de Oenocarpus (Arecaceae) simpátricas en la Amazonia Colombiana.

The understanding of pollination mechanisms is vital for developing management and conservation actions of economically important species. In order to understand the pollination mechanisms of the promising palms in the genus Oenocarpus (Arecaceae), we studied floral morphology and biology, of three sympatric species in the Colombian Amazon: O. bataua, O. balickii and O. minor. During the period 2010-2012 we made direct and continuous observations of inflorescences (visitors, pollinators, and reproductive success) of the three species in every development phase. We determined the association of the palms with their floral visitors through a complex or interaction network, whereas specificity or preference of the insects for each individual palm was assessed through paired similarity analysis, similarity analysis (ANOSIM), and ordering analysis based on nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMSD). The three species flowered throughout the year; their inflorescences have long rachillae that hang close to each other from a short rachis, and they bear flowers in dyads or triads. Inflorescences are protandrous, thermogenic; anthesis takes place during daytime but pollination is nocturnal. We recorded 79 species of insects, mainly beetles, 33 of which visited O. balickii, 63 visited O. bataua, and 33 visited 0. minor. Although they shared some visitors, their abundance during the pistillate phase, as well as their pollen loads showed that only a few species of Curculionidae and Nitidulidae are the principal pollinators of the three studied species. Differences in network structure between staminate and pistillate phases, as well as difference in abundance found with the ANOSIM and NMSD similarity tests, suggest a high specificity of pollinators, leading to reproductive isolation among.the three species. Because all pollinating beetles were found to develop their life cycles within the inflorescences, we hypothesize the occurrence of a specialized system of mutual dependence between each of this three Oenocarpus species and their pollinators. This specialization assures a year-round availability of the pollinators.

Papulosis bowenoide en niña con VIH: presentación de un caso / Bowenoid papulosis in a girl with HIV: presentation of a case

La presencia de verrugas anogenitales en niños es una situación controvertida, ya que las vías de acceso del virus del papiloma humano (HPV) al área anogenital infantil pueden ser la perinatal, a partir de lesiones en el canal del parto,la transmisión por auto o heteroinoculacióndes de verrugas vulgares en las manos de los propios niños, familiares o cuidadores, y por abuso sexual. Por ello, para llegar a un correcto diagnóstico y tratamiento es importante contar con una buena historia clínica. Presentamos el caso de una paciente en edad escolar, de sexo femenino, que tras un abuso sexual, presentó una infección por elvirus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) y desarrolló una papulosis bowenoide.

The presence of anogenital warts in childrenis a controversial situationsincethepaths of human papillomavirus (HPV) in a child´sanogenitalareamay be acquiredperinatally, fromlesions in thebirth canal oracquiredviaauto orheteroinoculationfromcommonwartsonthehands of childrenthemselves, familymembersorcaregivers and fromthegenitals of adultsduring sexual abuse. Hencetheimportance of a goodhistorytoreach a correct diagnosis and treatment.Wereportthe case of a femalepatient,whoafterbeingsexuallyabused, developed HIV and a bowenoidpapulosis.

Ecología de la polinización de tres especies de Oenocarpus (Arecaceae) simpátricas en la Amazonia Colombiana / Pollination ecology of three sympatric species of Oenocarpus (Arecaceae) in the Colombian Amazon

The understanding of pollination mechanisms is vital for developing management and conservation actions of economically important species. In order to understand the pollination mechanisms of the promising palms in the genus Oenocarpus (Arecaceae), we studied floral morphology and biology, of three sympatric species in the Colombian Amazon: O. bataua, O. balickii and O. minor. During the period 2010-2012 we made direct and continuous observations of inflorescences (visitors, pollinators, and reproductive success) of the three species in every development phase. We determined the association of the palms with their floral visitors through a complex or interaction network, whereas specificity or preference of the insects for each individual palm was assessed through paired similarity analysis, similarity analysis (ANOSIM), and ordering analysis based on non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMSD). The three species flowered throughout the year; their inflorescences have long rachillae that hang close to each other from a short rachis, and they bear flowers in dyads or triads. Inflorescences are protandrous, thermogenic; anthesis takes place during daytime but pollination is nocturnal. We recorded 79 species of insects, mainly beetles, 33 of which visited O. balickii, 63 visited O. bataua, and 33 visited O. minor. Although they shared some visitors, their abundance during the pistillate phase, as well as their pollen loads showed that only a few species of Curculionidae and Nitidulidae are the principal pollinators of the three studied species. Differences in network structure between staminate and pistillate phases, as well as difference in abundance found with the ANOSIM and NMSD similarity tests, suggest a high specificity of pollinators, leading to reproductive isolation among the three species. Because all pollinating beetles were found to develop their life cycles within the inflorescences, we hypothesize the occurrence of a specialized system of mutual dependence between each of this three Oenocarpus species and their pollinators. This specialization assures a year-round availability of the pollinators. Rev. Biol. Trop. 63 (1): 35-55. Epub 2015 March 01.

La comprensión de los mecanismos de polinización son de gran importancia para el desarrollo de planes de manejo y acciones de conservación de las especies de importancia económica. Con el objeto de conocer los mecanismos de polinización de palmas promisorias del género Oenocarpus (Arecaceae), se estudió la morfología, la biología floral, los visitantes, los polinizadores y éxito reproductivo de tres especies simpátricas en la Amazonía colombiana: O. bataua, O. balickii y O. minor. Durante el período 2010-2012 realizamos observaciones directas durante las fases de desarrollo de las inflorescencias en las tres especies. Se determinó la asociación de las palmas con sus visitantes florales a través de una red compleja, mientras que la especificidad o la preferencia de los insectos por cada palma individual se evaluó mediante el análisis similitud pareada, análisis de similitud (ANOSIM), un análisis de ordenación a partir del escalamiento multidimensional no métrico (NMSD). Las tres palmas florescen todo el año; sus inflorescencias contienen raquilas que cuelgan de un raquis corto, y presentan flores agrupadas en díadas o tríadas. Las inflorescencias son protandras, termogénicas; la antesis tiene lugar durante el día, pero la polinización es nocturna. Se registraron 79 especies de insectos, principalmente coleópteros, 33 de los cuales visitaron O. balickii, 63 a O. bataua y 33 a O. minor. Aunque compartían algunos visitantes, su abundancia en la fase pistilada, así como la carga de polen mostró que sólo unas pocas especies de Curculionidae y Nitidulidae son los polinizadores de las tres especies. Las diferencias en la estructura de la red entre las fases estaminadas y pistiladas, así como la diferencia en la abundancia encontrada con las pruebas de similitud ANOSIM y NMSD, sugieren una alta especificidad de polinizadores, lo que lleva a un aislamiento reproductivo entre las tres especies. Debido a que se encontró que todas las especies de coleópteros polinizadores desarrollan su ciclo de vida dentro de las inflorescencias de cada palma, se sugiere la presencia de un sistema especializado y de mutua dependencia entre los polinizadores y las especies de Oenocarpus. Esta especialización garantiza la disponibilidad de polinizadores durante todo el año.

Juvenile resilience and adult longevity explain residual populations of the Andean wax palm Ceroxylon quindiuense after deforestation.

Wax palms are an important element of the cloud forests in the tropical Andes. Despite heavy deforestation, the density of adults seems to be similar in deforested pastures as in forests. We aimed to infer the mechanisms responsible for this apparent resilience in pastures and we tested two hypotheses to explain it: 1) adult palms survived in pastures because they were spared from logging, and 2) adults occurred in pastures through the resilience of large juvenile rosettes, which survived through subterranean meristems and later developed into adults. For this purpose, we characterized the demographic structure of C. quindiuense in a total of 122 plots of 400 m(2) in forests and pastures at two sites with contrasted land use histories in Colombia and Peru. Additionally, we implemented growth models that allowed us to estimate the age of individuals at four sites. These data were combined with information collected from local land managers in order to complete our knowledge on the land use history at each site. At two sites, the presence of old individuals up to 169 years and a wide age range evidenced that, at least, a portion of current adults in pastures were spared from logging at the time of deforestation. However, at the two other sites, the absence of older adults in pastures and the narrow age range of the populations indicated that individuals came exclusively from rosette resilience. These interpretations were consistent with the land use history of sites. In consequence, the combination of the two hypotheses (spared individuals and rosette resilience) explained patterns of C. quindiuense in pastures on a regional scale. Regeneration through subterranean meristems in palms is an important, yet overlooked mechanism of resilience, which occurs in a number of palm species and deserves being integrated in the conceptual framework of disturbance ecology.