From roads to biobanks: Roadkill animals as a valuable source of genetic data.

To protect biodiversity we must understand its structure and composition including the bacteria and microparasites associated with wildlife, which may pose risks to human health. However, acquiring this knowledge often presents challenges, particularly in areas of high biodiversity where there are many undescribed and poorly studied species and funding resources can be limited. A solution to fill this knowledge gap is sampling roadkill (animals that die on roads as a result of collisions with circulating vehicles). These specimens can help characterize local wildlife and their associated parasites with fewer ethical and logistical challenges compared to traditional specimen collection. Here we test this approach by analyzing 817 tissue samples obtained from 590 roadkill vertebrate specimens (Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves and Mammalia) collected in roads within the Tropical Andes of Ecuador. First, we tested if the quantity and quality of recovered DNA varied across roadkill specimens collected at different times since death, exploring if decomposition affected the potential to identify vertebrate species and associated microorganisms. Second, we compared DNA stability across taxa and tissues to identify potential limitations and offer recommendations for future work. Finally, we illustrate how these samples can aid in taxonomic identification and parasite detection. Our study shows that sampling roadkill can help study biodiversity. DNA was recovered and amplified (allowing species identification and parasite detection) from roadkill even 120 hours after death, although risk of degradation increased overtime. DNA was extracted from all vertebrate classes but in smaller quantities and with lower quality from amphibians. We recommend sampling liver if possible as it produced the highest amounts of DNA (muscle produced the lowest). Additional testing of this approach in areas with different environmental and traffic conditions is needed, but our results show that sampling roadkill specimens can help detect and potentially monitor biodiversity and could be a valuable approach to create biobanks and preserve genetic data.

Arboviruses in Mammals in the Neotropics: A Systematic Review to Strengthen Epidemiological Monitoring Strategies and Conservation Medicine.

Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are a diverse group of ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses, with the exception of African swine fever virus, that are transmitted by hematophagous arthropods to a vertebrate host. They are the important cause of many diseases due to their ability to spread in different environments and their diversity of vectors. Currently, there is no information on the geographical distribution of the diseases because the routes of transmission and the mammals (wild or domestic) that act as potential hosts are poorly documented or unknown. We conducted a systematic review from 1967 to 2021 to identify the diversity of arboviruses, the areas, and taxonomic groups that have been monitored, the prevalence of positive records, and the associated risk factors. We identified forty-three arboviruses in nine mammalian orders distributed in eleven countries. In Brazil, the order primates harbor the highest number of arbovirus records. The three most recorded arboviruses were Venezuelan equine encephalitis, Saint Louis encephalitis and West Nile virus. Serum is the most used sample to obtain arbovirus records. Deforestation is identified as the main risk factor for arbovirus transmission between different species and environments (an odds ratio of 1.46 with a 95% confidence interval: 1.34-1.59). The results show an increase in the sampling effort over the years in the neotropical region. Despite the importance of arboviruses for public health, little is known about the interaction of arboviruses, their hosts, and vectors, as some countries and mammalian orders have not yet been monitored. Long-term and constant monitoring allows focusing research on the analysis of the interrelationships and characteristics of each component animal, human, and their environment to understand the dynamics of the diseases and guide epidemiological surveillance and vector control programs. The biodiversity of the Neotropics should be considered to support epidemiological monitoring strategies.

Environmental Dissemination of SARS-CoV-2 in a University Hospital during the COVID-19 5th Wave Delta Variant Peak in Castile-León, Spain.

The dominant SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant (B.1.617.2) became the main circulating variant among countries by mid 2021. Attention was raised to the increased risk of airborne transmission, leading to nosocomial outbreaks even among vaccinated individuals. Considering the increased number of COVID-19 hospital admissions fueled by the spread of the variant, with Spain showing the highest COVID-19 rates in mainland Europe by July 2021, the aim of this study was to assess SARS-CoV-2 environmental contamination in different areas of a University Hospital in the region of Castile-León, Spain, during the peak of the 5th wave of COVID-19 in the country (July 2021). Air samples were collected from sixteen different areas of the Hospital using a Coriolis® µ air sampler. Surface samples were collected in these same areas using sterile flocked plastic swabs. RNA extraction followed by a one-step RT-qPCR were performed for detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Of the 21 air samples, only one was positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA, from the emergency waiting room. Of the 40 surface samples, 2 were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA, both from the microbiology laboratory. These results may be relevant for risk assessment of nosocomial infection within healthcare facilities, thus helping prevent and minimize healthcare staff's exposure to SARS-CoV-2, reinforcing the importance of always wearing appropriate and well-fit masks at all times and proper PPE when in contact with infected patients.

Infección bacteriana/fúngica en pacientes con COVID-19 ingresados en un hospital de tercer nivel de Castilla y León, España / Bacterial/fungal infection in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in a tertiary hospital in the Community of Castilla y León, Spain

IntroducciónLa coinfección/sobreinfección bacteriana/fúngica contribuye al incremento de la morbimortalidad de las infecciones respiratorias (IRs) virales. El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer la incidencia de estas infecciones en los pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19.MétodoEstudio retrospectivo observacional de todos los pacientes ingresados por COVID-19 e infección bacteriana/fúngica en el Hospital Clínico de Valladolid (1 marzo-31 mayo, 2020). Comparación de datos demográficos, clínicos y microbiológicos en función del ingreso en UCI e identificación de los factores predictores de mortalidad mediante regresión logística multivariante.ResultadosDe 712 pacientes con COVID-19, 113 (16%) presentaron coinfección/ sobreinfección bacteriana/fúngica. Mediana de edad 73 años (RIQ 57-89), 59% de ellos hombres. Perfil del paciente de UCI (44%): hombre con neumonía por SARS-CoV-2, leucocitosis, interleucina-6 elevada, con interferón β-1b y tocilizumab y sobreinfección (p < 0,05). El 5% (39/712) de los pacientes presentaron una coinfección. Streptococcus pneumoniae (6) y Staphylococcus aureus (6) fueron los principales patógenos de las coinfecciones respiratorias (18). El 11% (80/712) se sobreinfectaron. Las infecciones más frecuentes fueron las urinarias (53) e IRs (39). Acinetobacter baumannii multirresistente fue el principal agente de la IR y la bacteriemia. Un brote por A. baumannii contribuyó a este resultado. Tres pacientes se diagnosticaron como probable aspergilosis pulmonar. La mortalidad fue superior en los pacientes de UCI (50 vs. 29%; p = 0,028). Factores predictores de mortalidad: hombre con varias comorbilidades, neumonía por SARS-CoV-2, bacteriemia y sobreinfectado por A. baumannii.ConclusiónEl brote por A. baumannii fue determinante en la incidencia de la infección y en la morbimortalidad de los pacientes de UCI.

IntroductionBacterial/fungal coinfection and superinfections contribute to the increased morbi-mortality of viral respiratory infections (RIs). The main objective of this study was to determine the incidence of these infections in hospitalized patients with COVID-19.MethodRetrospective observational study of all patients admitted for COVID-19 and bacterial/fungal infections at the Hospital Clínico Universitario of Valladolid, Spain (March 1-May 31, 2020). Demographic, clinical and microbiological data were compared based on Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission and predictors of mortality by were identified using multivariate logistic regression analyses.ResultsOf the 712 COVID-19 patients, 113 (16%) presented bacterial/fungal coinfections or superinfections. Their median age was 73 years (IQR 57-89) and 59% were men. The profiles of ICU patients (44%) included male, SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, leukocytosis, elevated inteleukin-6, with interferon β-1b and tocilizumab and superinfection (p < 0.05). Coinfections were diagnosed in 5% (39/712) patients. Most common pathogens of respiratory coinfection (18) were Streptococcus pneumoniae (6) and Staphylococcus aureus (6). Superinfections were detected in 11% (80/712) patients. Urinary (53) and RIs (39) constituted the majority of superinfections Acinetobacter baumannii multidrug-resistant was the main agent of IR and bacteremia. An outbreak of A. baumannii contributed to this result. Three patients were considered to have probable pulmonary aspergillosis. Mortality was higher in UCI patients (50 vs. 29%; p = 0.028). The predictive factors of mortality included being a male with various comorbidities, SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, bacteremia and superinfections from A. baumannii.ConclusionThe outbreak of A. baumannii was a determining factor in the increases of the incidence of infection and the morbi-mortality of ICU patients.

Bacterial/fungal infection in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in a tertiary hospital in the Community of Castilla y León, Spain.

INTRODUCTION: Bacterial/fungal coinfection and superinfections contribute to the increased morbi-mortality of viral respiratory infections (RIs). The main objective of this study was to determine the incidence of these infections in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. METHOD: Retrospective observational study of all patients admitted for COVID-19 and bacterial/fungal infections at the Hospital Clínico Universitario of Valladolid, Spain (March 1-May 31, 2020). Demographic, clinical and microbiological data were compared based on Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission and predictors of mortality by were identified using multivariate logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: Of the 712 COVID-19 patients, 113 (16%) presented bacterial/fungal coinfections or superinfections. Their median age was 73 years (IQR 57-89) and 59% were men. The profiles of ICU patients (44%) included male, SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, leukocytosis, elevated inteleukin-6, with interferon ß-1b and tocilizumab and superinfection (p < 0.05). Coinfections were diagnosed in 5% (39/712) patients. Most common pathogens of respiratory coinfection (18) were Streptococcus pneumoniae (6) and Staphylococcus aureus (6). Superinfections were detected in 11% (80/712) patients. Urinary (53) and RI (39) constituted the majority of superinfections Acinetobacter baumannii multidrug-resistant was the main agent of IR and bacteremia. An outbreak of A. baumannii contributed to this result. Three patients were considered to have probable pulmonary aspergillosis. Mortality was higher in UCI patients (50% vs. 29%, p = 0.028). The predictive factors of mortality included being a male with various comorbidities, SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, bacteremia and superinfections from A. baumannii. CONCLUSION: The outbreak of A. baumannii was a determining factor in the increases of the incidence of infection and the morbi-mortality of ICU patients.

Molecular Identification of Plasmodium falciparum from Captive Non-Human Primates in the Western Amazon Ecuador.

Background: Malaria is a disease caused by hemoparasites of the Plasmodium genus. Non-human primates (NHP) are hosts of Plasmodium sp. around the world. Several studies have demonstrated that Plasmodium sp. emerged from Africa. However, little information is currently available about Plasmodium falciparum in the neotropical NHP and even less in Ecuador. Indeed, the objective of our study was to identify by molecular phylogenetic analyses the Plasmodium species associated with NHP from the Western Amazon region of Ecuador, and to design a molecular taxonomy protocol to use in the NHP disease ecology. Methods: We extracted DNA from faecal samples (n = 26) from nine species of captive (n = 19) and free-ranging (n = 7) NHP, collected from 2011 to 2019 in the Western Amazon region of Ecuador. Results: Using a pan-Plasmodium PCR, we obtained one positive sample from an adult female Leontocebus lagonotus. A maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis showed that this sequence unequivocally clustered with Plasmodium falciparum. Conclusions: The identification of Plasmodium sp. in NHP of the Ecuadorian Amazon would be essential to identify their role as potential zoonotic reservoirs, and it is also important to identify their origin in wildlife and their transmission in captive NHP.

Infección bacteriana/fúngica en pacientes con COVID-19 ingresados en un hospital de tercer nivel de Castilla y León, España / Bacterial/fungal infection in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in a tertiary hospital in the Community of Castilla y León, Spain

INTRODUCCIÓN: La coinfección/sobreinfección bacteriana/fúngica contribuye al incremento de la morbimortalidad de las infecciones respiratorias (IRs) virales. El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer la incidencia de estas infecciones en los pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19. MÉTODO: Estudio retrospectivo observacional de todos los pacientes ingresados por COVID-19 e infección bacteriana/fúngica en el Hospital Clínico de Valladolid (1 marzo-31 mayo, 2020). Comparación de datos demográficos, clínicos y microbiológicos en función del ingreso en UCI e identificación de los factores predictores de mortalidad mediante regresión logística multivariante. RESULTADOS: De 712 pacientes con COVID-19, 113 (16%) presentaron coinfección/ sobreinfección bacteriana/fúngica. Mediana de edad 73 años (RIQ 57-89), 59% de ellos hombres. Perfil del paciente de UCI (44%): hombre con neumonía por SARS-CoV-2, leucocitosis, interleucina-6 elevada, con interferón β-1b y tocilizumab y sobreinfección (p < 0,05). El 5% (39/712) de los pacientes presentaron una coinfección. Streptococcus pneumoniae (6) y Staphylococcus aureus (6) fueron los principales patógenos de las coinfecciones respiratorias (18). El 11% (80/712) se sobreinfectaron. Las infecciones más frecuentes fueron las urinarias (53) e IRs (39). Acinetobacter baumannii multirresistente fue el principal agente de la IR y la bacteriemia. Un brote por A. baumannii contribuyó a este resultado. Tres pacientes se diagnosticaron como probable aspergilosis pulmonar. La mortalidad fue superior en los pacientes de UCI (50 vs. 29%; p = 0,028). Factores predictores de mortalidad: hombre con varias comorbilidades, neumonía por SARS-CoV-2, bacteriemia y sobreinfectado por A. baumannii. CONCLUSIÓN: El brote por A. baumannii fue determinante en la incidencia de la infección y en la morbimortalidad de los pacientes de UCI

INTRODUCTION: Bacterial/fungal coinfection and superinfections contribute to the increased morbi-mortality of viral respiratory infections (RIs). The main objective of this study was to determine the incidence of these infections in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. METHOD: Retrospective observational study of all patients admitted for COVID-19 and bacterial/fungal infections at the Hospital Clínico Universitario of Valladolid, Spain (March 1-May 31, 2020). Demographic, clinical and microbiological data were compared based on Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission and predictors of mortality by were identified using multivariate logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: Of the 712 COVID-19 patients, 113 (16%) presented bacterial/fungal coinfections or superinfections. Their median age was 73 years (IQR 57-89) and 59% were men. The profiles of ICU patients (44%) included male, SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, leukocytosis, elevated inteleukin-6, with interferon beta-1b and tocilizumab and superinfection (p < 0.05). Coinfections were diagnosed in 5% (39/712) patients. Most common pathogens of respiratory coinfection (18) were Streptococcus pneumoniae (6) and Staphylococcus aureus (6). Superinfections were detected in 11% (80/712) patients. Urinary (53) and RIs (39) constituted the majority of superinfections Acinetobacter baumannii multidrug-resistant was the main agent of IR and bacteremia. An outbreak of A. baumannii contributed to this result. Three patients were considered to have probable pulmonary aspergillosis. Mortality was higher in UCI patients (50 vs. 29%; p = 0.028). The predictive factors of mortality included being a male with various comorbidities, SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, bacteremia and superinfections from A. baumannii. CONCLUSION: The outbreak of A. baumannii was a determining factor in the increases of the incidence of infection and the morbi-mortality of ICU patients

Spatial variation of herbaceous cover species community in Cu-contaminated vineyards in Pampa biome.

Study's objective was to evaluate spatial variability of herbaceous cover species community in vineyards cultivated in soil with increasing Cu levels in Pampa biome. Three vineyards, with increasing soil Cu available contents and a natural field area (NF), were selected. In each experimental area, soil Cu content, botanical composition, cumulative aerial biomass, and aerial part Cu concentration, in most frequent species, were evaluated. In total, 39 vascular plant species were identified, including four exotic species. Biodiversity indicators did not significantly correlate with soil Cu. However, botanical composition variation could be observed. In NF, Poaceae and Asteraceae families presented greater dry mass contribution, while this contribution decreased in higher soil Cu concentration areas. The Cu concentration and accumulation in plant aerial part were higher in older vineyards, as plant aerial part accumulated, in average, 13.8 mg Cu m-2. Among species found in experimental fields, Ageratum conyzoides, a species known to form Cu-tolerant populations, occurred in most areas, especially in vineyards, presenting higher aerial Cu concentrations, with a mean of 126.47 mg kg-1. Soil enrichment with Cu did not alter the vegetation's biodiversity, but may have contributed to the botanical composition modification. The native species, P. plicatulum and A. conyzoides, presented a high bio-accumulation factor and are potential candidates for phytoremediation techniques.

Bacterial/fungal infection in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in a tertiary hospital in the Community of Castilla y León, Spain. / Infección bacteriana/fúngica en pacientes con COVID-19 ingresados en un hospital de tercer nivel de Castilla y León, España.

INTRODUCTION: Bacterial/fungal coinfection and superinfections contribute to the increased morbi-mortality of viral respiratory infections (RIs). The main objective of this study was to determine the incidence of these infections in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. METHOD: Retrospective observational study of all patients admitted for COVID-19 and bacterial/fungal infections at the Hospital Clínico Universitario of Valladolid, Spain (March 1-May 31, 2020). Demographic, clinical and microbiological data were compared based on Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission and predictors of mortality by were identified using multivariate logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: Of the 712 COVID-19 patients, 113 (16%) presented bacterial/fungal coinfections or superinfections. Their median age was 73 years (IQR 57-89) and 59% were men. The profiles of ICU patients (44%) included male, SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, leukocytosis, elevated inteleukin-6, with interferon ß-1b and tocilizumab and superinfection (p < 0.05). Coinfections were diagnosed in 5% (39/712) patients. Most common pathogens of respiratory coinfection (18) were Streptococcus pneumoniae (6) and Staphylococcus aureus (6). Superinfections were detected in 11% (80/712) patients. Urinary (53) and RIs (39) constituted the majority of superinfections Acinetobacter baumannii multidrug-resistant was the main agent of IR and bacteremia. An outbreak of A. baumannii contributed to this result. Three patients were considered to have probable pulmonary aspergillosis. Mortality was higher in UCI patients (50 vs. 29%; p = 0.028). The predictive factors of mortality included being a male with various comorbidities, SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, bacteremia and superinfections from A. baumannii. CONCLUSION: The outbreak of A. baumannii was a determining factor in the increases of the incidence of infection and the morbi-mortality of ICU patients.

Analysis of Colombia's Telemedicine Development, the Postconflict Potential Opportunity.

Aims: The goal of this study was to evaluate the development of telemedicine in Colombia. Materials and Methods: Searched for laws in the Colombian legal system; the statistics of services and health operators was extracted from the unique system of habilitation; we looked for reports from the Ministry of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), the demographic statistics was obtained from the National Administrative Department of Statistics. Data analysis techniques were applied to identify possible relationships between them. Results: In Colombia, since the proclamation of the legality of telemedicine in 2007, there are five laws, five resolutions, and three government plans. A total of 3,245 services have been implemented in telemedicine, distributed throughout the territory by 51,490 operators, the ICT penetration rate is 21.17% by fixed internet and 39.3% by mobile internet; the Colombian population is 49,882,091 people, 25,228,444 women and 24,605,796 men, who are distributed 76.97% in the urban sector and 23.02% in the rural sector, and the coverage of health services is 94.8%. Conclusion: The development of health services in the telemedicine modality has been driven by Colombian regulations since 2007 and the plans for the growth of ICT infrastructure since 2009; however, these services have not yet reached 100% of the territory, especially areas with difficult access. The Colombian peace agreement creates the National Rural Health Plan (PNSR), which is presented as the obligation to carry out health coverage in all the territories, especially those in the rural areas, for the implementation of the strategy related to the implementation of services in telemedicine.

Métodos rápidos para la detección de la resistencia bacteriana a antibióticos / Rapid methods for detection of bacterial resistance to antibiotics

Los métodos más frecuentemente utilizados en Microbiología Clínica para la determinación de la sensibilidad de las bacterias a los antibióticos se basan en un estudio fenotípico, observando el crecimiento bacteriano de una cepa incubada en presencia del antibiótico a estudiar. Estos métodos requieren normalmente un tiempo de unas 24h para la obtención de resultados. En esta revisión se exponen el fundamento y los resultados de las principales técnicas instrumentales que proporcionan un antibiograma rápido. De manera pormenorizada se exponen datos relativos a técnicas moleculares, microarrays, métodos comerciales utilizados en el trabajo de rutina, técnicas inmunocromatográficas, métodos colorimétricos, métodos de imagen, nefelometría, espectrometría de masas MALDI-TOF, citometría de flujo, quimioluminiscencia y bioluminiscencia, microfluidos y métodos de lisis bacteriana

The most widely used antibiotic susceptibility testing methods in Clinical Microbiology are based on the phenotypic detection of antibiotic resistance by measuring bacterial growth in the presence of the antibiotic being tested. These conventional methods take typically 24hours to obtain results. Here we review the main techniques for rapid determination of antibiotic susceptibility. Data obtained with different methods such as molecular techniques, microarrays, commercial methods used in work routine, immunochromatographic methods, colorimetric methods, image methods, nephelometry, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, flow cytometry, chemiluminescence and bioluminescence, microfluids and methods based on cell disruption are analysed in detail

Rapid methods for detection of bacterial resistance to antibiotics. / Métodos rápidos para la detección de la resistencia bacteriana a antibióticos.

The most widely used antibiotic susceptibility testing methods in Clinical Microbiology are based on the phenotypic detection of antibiotic resistance by measuring bacterial growth in the presence of the antibiotic being tested. These conventional methods take typically 24hours to obtain results. Here we review the main techniques for rapid determination of antibiotic susceptibility. Data obtained with different methods such as molecular techniques, microarrays, commercial methods used in work routine, immunochromatographic methods, colorimetric methods, image methods, nephelometry, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, flow cytometry, chemiluminescence and bioluminescence, microfluids and methods based on cell disruption are analysed in detail.

Projeto Esporte Brasil: physical fitness profile related to sport performance of children and adolescents / Projeto Esporte Brasil: perfil da aptidão física relacionada ao desempenho esportivo de crianças e adolescentes

Abstract The aim of this study was to outline the physical fitness profile related to sport performance of Brazilian children and adolescents, stratified by sex. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study and information was obtained from the Projeto Esporte Brasil (PROESP-Br). The sample consisted of 8,750 voluntary subjects aged 7-17 years evaluated in the period between 2013 and 2015. The following variables were evaluated: lower limb strength (LLS) through the horizontal jump test and upper limb strength (ULS) through mediceball pitch, speed through the 20-meter sprint test and agility through the square test. Variables were classified with PROESP-Br criteria. For data processing, means, standard deviations, absolute and relative frequencies and confidence intervals were used. The results for boys have shown that the “poor” category had the highest prevalence: LLS (40.2%), ULS (29.7%), speed (41.4%) and agility (37.5%). The “excellent” category, as expected, had the lowest prevalence: LLS (3.7%), ULS (4.9%), speed (2.0%) and speed (3.5%). The results for girls were similar to those of boys, where the “poor” category had the highest prevalence: LLS (43.7%), ULS (36.8%), speed (43.8%) and agility (41.0 %). The “excellent” category also had the lowest prevalence: LLS (4.2%), ULS (4.3%), speed (1.6%) and speed (3.1%). The results indicated that the majority of Brazilian children and adolescents have physical fitness related to sport performance. Among variables analyzed, LLS for girls and speed for boys were the components with the most unfavorable results.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo é delinear o perfil da aptidão física relacionada ao desempenho esportivo de crianças e adolescentes brasileiros, estratificado por sexo. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo com corte transversal. As informações são provenientes do Projeto Esporte Brasil (PROESP-Br). A amostra é voluntária, constituída por 8.750 sujeitos avaliados no período entre 2013 e 2015 com idades entre 7 e 17 anos. Foram avaliadas: força de membros inferiores (FMI) através do teste de salto horizontal e superiores (FMS) através do arremesso de mediceball, velocidade através do teste corrida de 20 metros e agilidade através do teste quadrado. As variáveis foram classificadas com os critérios do PROESP-Br. Para o tratamento dos dados foram utilizadas médias, desvios padrão, frequências absolutas e relativas e intervalos de confiança. Os resultados dos meninos mostram que a categoria “fraco” teve a maior prevalência: FMI (40,2%), FMS (29,7%), velocidade (41,4%) e agilidade (37,5%). A categoria “excelente”, como era esperado, teve as menores prevalências FMI (3,7%), FMS (4,9%), velocidade (2,0%) e agilidade (3,5%). Os resultados das meninas foram semelhantes aos dos meninos, onde a categoria “fraco” teve a maior prevalência: FMI (43,7%), FMS (36,8%), velocidade (43,8%) e agilidade (41,0%). A categoria “excelente” também teve as menores prevalências FMI (4,2%), FMS (4,3%), velocidade (1,6%) e agilidade (3,1%). Os resultados indicam que a maioria das crianças e adolescentes brasileiros tem sua aptidão física relacionada ao desempenho esportivo fraca. Dentre as variáveis analisadas a FMI nas meninas e a velocidade nos meninos, foram os componentes com resultados mais desfavoráveis.

A two-hour antibiotic susceptibility test by ATP-bioluminescence / Antibiograma en dos horas mediante la medición de ATP por bioluminiscencia

The antibiotic susceptibility test (AST) in Clinical Microbiology laboratories is still time-consuming, and most procedures take 24 h to yield results. In this study, a rapid antimicrobial susceptibility test using ATP-bioluminescence has been developed. The design of method was performed using five ATCC collection strains of known susceptibility. This procedure was then validated against standard commercial methods on 10 strains of enterococci, 10 staphylococci, 10 non-fermenting gram negative bacilli, and 13 Enterobacteriaceae from patients. The agreement obtained in the sensitivity between the ATP-bioluminescence method and commercial methods (E-test, MicroScan and VITEK2) was 100%. In summary, the preliminary results obtained in this work show that the ATP-bioluminescence method could provide a fast and reliable AST in two hours

La mayoría de procedimientos diagnósticos para el estudio de la sensibilidad de las bacterias a los antibióticos en Microbiología Clínica requieren unas 24 horas para la obtención de resultados. En este estudio se propone una metodología para llevar a cabo un antibiograma rápido mediante la medición de ATP por bioluminiscencia. El diseño del antibiograma se realizó mediante el uso de cinco cepas de colección ATCC, las cuales presentan una sensibilidad conocida. Este diseño fue posteriormente validado frente a los métodos comerciales de antibiograma mediante el procesamiento de 10 cepas de enterococos, 10 de estafilococos, 10 de bacilos gramnegativos no fermentadores y 13 de Enterobacteriaceae aisladas de pacientes. El acuerdo obtenido entre la sensibilidad obtenida mediante bioluminiscencia y la obtenida mediante los métodos comerciales (E-test, MicroScan and VITEK2) fue del 100%. Por lo tanto, los resultados preliminares obtenidos en este trabajo indican que las medidas de ATP mediante bioluminiscencia podrían proporcionar, en dos horas, un antibiograma rápido y seguro

Anti-infectives for systemic use prescribed in a Spanish hospital between 2009-2013.

The overuse and misuse of antimicrobials contribute to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The aim of this work was to analyse all the anti-infectives for systemic use (J ATC group) prescribed at the University Clinic Hospital of Valladolid (Spain) for the years 2009-2013. Amounts of anti-infectives (antibacterials, antifungals and antivirals) used in the period 2009-2013 were expressed as defined daily doses (DDDs) and as total expenditure, and the significance of the difference in consumption of anti-infectives and the relevant expenditure between years was evaluated from the overlapping of the corresponding confidence intervals at 95% confidence level of DDDs and expenditure. The results obtained showed that DDDs and expenditure of antibacterials decreased in the period 2009-2013. Antimycotics showed an upward trend in expenditure and DDDs in the five-year study period, but with major oscillations. The consumption of antivirals was practically constant in the period 2009-2011; in 2012, a significant reduction was observed and this reduction was conserved in 2013, although their expenditure increased year by year. In conclusion, in the period 2009-2013, expenditure on anti-infectives increased year to year. However, this increase in expenditure resulted in a downward trend of DDDs.

Antibiograma rápido en Microbiología Clínica / Rapid antibiotic susceptibility test in Clinical Microbiology

Los métodos más frecuentemente utilizados en Microbiología Clínica para la determinación de la sensibilidad de las bacterias a los antibióticos se basan en un estudio fenotípico, observando el crecimiento bacteriano de la cepa incubada en presencia del antibiótico a estudiar. Estos métodos requieren normalmente un tiempo de unas 24 h para la obtención de resultados. El objetivo de este trabajo es revisar el fundamento y los resultados de las principales técnicas instrumentales que proporcionan un antibiograma rápido. De manera pormenorizada se exponen datos relativos a técnicas moleculares, citometría de flujo, quimioluminiscencia, espectrometría de masas, métodos comerciales utilizados en el trabajo de rutina, métodos colorimétricos, nefelometría, microarrays, microfluidos y métodos de lisis bacteriana

The most widely used antibiotic susceptibility testing methods in Clinical Microbiology are based on the phenotypic detection of antibiotic resistance by measuring bacterial growth in the presence of the antibiotic being tested. These conventional methods take typically 24 hours to obtain results. A review is presented here of recently developed techniques for the rapid determination of antibiotic susceptibility. Data obtained with different methods such as molecular techniques, flow cytometry, chemiluminescence, mass spectrometry, commercial methods used in routine work, colorimetric methods, nephelometry, microarrays, microfluids, and methods based on cell disruption and sequencing, are analyzed and discussed in detail

Lung Cancer in Never Smokers.

Lung cancer is predominantly associated with cigarette smoking; however, a substantial minority of patients with the disease have never smoked. In the US it is estimated there are 17,000-26,000 annual deaths from lung cancer in never smokers, which as a separate entity would be the seventh leading cause of cancer mortality. Controversy surrounds the question of whether or not the incidence of lung cancer in never-smokers is increasing, with more data to support this observation in Asia. There are several factors associated with an increased risk of developing lung cancer in never smokers including second hand smoke, indoor air pollution, occupational exposures, and genetic susceptibility among others. Adenocarcinoma is the most common histology of lung cancer in never smokers and in comparison to lung cancer in smokers appears less complex with a higher likelihood to have targetable driver mutations.

[Rapid antibiotic susceptibility test in Clinical Microbiology]. / Antibiograma rápido en Microbiología Clínica.

The most widely used antibiotic susceptibility testing methods in Clinical Microbiology are based on the phenotypic detection of antibiotic resistance by measuring bacterial growth in the presence of the antibiotic being tested. These conventional methods take typically 24hours to obtain results. A review is presented here of recently developed techniques for the rapid determination of antibiotic susceptibility. Data obtained with different methods such as molecular techniques, flow cytometry, chemiluminescence, mass spectrometry, commercial methods used in routine work, colorimetric methods, nephelometry, microarrays, microfluids, and methods based on cell disruption and sequencing, are analyzed and discussed in detail.

A two-hour antibiotic susceptibility test by ATP-bioluminescence.

The antibiotic susceptibility test (AST) in Clinical Microbiology laboratories is still time-consuming, and most procedures take 24h to yield results. In this study, a rapid antimicrobial susceptibility test using ATP-bioluminescence has been developed. The design of method was performed using five ATCC collection strains of known susceptibility. This procedure was then validated against standard commercial methods on 10 strains of enterococci, 10 staphylococci, 10 non-fermenting gram negative bacilli, and 13 Enterobacteriaceae from patients. The agreement obtained in the sensitivity between the ATP-bioluminescence method and commercial methods (E-test, MicroScan and VITEK2) was 100%. In summary, the preliminary results obtained in this work show that the ATP-bioluminescence method could provide a fast and reliable AST in two hours.

A two-hour procedure for determining the susceptibility of enterococci and staphylococci to antibiotics by a colourimetric method.

INTRODUCTION: Rapid determination of the antibiotic susceptibility test in bacteria remains a challenge for Clinical Microbiology laboratories. METHODS: An improvement in the colorimetric antimicrobial susceptibility testing performed with resazurin in enterococci and staphylococci has been carried out. The design of method was performed using two collection strains, which have a known susceptibility. This procedure was then validated against standard commercial methods on 15 strains of staphylococci and 15 strains of enterococci from patients. RESULTS: The essential agreement between the colorimetric method and commercial methods (E-test, MicroScan and VITEK2) was 100%. CONCLUSION: Resazurin allows us to obtain a reliable antibiotic susceptibility test in staphylococci and enterococci in less than two hours.