Implementation of esophageal endoscopic submucosal dissection in Spain: Results from the nationwide registry. / Implementación de la disección endoscópica submucosa esofágica en España: resultados del registro nacional.

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: The outcomes of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) in the esophagus have not been assessed in our country. Our primary aim was to analyze the effectiveness and safety of the technique. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Analysis of the prospectively maintained national registry of ESD. We included all superficial esophageal lesions removed by ESD in 17 hospitals (20 endoscopists) between January 2016 and December 2021. Subepithelial lesions were excluded. The primary outcome was curative resection. We conducted a survival analysis and used logistic regression analysis to assess predictors of non-curative resection. RESULTS: A total of 102 ESD were performed on 96 patients. The technical success rate was 100% and the percentage of en-bloc resection was 98%. The percentage of R0 and curative resection was 77.5% (n=79; 95%CI: 68%-84%) and 63.7% (n=65; 95%CI: 54%-72%), respectively. The most frequent histology was Barrett-related neoplasia (n=55 [53.9%]). The main reason for non-curative resection was deep submucosal invasion (n=25). The centers with a lower volume of ESD obtained worse results in terms of curative resection. The rate of perforation, delayed bleeding and post-procedural stenosis were 5%, 5% and 15.7%, respectively. No patient died or required surgery due to an adverse effect. After a median follow-up of 14months, 20patients (20.8%) underwent surgery and/or chemoradiotherapy, and 9 patients died (mortality 9.4%). CONCLUSIONS: In Spain, esophageal ESD is curative in approximately two out of three patients, with an acceptable risk of adverse events.

Toxicidad hepática por fingolimod / Hepatic toxicity by fingolimod

We present the case of a patient with a history of multiple sclerosis under chronic fingolimod treatment who presents abdominal pain associated with jaundice associated with transaminitis that by biopsy is associated with late hepatotoxicity due to fingolimod. (AU)

Se presenta el caso de una paciente con antecedente de esclerosis múltiple en manejo con fingolimod de manera crónica quien presenta dolor abdominal asociado a ictericia asociado a transaminitis que por biopsia se asocia a hepatotoxicidad tardía debido a fingolimod. (AU)

Ileal metastasis from Phyllodes breast tumor.

We present the case of a 72-year-old woman with a history of right radical mastectomy due to the Phyllodes Tumor. Two months later, she went to the emergency room for intestinal occlusion. Analytically, she had anemia and thrombocytopenia. The abdominal tomography noticed signs of occlusion of the small bowell and injury of 5cm at the pericaecal level. Urgent exploratory laparotomy was performed and objectified distal ileum attached to the cecum with signs of irreversible ischemia, so an ileocaecal resection was performed with ileo-colonic anastomosis. In the postoperative period she presented paralytic ileus and paraneoplastic syndrome with bicytopenia refractory to corticosteroid treatment. To rule out abdominal complications, abdominal tomography was performed on the 5th day post-op that confirmed the integrity of the anastomosis and absence of signs of mechanical occlusion. The patient's evolution was unfavorable, went on to exitus on the 14th day. The anatomopathological study diagnosed metastasis of malignant Phyllodes Tumor at the ileal level.

Performance of endoscopic submucosal dissection for undifferentiated early gastric cancer: a multicenter retrospective cohort.

Background and study aims Undifferentiated early gastric cancer (UD-EGC) represents an extended indication for endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) based on the existing guidelines. This study evaluated the prevalence of UD-EGC recurrence after ESD, and potentially implicated risk factors. Patients and methods Data from 17 centers were collected retrospectively including demographics, endoscopic and pathological findings, and follow-up data from UD-EGC cases treated by ESD. Patients with incomplete resection or advanced disease were excluded. Descriptive statistics quantified variables and calculated the incidence of recurrence. Chi-square test was applied to assess any link between independent variables and relapse; significantly associated variables were inserted to a multivariable regression model. Results Seventy-one patients were eligible, with 2:1 female to male ratio and age of 65.8 ± 11.8 years. Mean lesion size was 33.5 ± 18.8 mm and the most frequent histological subtype was signet ring-cells UGC (2:1). Patients were followed-up every 5.6 ± 3.7 months with a mean surveillance period of 29.3 ± 15.3 months until data collection. Four patients (5.6%) developed local recurrence 8.8 ± 6.5 months post-ESD, with no lymph node or distal metastases been reported. Lesion size was not associated with recurrence ( P = 0.32), in contrast to lymphovascular and perineural invasion which were independently associated with local recurrence ( P = 0.006 and P < 0.001, respectively). Conclusions ESD could be considered as the initial step to manage UD-EGC, providing at least an "entire-lesion" biopsy to guide therapeutic strategy. When histology confirms absence of lymphovascular and perineural invasion, this modality could be therapeutic, providing low recurrence rates.

Insights into the Nitrogen Footprint of food consumption in Spain: Age and gender impacts on product choices and sustainability.

The reactive nitrogen released to the environment caused by food consumption can be quantified through the Nitrogen Footprint (NF). Spain has been traditionally regarded to follow the worldwide recognized healthy Mediterranean diet. However, dietary changes among the population have started to shift from the traditional Spanish food consumption. Based on the established method for quantifying the NF from the consumer perspective, this study aimed to estimate the NF from food consumption in Spain, distinguishing between different age groups and gender. The results show that the food NF in Spain was 12.78 kg of N/cap/year and 601 Gg N/year in total. The main food contributors to the overall food NF in Spain were cereals, beef, and pork, while the food products oilseeds and oil, fruits, and legumes presented a lower contribution to the Spanish food NF. Additionally, differences in the food NF among the Spanish population were also observed. Younger age groups (<10 years) and the elderly (>65 years) presented lower food NF per capita than the rest of the population. In relation to gender, it was observed that women have a food NF slightly lower than men. It was seen that food production NF contributes 91 % to the overall food NF in Spain compared to the total food consumption NF. Key strategies based on improving the N use efficiency of crops and livestock, recycling and avoiding food waste, and implementing more sustainable eating patterns can be applied to reduce the food NF in Spain.

Técnicas de imagen avanzada en la detección y caracterización de las lesiones precursoras del cáncer gástrico y del cáncer gástrico precoz / Image-enhanced endoscopy in the diagnosis of gastric premalignant conditions and gastric cancer

La detección del cáncer gástrico precoz y de sus lesiones precursoras constituye un desafío para gran parte de los endoscopistas occidentales. Los cambios morfológicos que se producen en la mucosa gástrica generalmente son sutiles y, por tanto, difíciles de visualizar. En esta revisión se analiza la utilidad de la cromoendoscopia convencional, así como de sus modalidades digitales, y de la endoscopia con magnificación para reconocer y caracterizar estas lesiones.(AU)

Diagnosis of early gastric cancer and its precancerous lesions remains a challenge for great part of western endoscopists. Changes seen in the mucosal pattern are generally subtle and hence difficult to identify. In this article, we will review the usefulness of conventional and virtual chromoendoscopy and magnification endoscopy in the recognition and classification of these lesions.(AU)

Image-enhanced endoscopy in the diagnosis of gastric premalignant conditions and gastric cancer. / Técnicas de imagen avanzada en la detección y caracterización de las lesiones precursoras del cáncer gástrico y del cáncer gástrico precoz.

Diagnosis of early gastric cancer and its precancerous lesions remains a challenge for great part of western endoscopists. Changes seen in the mucosal pattern are generally subtle and hence difficult to identify. In this article, we will review the usefulness of conventional and virtual chromoendoscopy and magnification endoscopy in the recognition and classification of these lesions.

Hepatic subcapsular hematoma post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography requiring embolization.

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) placement of biliary stents is the procedure of choice for bile duct strictures. Complications of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography have a low incidence. Hepatic subcapsular hematoma is uncommon but potentially serious. It is caused by laceration of the bile duct with guidewire or biliary traction during the procedure. Initial management is conservative with supportive measures. In case of hemodynamic instability or superinfection, embolization of the affected branch or even surgery could be performed.

Underwater versus conventional EMR of large nonpedunculated colorectal lesions: a multicenter randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Underwater EMR (UEMR) is an alternative procedure to conventional EMR (CEMR) to treat large, nonpedunculated colorectal lesions (LNPCLs). In this multicenter, randomized controlled clinical trial, we aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of UEMR versus CEMR on LNPCLs. METHODS: We conducted a multicenter, randomized controlled clinical trial from February 2018 to February 2020 in 11 hospitals in Spain. A total of 298 patients (311 lesions) were randomized to the UEMR (n = 149) and CEMR (n = 162) groups. The main outcome was the lesion recurrence rate in at least 1 follow-up colonoscopy. Secondary outcomes included technical aspects, en bloc resection rate, R0 resection rates, and adverse events, among others. RESULTS: There were no differences in the overall recurrence rate (9.5% UEMR vs 11.7% CEMR; absolute risk difference, -2.2%; 95% CI, -9.4 to 4.9). However, considering polyp sizes between 20 and 30 mm, the recurrence rate was lower for UEMR (3.4% UEMR vs 13.1% CEMR; absolute risk difference, -9.7%; 95% CI, -19.4 to 0). The R0 resection showed the same tendency, with significant differences favoring UEMR only for polyps between 20 and 30 mm. Overall, UEMR was faster and easier to perform than CEMR. Importantly, the techniques were equally safe. CONCLUSIONS: UEMR is a valid alternative to CEMR for treating LNPCLs and could be considered the first option of treatment for lesions between 20 and 30 mm due to its higher en bloc and R0 resection rates. (Clinical trial registration number: NCT03567746.).

LBMPL Vaccine Therapy Induces Progressive Organization of the Spleen Microarchitecture, Improved Th1 Adaptative Immune Response and Control of Parasitism in Leishmania infantum Naturally Infected Dogs.

The spleen plays a central role in human and canine visceral leishmaniasis, where the activation of the immune response occurs in one of the tissues where Leishmania infantum reproduces. Therefore, this organ is both a target to understand the mechanisms involved in the parasite control and a parameter for assessing the therapeutic response. In this sense, this study aimed to evaluate the main histological, immunological and parasitological aspects in the spleen of symptomatic dogs naturally infected by L. infantum treated with the therapeutic vaccine LBMPL. For this, dogs were divided into four groups: dogs uninfected and untreated (NI group); L. infantum-infected dogs that were not treated (INT group); L. infantum-infected dogs that received treatment only with monophosphoryl lipid A adjuvant (MPL group); and L. infantum-infected dogs that received treatment with the vaccine composed by L. braziliensis promastigote proteins associated with MPL adjuvant (LBMPL group). Ninety days after the therapeutics protocol, the dogs were euthanized and the spleen was collected for the proposed evaluations. Our results demonstrated a reduction of hyperplasia of red pulp and follicular area of white pulp, increased mRNA expression of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-12 and iNOS, and decreased IL-10 and TGF-ß1, and intense reduction of splenic parasitism in dogs treated with the LBMPL vaccine. These results possibly suggest that the pro-inflammatory environment promoted the progressive organization of the splenic architecture favoring the cellular activation, with consequent parasite control. Along with previously obtained data, our results propose the LBMPL vaccine as a possible treatment strategy for canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL).

Immunoprophylaxis using polypeptide chimera vaccines plus adjuvant system promote Th1 response controlling the spleen parasitism in hamster model of visceral leishmaniasis.

In recent years, several advances have been observed in vaccinology especially for neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). One of the tools employed is epitope prediction by immunoinformatic approaches that reduce the time and cost to develop a vaccine. In this scenario, immunoinformatics is being more often used to develop vaccines for NTDs, in particular visceral leishmaniasis (VL) which is proven not to have an effective vaccine yet. Based on that, in a previous study, two predicted T-cell multi-epitope chimera vaccines were experimentally validated in BALB/c mice to evaluate the immunogenicity, central and effector memory and protection against VL. Considering the results obtained in the mouse model, we assessed the immune response of these chimeras inMesocricetus auratushamster, which displays, experimentally, similar pathological status to human and dog VL disease. Our findings indicate that both chimeras lead to a dominant Th1 response profile, inducing a strong cellular response by increasing the production of IFN-γ and TNF-α cytokines associated with a decrease in IL-10. Also, the chimeras reduced the spleen parasite load and the weight a correlation between protector immunological mechanisms and consistent reduction of the parasitic load was observed. Our results demonstrate that both chimeras were immunogenic and corroborate with findings in the mouse model. Therefore, we reinforce the use of the hamster as a pre-clinical model in vaccination trials for canine and human VL and the importance of immunoinformatic to identify epitopes to design vaccines for this important neglected disease.

Deep Brain Stimulation for Severe and Intractable Aggressive Behavior.

Aggressive behavior in patients with intellectual disability can be resistant to pharmacological treatment and have detrimental consequences to themselves, family members, and caregivers. Hypothalamic deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been used to improve this type of behavior in severe and refractory cases. Here, we present the description and analysis of DBS of the posteromedial hypothalamus (PMH) and its long-term impact as treatment to improve severe and refractory aggressive behaviors, even with previous bilateral hypothalamotomy without improvement in patients with intellectual disability. Eleven patients underwent bilateral DBS of the PMH. Their medical records were reviewed, and the impact on behavior was measured using preoperative and postoperative Modified Overt Aggression Scale (MOAS) during the last follow-up medical visit. Nine of 11 patients presented a significant decrease in the severity of aggressive behavior, with a preoperative and postoperative MOAS average value of 50.5 and 18.7, respectively. An overall improvement of 63% was seen with a mean follow-up time of 4 years. A patient who previously underwent a bilateral hypothalamotomy via radiofrequency was included in this group. During follow-up, 3 patients presented deterioration of symptoms subsequent to pulse generator depletion but made a full clinical recovery after battery replacement. We posit that DBS of the PMH may be a safe and effective in improving severe and refractory aggressive behavior in patients with long-term intellectual disability.

Investigation of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis Infection in Wild Mammals in Brazil.

PURPOSE: Leishmaniasis are infectious and zoonotic diseases and present in cutaneous and visceral forms. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is endemic and widely distributed throughout the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Several cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis in humans and dogs associated with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis have been reported in the state. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of natural infection by Leishmania(Viannia) braziliensis in wild mammals found dead (by trampling or natural death) in the Sooretama Biological Reserve, Espírito Santo State. METHODS: From January 2018 to December 2019, 60 animals were collected. Of these, 47 animals from 12 different species were analyzed. The results were demonstrated using descriptive analysis of the observations to calculate the absolute and relative frequencies of the data. RESULTS: In the PCR, using specific primers for the genus Leishmania (D1, D2, and D3) and the species Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis (ISVB/ISVC), 4 positive animals (8.5%) were detected: 1 Cuniculus paca (paca) (25%) and 3 Callithrix geoffroyi (white-faced marmoset) (25%). In the histopathological analysis, the parasitic amastigote form was not observed. CONCLUSIONS: The natural infection, detected by PCR, by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in Cuniculus paca (paca) and Callithrix geoffroyi (white-faced marmoset) constitutes the first report of infection of this rodent and primate species in the literature. Despite the confirmation of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis infection in rodents and primates, the role of these species in the transmission of this zoonosis still needs further observational studies to identify their seasonal variation, transmissibility, infection stability, and the effects of a given parasite on the population and/or individual.

Endoscopic view of the intrahepatic biliary ducts by direct per-oral cholangioscopy in a patient with a choledochal cyst.

Sixty year old female with hypertension and crampy abdominal pain episodes. Admitted to hospital (September-2020) by obstructive jaundice. MRCP: biliary dilation due to Todani Ic (fusiform) choledocal cyst (CC), distal sludge. ERCP: normal mucosa prominent papilla; biliary dilation compatible with CC; choledocholithiasis; 8-mm CHD filling defect. Sphincterotomy, removal of stones/sludge, brush-cytology of the filling defect (pathology: atypias). US: dilation resolution (CBD: 6.5 mm).

Institutional nitrogen footprint: Quantification of the nitrogen footprint of a Spanish Research Center.

Reactive nitrogen (N) emissions can lead to severe environmental and human damages. To quantify these reactive N emissions the Nitrogen Footprint (NF) can serve as a valuable indicator. This work is the first attempt to quantify an institutional NF in Spain and the first institutional NF of a research center. The NF of the Spanish research center of INIA was quantified for the year 2019 taking into account all N emission sources. The total NF of the research center INIA for 2019 was 9289 kg N and its NF per capita is 16.1 kg N per full-time equivalent population. The largest N emission sources were food (57%) and utilities (33%), while the least N loss was fertilization for groundskeeping (0.01%), and research plots (0.15%). Taking the NF of INIA as baseline the following strategies of N mitigation were analyzed: (1) beef replacement in the menu, (2) reduction of meat by non-meat sources, (3) reduction of beef, fish, and seafood by other protein sources, (4) improving the wastewater treatment efficiency, and (5) recycling food waste. This institutional NF approach serves INIA's institution as an indicator to quantify its N pollution and allows the identification of useful mitigation strategies to reduce the overall NF.

Factores que inciden en las complicaciones prenatales de las adolescentes atendidas en el Hospital IESS Milagro, periodo 2019 / Factors affecting prenatal complications in adolescents treated at the IESS Milagro Hospital,Pperiod 2019

El embarazo adolescente se ha determinado como un problema social y costoso para el país. De acuerdo con el Plan Nacional de Salud Sexual y Reproductiva, Ecuador mantiene la tasa más alta de embarazos en adolescentes correspondientes a edades entre 10 a 19 años, ubicándose como el tercer país a nivel regional, después de Nicaragua y República Dominicana. Objetivo: Analizar los factores que inciden en las complicaciones prenatales en las adolescentes atendidas en el Hospital IESS Milagro, periodo 2020. Metodología: Se empleó un estudio observacional, retrospectivo y de tipo descriptivo; adicional, la investigación fue de carácter no experimental y de corte transversal. La población estuvo conformada por aquellas adolescentes 664 que fueron atendidas en el período previamente establecido generando una muestra de 100 adolescentes, determinando como muestra aquellas que cuentan con al menos siete meses de gestación. La técnica empleada fue la encuesta, bajo el instrumento de cuestionario, conformado por 36 preguntas, donde se indagaron variables sociodemográficas, hábitos nocivos, consumo alimenticio, adherencia, complicaciones prenatales y el apoyo familiar y de pareja. Resultados: Dentro de los resultados más importantes, se determinan los siguientes: adolescentes entre los 15 a 19 años (71%), no cuenta con pareja (76%), son amas de casa (79%), complicaciones durante el embarazo (79%), amenaza de aborto (24%), alimentación inadecuada (22%), entorno donde se consume tabaco y alcohol (83%), no se presentaron a los controles (69%); apoyo de la familia (49% buena) y apoyo de la pareja (34% regular). Conclusiones: Se concluye que la edad influye en la manifestación de complicaciones prenatales, se incluyen además aspectos como la educación, convivencia, pareja, actividades de la adolescente, hábitos nocivos, alimentación, adherencia y el apoyo familiar y de pareja. Se desarrolló como propuesta una guía de intervención educativa con la finalidad de reducir las complicaciones prenatales en las adolescentes embarazadas atendidas en el Hospital IESS Milagro(AU)

Adolescent pregnancy has been determined as a social and costly problem for the country. According to the National Plan for Sexual and Reproductive Health, Ecuador maintains the highest rate of adolescent pregnancies corresponding to ages 10 to 19, ranking as the third country at the regional level, after Nicaragua and the Dominican Republic. Objective: to analyze the factors that affect prenatal complications in adolescents treated at the IESS Milagro Hospital, period 2020. Methodology: an observational, retrospective and descriptive study was used; Additionally, the research was non-experimental and cross-sectional. The population consisted of 664 adolescents who were cared for in the previously established period, generating a sample of 100 adolescents, determining as a sample those who have at least seven months of gestation. The technique used was the survey, under the questionnaire instrument, made up of 36 questions, where sociodemographic variables, harmful habits, food consumption, adherence, prenatal complications, and family and partner support were investigated. Results: Among the most important results, the following are determined: adolescents between the ages of 15 and 19 (71%), do not have a partner (76%), are housewives (79%), complications during pregnancy (79 %), threatened abortion (24%), inadequate nutrition (22%), environment where tobacco and alcohol are consumed (83%), they did not appear for controls (69%); family support (49% good) and partner support (34% fair). Conclusions: It is concluded that age influences the manifestation of prenatal complications, aspects such as education, coexistence, couple, activities of the adolescent, harmful habits, food, adherence and family and partner support are also included. An educational intervention guide was developed as a proposal in order to reduce prenatal complications in pregnant adolescents treated at the IESS Milagro Hospital(AU)

Triaje: puerta de entrada al nivel hospitalario / Triage: Gateway to the hospital level

El triaje ayuda a clasificar, seleccionar al individuo de acuerdo a la condición de salud que mantenga la persona, actuando el personal de enfermería como la pieza principal gracias a la valoración céfalo caudal y a través de los signos vitales, priorizando siempre la afectación del paciente. Objetivo: Describir la importancia del triaje, como puerta de entrada al nivel hospitalario. Materiales y métodos: Este artículo fue realizado bajo los parámetros de la revisión documental, de nivel descriptivo, monográfico. La técnica aplicada fue el fichaje bibliográfico y el análisis sistemático de los documentos encontrados en la web. Resultados: El proceso de triaje, se da cuando un evento de emergencia supera los recursos de un centro hospitalario. Este proceso, es lo que determina a priori, la situación del paciente, clasificándolos según la prioridad de atención que requiere. Conclusión: El triaje es un proceso importante ante las emergencias, porque permite optimizar lo recursos y las atenciones a las personas afectadas garantizando el tratamiento adecuado y necesario en el momento indicado(AU)