ABSTRACT
Despite a wealth of information on cocaine-like compounds, there is no information on cocaine analogs with substitutions at C-1. Here, we report on (R)-(-)-cocaine analogs with various C-1 substituents: methyl (2), ethyl (3), n-propyl (4), n-pentyl (5), and phenyl (6). Analog 2 was equipotent to cocaine as an inhibitor of the dopamine transporter (DAT), whereas 3 and 6 were 3- and 10-fold more potent, respectively. None of the analogs, however, stimulated mouse locomotor activity, in contrast to cocaine. Pharmacokinetic assays showed compound 2 occupied mouse brain rapidly, as cocaine itself; moreover, 2 and 6 were behaviorally active in mice in the forced-swim test model of depression and the conditioned place preference test. Analog 2 was a weaker inhibitor of voltage-dependent Na+ channels than cocaine, although 6 was more potent than cocaine, highlighting the need to assay future C-1 analogs for this activity. Receptorome screening indicated few significant binding targets other than the monoamine transporters. Benztropine-like "atypical" DAT inhibitors are known to display reduced cocaine-like locomotor stimulation, presumably by their propensity to interact with an inward-facing transporter conformation. However, 2 and 6, like cocaine, but unlike benztropine, exhibited preferential interaction with an outward-facing conformation upon docking in our DAT homology model. In summary, C-1 cocaine analogs are not cocaine-like in that they are not stimulatory in vivo. However, they are not benztropine-like in binding mechanism and seem to interact with the DAT similarly to cocaine. The present data warrant further consideration of these novel cocaine analogs for antidepressant or cocaine substitution potential.
Subject(s)
Benztropine/pharmacology , Cocaine/analogs & derivatives , Cocaine/pharmacology , Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors/pharmacology , Animals , Brain/drug effects , Brain/metabolism , Conditioning, Operant/drug effects , Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism , Female , Indicators and Reagents , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Motor Activity/drug effects , Neocortex/cytology , Neocortex/drug effects , Neocortex/metabolism , Neurons/drug effects , Neurons/metabolism , Norepinephrine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism , Pregnancy , Protein Binding , Protein Conformation , Radioligand Assay , Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism , Sodium/metabolism , Sodium Channels/metabolism , Structure-Activity Relationship , Swimming/psychology , Veratridine/pharmacologyABSTRACT
The first examples of cocaine analogues having substituents (methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-pentyl, and phenyl) at the C-1 position of the cocaine tropane skeleton were prepared by heating sulfinimine-derived α,ß-unsaturated pyrrolidine nitrones. In the presence of the Lewis acid Al(O(t)Bu)(3) the nitrones undergo an intramolecular [3 + 2] cycloaddition to give tricyclic isoxazolidines that were transformed in three steps to the cocaine analogues. In the absence of the Lewis acid, lactams were formed resulting from rearrangement of the nitrone to an oxaziridine. A novel Pd- and base-promoted rearrangement of methanesulfonate salts of isoxazolidine to bridge bicyclic[4.2.1]isoxazolidines was discovered.
Subject(s)
Cocaine/chemical synthesis , Imines/chemistry , Sulfonium Compounds/chemistry , Cocaine/analogs & derivatives , Cocaine/chemistry , Molecular Structure , StereoisomerismABSTRACT
Addition of vinylaluminum NMO reagents to N-(p-toluenesufinyl)- and N-(2-methypropanesulfinyl)-derived sulfinimines gives N-sulfinyl aza-Morita-Baylis-Hillman products (dr = 7:1 to 12:1) that result from addition of the reagent from the least hindered direction. Hydrogenation of the aza-MBH adducts with a Rh(I) catalyst affords anti-alpha-substituted N-sulfinyl-beta-amino esters in good yield and high dr (10:1 to 21:1).
