Comparative evaluation of shear bond strength and modes of failure of five different reinforced glass ionomer restorative cements to TheraCal LC: An in vitro study.

Aim: The aim of the study is to evaluate and compare the shear bond strength (SBS) and modes of failure of different reinforced glass ionomer cement restorative materials such as GC IX, GC Gold Label 2 LC, Amalgomer CR, Equia Forte, and Secure Core Z to TheraCal LC. Methodology: A total of 50 acrylic blocks, each containing a cylindrical hole in the center were prepared from self-cure acrylic resin and randomly divided into five groups and restored, namely Group A - TheraCal LC + GC Fuji IX, Group B - TheraCal LC + GC Gold Label 2 LC, Group C - TheraCal LC + Amalgomer CR, Group D - TheraCal LC + Equia Forte, and Group E - TheraCal LC + Secure Core Z. All the specimens were stored in artificial saliva at 37°C for 24 h before testing. The statistical tests used for the analysis of the result were: one-way ANOVA, Tukey multiple comparison test, and the Chi-squared test, and P < 0.05 is considered as the level of significance. Results: Equia Forte showed the highest SBS, while GC type IX showed the lowest SBS with TheraCal LC. Conclusion: Equia Forte can be the restorative material of choice when TheraCal LC is used as a base materials for better clinical efficacy.

Comparative evaluation of microleakage around Class V cavities restored with alkasite restorative material with and without bonding agent and flowable composite resin: An in vitro study.

BACKGROUND: Marginal adaptability of restorative material is one of the prime factors for success of a restoration. AIM: To evaluate microleakage at enamel restoration and dentin restoration interface of Class V cavities restored with new alkasite restorative material Cention-N, with and without using bonding agent and flowable composite resin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty Class V tooth preparations were divided into three groups (n = 10): Group-I restored with Cention-N (Ivoclar Vivadent) without adhesive, Group-II was restored with Cention-N after application of eighth-generation bonding agent (3M ESPE, Single Bond Universal Adhesive), and Group-III was restored with flowable composite resin (Tetric-N-Flow, Ivoclar Vivadent). All samples were subjected to 200 thermocycles between temperature baths at 5°C and 55°C. All samples were cut longitudinally through the center of the restorations with the help of isomet diamond saw. The sections were then observed under binocular stereomicroscope at 20×. Two evaluators scored the depth of dye penetration independently at enamel and dentin margins. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric analysis followed by Dunn's multiple comparison tests were done to evaluate differences among the experimental groups. Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the difference between occlusal and gingival scores within each restoration. RESULTS: Microleakage seen in decreasing order: Cention-N without adhesive >Flowable composite >Cention-N with adhesive. CONCLUSION: Microleakage at enamel restoration interface was less than microleakage at dentin restoration interface of each group, but the difference was not statistically significant. Least microleakage was seen with Cention-N with adhesive followed by flowable composite. More microleakage was seen with Cention-N without adhesive.

Effectiveness of Three Different Irrigants - 17% Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid, Q-MIX, and Phytic Acid in Smear Layer Removal: A Comparative Scanning Electron Microscope Study.

BACKGROUND: Removal of smear layer from the root canal walls is important for long-standing endodontic success. AIM: The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare smear layer removing ability among 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), Q-MIX, and phytic acid by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This in-vitro experimental study assessed smear layer removal using three different irrigants. Thirty single-rooted freshly extracted human permanent premolars were collected, disinfected, and decoronated to a standardized root length of 13 mm. Root canals were cleaned and shaped till F2 universal rotary protaper at working length 1 mm short of the apex. They were randomly divided into three groups, and final irrigation was done accordingly. Group 1 (n = 10): with 1 ml of 17% EDTA, Group 2 (n = 10): with 1 ml of Q-MIX, Group 3 (n = 10): with 1 ml of phytic acid. Samples were then longitudinally sectioned and evaluated under SEM at coronal, middle, and apical levels. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Two-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were performed. The level of significance was set at 0.05. RESULTS: Smear layer removing ability among irrigants and sections in descending order: 17 EDTA > Q-MIX > phytic acid; coronal > middle > apical. CONCLUSION: 17% EDTA showed better and promising results followed by Q-MIX and then phytic acid.

Spectrophotometric analysis of crown discoloration induced by two different sealers: An In vitro study.

CONTEXT: Endodontic materials have been assessed with regards to their potential for dental staining. AIMS: To evaluate the coronal discoloration effect of Apexit Plus and Resino Seal in mandibular premolars using spectrophotometer. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: The study design was original research. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty human single-rooted mandibular first premolar teeth were selected for the study. They were divided into four groups of ten specimens each. Group 1 - Apexit Plus sealer, Group 2 - Resino Seal sealer, Group 3 - positive control (Blood), and Group 4 - negative control (distilled water). Teeth were resected 3 mm below at cementoenamel junction. In all samples, access cavities were prepared, instrumented, and irrigated. Sealers were mixed and placed into the pulp chamber through cervical access and control groups were filled with blood and distilled water. Coronal orifices were sealed using self-cure glass ionomer cement. Samples were analyzed using spectrophotometer to determine the discoloration in each group at 10, 17, and 24 days interval. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Statistical analysis used Wilcoxon signed-rank test. RESULTS: All sealers used in the present study caused a progressive coronal discoloration over a time period of 17-24 days. There was statistically significant difference between resino seal sealer and apexit plus sealer , with resino seal showing greater coronal discoloration. CONCLUSION: Resino seal sealer has greater potential to cause discoloration of crown as compared to apexit plus sealer over a period of time.

In vitro evaluation of remineralization efficacy of different calcium- and fluoride-based delivery systems on artificially demineralized enamel surface.

BACKGROUND: Caries is the most common dental disease facing the world population. Caries can be prevented by remineralizing early enamel lesions. AIM: To evaluate remineralization efficacy of stannous fluoride (SnF2), casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate with fluoride (CPP-ACPF) and calcium sucrose phosphate (CaSP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty enamel samples were taken; they were divided into five groups (n = 10). Demineralization was carried out with Groups A, B, C, and E. Remineralization was carried out with Groups A, B, and C for 7 days using SnF2, CPP-ACPF, and CaSP, respectively. In Group D, no surface treatment was carried out, to mark as positive control whereas Group E was kept as negative control with only surface demineralization of enamel. Enamel microhardness was tested using Vickers's microhardness tester after 7 day remineralization regime. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: One-way analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey tests were performed. RESULTS: The mean microhardness values in descending order: Positive control > SnF2> CaSP > CPP-ACPF > negative control. CONCLUSION: All remineralizing agents showed improved surface remineralization. However, complete remineralization did not occur within 7 days. SnF2 showed the highest potential for remineralization followed by CaSP and CPP-ACPF.

Endodontic management of mandibular first molar with seven canals using cone-beam computed tomography.

The endodontic treatment of a mandibular molar with aberrant canal configuration can be diagnostically and clinically challenging. Successful endodontic therapy thus depends on the clinician's ability to anticipate and look for these aberrant variations. A mandibular first molar with seven canals represents a rare anatomical variant, particularly when four canals are found in distal root. Based on in vitro studies, its incidence is reported to be between 0.2% and 3%. With the advent of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) as an adjunctive diagnostic aid, the determination of root canal anatomy in teeth with complex canal configurations has become more precise. The present case report discusses successful nonsurgical management of radix entomolaris along with middle mesial canal and middle distal canal in mandibular first molar with seven canals (four canals in distal and three in mesial) employing CBCT as an adjunctive diagnostic aid to conventional radiography.

Comparative scanning electron microscopy evaluation of Canal Brushing technique, sonic activation, and master apical file for the removal of triple antibiotic paste from root canal (in vitro study).

AIMS: To compare and evaluate the effectiveness of Canal Brushing technique, sonic activation, and master apical file (MAF) for the removal of triple antibiotic paste (TAP) from root canal using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-two single rooted teeth were instrumented with ProTaper up to the size number F2 and dressed with TAP. TAP was removed with Canal Brush technique (Group I, n: 6), sonic (EndoActivator) (Group II, n: 6), and MAF (Group III, n: 6). Four teeth served as positive (n: 2) and negative (n: 2) controls. The roots were split in the buccolingual direction and prepared for SEM examination (×1000) at coronal, middle, and apical third. Three examiners evaluated the wall cleanliness. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Statistical analysis was performed by Kruskal-Wallis test and Wilcoxon rank sum test. RESULTS: Difference in cleanliness between three groups is statistically significant in cervical region only. Pairwise comparison in cervical region Canal Brush and sonic activation showed more removal of TAP than MAF. CONCLUSIONS: Canal Brush and sonic activation system showed better result than MAF in the cervical and middle third of canal. In the apical third, none of the techniques showed a better result. None of the techniques showed complete removal of TAP from the canal.

Evaluation of push-out bond strength of endosequence BC sealer with lateral condensation and thermoplasticized technique: An in vitro study.

AIMS: To evaluate and compare the push-out bond strength of root filled with Endosequence BC, AH Plus and Endomethasone N sealers using lateral condensation and thermoplasticized technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty mandibular premolars with completely formed roots were selected. Teeth were decoronated, working length was determined. Instrumentation and irrigation were performed. Teeth were then obturated with Group 1-Cold lateral compaction (n = 15) or Group 2-Thermoplasticized technique (n = 15). Each group was again subdivided into three depending on the sealers used. Teeth in each subgroup were then sectioned perpendicularly to the long axis to obtain a disc of 2 mm each, which were then subjected to micro push-out test. Data was analyzed with ANOVA. RESULTS: AH Plus sealer in Group 1 showed the maximum (4.77 ± 1.67 MPa) push-out bond strength among the three sealers and between two groups. The mean strength of Bioceramic sealer was lower in Group 1 (2.62 ± 0.76 MPa) and higher in Group 2 (3.52 ± 0.69 MPa). CONCLUSIONS: The push-out bond strength of Endosequence BC sealer was lower than the AH Plus root canal sealer with cold lateral condensation technique.

Comparison of sealing ability of ProRoot MTA, RetroMTA, and Biodentine as furcation repair materials: An ultraviolet spectrophotometric analysis.

AIM: To evaluate the sealing ability of ProRooT MTA, RetroMTA, and Biodentine as furcation repair materials using dye extraction leakage method. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-five mandibular molars were randomly divided into four groups according to the material used for perforation repair. Group I - ProRoot MTA (10 samples), Group II - RetroMTA (10 samples), Group III - Biodentine (10 samples), and Group IV (Control) - left unrepaired (5 samples). All samples were subjected to orthograde and retrograde Methylene blue dye challenge followed by dye extraction with concentration 65% nitric acid. Samples were then analyzed using ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer using 550 nm wave lengths. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: One-way analysis of variance, Tukey-Kramer multiple comparisons test. RESULTS: Biodentine showed least dye absorbance while RetroMTA showed highest dye absorbance values when compared with other repair materials. CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this study, it was observed that Biodentine showed better sealing ability when compared with other root repair materials.

Repair of incomplete horizontal mid-root fracture of maxillary central incisor with mineral trioxide aggregate: A follow up report.

Incomplete horizontal fractures occur in teeth with developing root as it cannot withstand traumatic force during injury. Diagnosis and management of such cases are difficult. Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) served as efficient diagnostic tool and follow up measure and the use of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate in treatment had shown a better prognostic importance. In present case, treatment outcome of one year is reported in incompletely fractured mid-root of central incisor and the clinical approach is discussed.

Comparative evaluation of debris removal from root canal wall by using EndoVac and conventional needle irrigation: An in vitro study.

CONTEXT: Microbial control is of paramount importance in Clinical Endodontics. Therefore, cleaning and disinfection of root canals are essential to achieve endodontic success. AIMS: The purpose of this study is to compare the efficacy of EndoVac irrigation system and conventional needle (30 gauges side venting needle) irrigation for removal of debris from the root canal walls at coronal, middle and apical third by using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SETTINGS AND DESIGN: An in vitro randomized control trial study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 20 mandibular premolars with completely formed roots were selected and randomly divided into two groups - Group 1: Irrigation with the Conventional system and Group 2: EndoVac irrigation. After access opening and working length determination biomechanical preparation completed up to a rotary protaper F4 file. Groupwise irrigation with sodium hypochlorite and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid was done with each canal in between instrumentation. Then, the teeth were sectioned in buccolingual direction and the halves were sputter-coated with gold palladium and coronal, middle and apical third were examined by SEM at x2000 magnification. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Mann-Whitney test for comparison between methods, Kruskal-Wallis test for comparison among thirds and Miller test for individual comparisons. RESULTS: The apical, middle and cervical root canal thirds were evaluated and the results were analyzed statistically by the Mann-Whitney test for comparison between methods, Kruskal-Wallis test for comparison among thirds and Miller test for individual comparisons. CONCLUSIONS: EndoVac group resulted in significantly less debris at apical third compared with the conventional needle irrigation group. There was no statistical significant difference found in debris removal at coronal and middle third of root canal wall between the EndoVac group and conventional needle irrigation group.