Targeted detection of cancer at the cellular level during biopsy by near-infrared confocal laser endomicroscopy.

Suspicious nodules detected by radiography are often investigated by biopsy, but the diagnostic yield of biopsies of small nodules is poor. Here we report a method-NIR-nCLE-to detect cancer at the cellular level in real-time during biopsy. This technology integrates a cancer-targeted near-infrared (NIR) tracer with a needle-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (nCLE) system modified to detect NIR signal. We develop and test NIR-nCLE in preclinical models of pulmonary nodule biopsy including human specimens. We find that the technology has the resolution to identify a single cancer cell among normal fibroblast cells when co-cultured at a ratio of 1:1000, and can detect cancer cells in human tumors less than 2 cm in diameter. The NIR-nCLE technology rapidly delivers images that permit accurate discrimination between tumor and normal tissue by non-experts. This proof-of-concept study analyzes pulmonary nodules as a test case, but the results may be generalizable to other malignancies.

Evaluation of Novel Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen-Targeted Near-Infrared Imaging Agent for Fluorescence-Guided Surgery of Prostate Cancer.

PURPOSE: The ability to locate and remove all malignant lesions during radical prostatectomy leads not only to prevent biochemical recurrence (BCR) and possible side effects but also to improve the life expectancy of patients with prostate cancer. Fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS) has emerged as a technique that uses fluorescence to highlight cancerous cells and guide surgeons to resect tumors in real time. Thus, development of tumor-specific near-infrared (NIR) agents that target biomarkers solely expressed on prostate cancer cells will enable to assess negative tumor margins and affected lymph nodes. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Because PSMA is overexpressed in prostate cancer cells in >90% of the prostate cancer patient population, a prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted NIR agent (OTL78) was designed and synthesized. Optical properties, in vitro and in vivo specificity, tumor-to-background ratio (TBR), accomplishment of negative surgical tumor margins using FGS, pharmacokinetics (PKs) properties, and preclinical toxicology of OTL78 were then evaluated in requisite models. RESULTS: OTL78 binds to PSMA-expressing cells with high affinity, concentrates selectively to PSMA-positive cancer tissues, and clears rapidly from healthy tissues with a half-time of 17 minutes. It also exhibits an excellent TBR (5:1) as well as safety profile in animals. CONCLUSIONS: OTL78 is an excellent tumor-specific NIR agent for use in fluorescence-guided radical prostatectomy and FGS of other cancers.

Evaluation of Novel Tumor-Targeted Near-Infrared Probe for Fluorescence-Guided Surgery of Cancer.

Because the most reliable therapy for cancer involves quantitative resection of all diseased tissue, considerable effort has been devoted to improving a surgeon's ability to locate and remove all malignant lesions. With the aid of improved optical imaging equipment, we and others have focused on developing tumor-targeted fluorescent dyes to selectively illuminate cancer nodules during surgery. We describe here the design, synthesis, optical properties, in vitro and in vivo tumor specificity/affinity, pharmacokinetics, preclinical toxicology, and some clinical application of a folate receptor (FR)-targeted NIR dye (OTL38) that concentrates specifically in cancer tissues and clears rapidly from healthy tissues. We demonstrate that OTL38 binds FR-expressing cells with ∼1 nM affinity and eliminates from receptor negative tissues with a half-time of <30 min. We further show that OTL38 enables visualization of malignant lesions at concentrations less than 100-fold those required to elicit signs of toxicity. Since OTL38 also provides excellent tumor contrast in both murine tumor models and human cancer patients, we conclude that OTL38 constitutes an excellent NIR dye for fluorescence-guided resection of malignant lesions in cancer patients.

Ammonia-mediated, large-scale synthesis of ammonia borane.

A simple, large-scale synthesis of ammonia borane from NaBH4 and (NH4)2SO4 at 0 °C-rt in THF containing 5% NH3 is described. The presence of ammonia is critical for the reaction to proceed and allows the reaction at high concentrations and ambient temperature without the need for anhydrous solvent or inert atmosphere.

Synthetic α-(aminomethyl)-γ-butyrolactones and their anti-pancreatic cancer activities.

Aminated α-methylene-γ-butyrolactones, which are readily synthesized with facile control of the diastereoisomerism, provide an economical and commercially-viable alternative to the use of aminated natural products. These aminoloactones, which exhibit excellent activity against three pancreatic cancer cell lines when measured at 10 µM-Panc-1, MIA PaCa-2, and BxPC-3-and are comparable to or better than parthenolide and dimethylaminoparthenolide (DMAPT, LC-1). It has also been shown that there is an effect on the biological activity depending on the identity of the amine.

One-pot synthesis of ammonia-borane and trialkylamine-boranes from trimethyl borate.

A one-pot procedure for the preparation of ammonia borane from trimethyl borate in 90% yield and >99% purity has been reported. This methodology has been modified to prepare a series of trialkylamine-boranes in 70-82% yields from trimethyl borate and lithium hydride/aluminum chloride in the presence of the corresponding trialkylamine.

One-pot asymmetric synthesis of 2- and 2,3-disubstituted tetrahydrofuran derivatives.

A novel and convenient one-pot asymmetric synthesis of 2- and 2,3-disubstituted tetrahydrofurans has been achieved in 56-81% yields and 86-99% ee from aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes via an allyl/crotyl/alkoxyallylboration-hydroboration-iodination-cyclization reaction sequence.

Bis-exo-2-norbornylboron triflate for stereospecific enolization of 3,3,3-trifluoropropionates.

The first boron-mediated enolization-aldolization of 3,3,3-trifluoropropionates has been reported. The preparation and application of bis-exo-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ylboron triflate as a superior reagent for diastereospecific enolization has also been described.

Effects of gabapentin on cocaine self-administration, cocaine-triggered relapse and cocaine-enhanced nucleus accumbens dopamine in rats.

Gabapentin is a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) analogue, with GABAmimetic pharmacological properties. Gabapentin is used for the treatment of seizures, anxiety and neuropathic pain. It has been proposed that gabapentin may be useful in the treatment of cocaine dependence. However, clinical trials with gabapentin have shown conflicting results, while preclinical studies are sparse. In the present study, we investigated the effects of gabapentin on intravenous cocaine self-administration and cocaine-triggered reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior, as well as on cocaine-enhanced dopamine (DA) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). We found that gabapentin (25-200 mg/kg, i.p., 30 min or 2 h prior to cocaine) failed to inhibit intravenous cocaine (0.5 mg/kg/infusion) self-administration under a fixed-ratio reinforcement schedule or cocaine-triggered reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior. In vivo microdialysis showed that the same doses of gabapentin produced a modest increase (approximately 50%, p<0.05) in extracellular NAc GABA levels, but failed to alter either basal or cocaine-enhanced NAc DA. These data suggest that gabapentin is a weak GABA-mimic drug. At the doses tested, it has no effect in the addiction-related animal behavioral models here tested. This is in striking contrast to positive findings in the same animal models shown by another GABAmimetic--gamma-vinyl GABA (see companion piece to present article).

Preparation of ammonia borane in high yield and purity, methanolysis, and regeneration.

Ammonia borane (AB) is emerging as a promising solid hydrogen carrier, particularly for power generation in portable devices that employ proton-exchange membrane fuel cells. A preparative-scale synthesis of AB from sodium borohydride and ammonium salts in high yields (> or =95%) and very high purity (> or =98%) has been described. The first systematic study of a transitional metal-catalyzed alcoholysis of AB, comparison of the methanolysis to the hydrolysis of AB, and regeneration of AB from ammonium tetramethoxyborate also has been described.