ABSTRACT
Mast cells (MCs) are tissue-resident immune cells that participate in a variety of allergic and inflammatory conditions, including periodontal disease, through the release of cytokines, chemokines and proteolytic enzymes. Porhyromonas gingivalis (P. g) is widely recognized as a major pathogen in the development and progression of periodontitis. Here we compared the differential effects of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from P. g and E. coli on the expression and production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1) by human MCs. Human LAD2 MCs were stimulated with LPS from either P. g or E. coli (1-1000 ng/ml). MCs were also stimulated with SP (2µM) serving as the positive control or media alone as the negative control. After 24 h, the cells and supernatant fluids were collected and analyzed for ß-Hexosaminidase (ß-hex) spectrophotometrically, TNF, VEGF and MCP-1 release by ELISA and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for mediator gene expression, respectively. To assess the functional role of tolllike receptors (TRL) in mediator release, MCs were pre-incubated with either anti-TLR2 or anti- TLR4 (2 µg/ml) polyclonal antibody for 1 h before stimulation with LPS. When MCs were stimulated with SP (2 µM), there was a statistically significant ß-hex release as well as release of TNF, VEGF and MCP-1. Stimulation of MCs with either type of LPS did not induce degranulation based on the lack of ß-hex release. However, both types of LPS stimulated expression and release of TNF, VEGF and MCP-1. Although, P. g LPS induced significant release of TNF, VEGF and MCP-1, the effect was not concentration-dependent. There was no statistically significant difference between the effects of P. g and E. coli LPS. P. g LPS stimulated TNF through TLR-2 while E. coli utilized TRL-4 instead. In contrast, VEGF release by P. g LPS required both TRL-2 and TRL-4 while E. coli LPS required TLR-4. Release of MCP-1 was independent of TLR-2 or TLR-4. P. g LPS activates human MCs to generate and release TNF, VEGF and MCP-1 through different TLRs than E. coli LPS. MCs may, therefore, be involved in the inflammatory processes responsible for periodontal disease.
Subject(s)
Endotoxins/pharmacology , Escherichia coli/physiology , Inflammation Mediators/physiology , Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology , Mast Cells/drug effects , Periodontitis/immunology , Porphyromonas gingivalis/physiology , Cell Degranulation/drug effects , Cell Line, Tumor , Chemokine CCL2/biosynthesis , Chemokine CCL2/genetics , Chemokine CCL2/metabolism , Escherichia coli/chemistry , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects , Humans , Leukemia, Mast-Cell/pathology , Mast Cells/physiology , Periodontitis/microbiology , Porphyromonas gingivalis/chemistry , RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis , Substance P/pharmacology , Toll-Like Receptor 2/antagonists & inhibitors , Toll-Like Receptor 2/physiology , Toll-Like Receptor 4/antagonists & inhibitors , Toll-Like Receptor 4/physiology , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/biosynthesis , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolismABSTRACT
Physical forces play a critical role in the survival and proliferation of many cell types, including fibroblasts. Gingival fibroblasts are exposed to mechanical stress during mastication, orthodontic tooth movement, and wound healing following periodontal surgery. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of mechanical strain on human gingival fibroblasts (hGF). Cells were subjected to short-term (up to 60 min) and long-term (up to 48 hrs) 20% average elongation at 0.1 Hz. We monitored survival signaling by evaluating the phosphorylation status and localization of Forkhead box (FoxO) family members, which are mediators of apoptosis. We also examined strain-induced proliferation by measuring the level of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). We observed that cyclic strain caused the phosphorylation and retention in the cytoplasm of FoxO family members. Moreover, mechanical strain resulted in increased ERK kinase phosphorylation and PCNA expression. In conclusion, cyclic strain delivers anti-apoptotic and proliferative stimuli to hGF.
Subject(s)
DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism , Fibroblasts/metabolism , Gingiva/metabolism , Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/metabolism , Signal Transduction/physiology , Transcription Factors/metabolism , Apoptosis/physiology , Cell Division/physiology , Cell Size/physiology , Cells, Cultured , Forkhead Box Protein O1 , Forkhead Transcription Factors , Gingiva/cytology , Humans , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism , Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt , Stress, Mechanical , Time Factors , Translocation, GeneticABSTRACT
Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma is a benign, mixed odontogenic tumor most commonly encountered in the mandible of children or teenagers. Treatment of AFO is conservative and requires a long-term follow-up. Although some authors believe that ameloblastic fibroma, ameloblastic fibro-odontoma, and odontomas are extensions of the same disease process, they should be regarded as separate disease entities.
Subject(s)
Maxillary Neoplasms/pathology , Odontoma/pathology , Child , Diagnosis, Differential , Humans , MaleABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Desquamative gingivitis may be the clinical manifestation of one of several systemic diseases. The clinical course of the disease can be complicated by plaque-associated periodontitis. However, there is no information currently available for the concurrent management of both conditions. CASE REPORT AND RESULTS: This paper presents the treatment and 8-year maintenance of a patient with periodontal disease and benign mucous membrane pemphigoid (BMMP). The first phase of treatment included oral hygiene instructions and local corticosteroid administration, followed by scaling and root planing. The patient's compliance and excellent response to therapy allowed for subsequent surgical pocket elimination and augmentation of the zone of keratinized tissue for prosthetic reasons. Over the following 8 years, the patient's periodontal condition remained stable even though periodontal maintenance was erratic. For the control of BMMP, intermittent administration of corticosteroids was necessary, without any significant local or systemic side effects. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that combined treatment and long-term maintenance of BMMP and periodontitis are feasible under certain conditions and propose a clinical protocol for treatment which could serve as a guideline for similar conditions.
Subject(s)
Pemphigoid, Benign Mucous Membrane/therapy , Periodontitis/therapy , Biopsy , Chronic Disease , Combined Modality Therapy , Dental Plaque/diagnosis , Dental Plaque/therapy , Drug Therapy, Combination , Female , Gingiva/pathology , Gingivitis/diagnosis , Gingivitis/therapy , Humans , Middle Aged , Pemphigoid, Benign Mucous Membrane/diagnosis , Periodontitis/diagnosis , Time FactorsABSTRACT
The purposes of this article are to present a case report of liposarcoma of the tongue and to review the existing literature regarding liposarcomas with intraoral locations.
Subject(s)
Liposarcoma/pathology , Tongue Neoplasms/pathology , Aged , Humans , Male , Staining and Labeling/methods , Tongue/pathologyABSTRACT
Mast cells represent a potential source of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and other cytokines that have been implicated in host defense, tissue maintenance/remodeling, immunoregulation, and many other biologic responses. In acquired immune responses to parasites or allergens, the extensive IgE-dependent activation of mast cells via Fc epsilonRI can result in the release of large quantities of biogenic amines that are stored in the cells' cytoplasmic granules as well as the production of lipid mediators and many cytokines; these products together can orchestrate an intense inflammatory response. We now report that activation of mouse mast cells via c-kit, the receptor for the pleiotropic survival/growth factor, stem cell factor (SCF), can induce the release of IL-6. Upon challenge with SCF, bone marrow-derived cultured mouse mast cells (BMCMCs) released amounts of IL-6 that were greater than 100-fold more than those produced by unstimulated cells, but that were substantially less than those produced in response to IgE and specific antigen. Moreover, BMCMCs released IL-6 upon challenge with concentrations of SCF that resulted in little or no detectable release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, leukotriene C4, histamine, or serotonin. These findings indicate that SCF, a widely expressed protein that is critical for mast cell development and survival, can also regulate the differential release of mast cell mediators.
Subject(s)
Interleukin-6/metabolism , Mast Cells/drug effects , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit/physiology , Stem Cell Factor/pharmacology , Animals , Cell Survival/drug effects , Histamine/pharmacology , Immunoglobulin E/pharmacology , Interleukin-6/biosynthesis , Interleukin-6/genetics , Leukotriene C4/pharmacology , Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology , Mast Cells/metabolism , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Knockout , Peritoneal Cavity/cytology , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit/genetics , Rats , Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology , Serotonin/pharmacology , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Many persons use mouthrinses as a part of their routine oral hygiene. Although rinses impart some benefits to users, improper use of mouthrinses may result in various side effects. This paper reviews the adverse effects of mouthwash use as reported in the English-language literature.
