ABSTRACT
Measurement from Christmas Island (2 degrees N, 157 degrees W) of long-term mean vertical motions in the tropical atmosphere using very-high-frequency wind-profiling Doppler radar show that there is a transition from downward motion in the free troposphere to upward motion in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. The observations in the free troposphere are consistent with a balance between adiabatic and diabatic heating and cooling rates in a clear atmosphere. Comparison of the results at Christmas Island during El Niño and non-El Niño conditions with earlier results obtained for stratiform rain conditions over Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia, show that cirrus clouds in the vicinity of the tropopause likely play an important role in determining the sense and magnitude of vertical motions in this region. These results have implications for the exchange of mass between the troposphere and stratosphere over the tropics.
ABSTRACT
The tropopause can be detected and its altitude determined routinely with the use of meter-wavelength, very-high-frequency radar. At meter wavelengths and at vertical incidence, the tropopause is revealed by partial specular reflection from stable atmospheric layers. The echoes received at vertical incidence as a result of partial specular reflection are greatly enhanced over echoes received at oblique incidence arising from turbulent scatter. Very-high-frequency radars utilizing partial specular reflection promise a major advance in the remote sensing of the atmosphere.
