ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to modify the surfaces of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IOPs) with gelatin in order to reduce cytotoxicity and enhance cellular uptake. The gelatin-coated IOPs were characterized in terms of their functionalization, size, surface charge, morphology and crystalline structure using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (BIO-TEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The cytotoxicity of the gelatin-coated IOPs to human fibroblasts was assessed using an MTT-assay and was compared with uncoated IOPs. Similarly, the cellular uptake of the coated and uncoated IOPs was visualized using BIO-TEM and quantified using inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy (ICPS). As shown by the Fourier emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and viability test, the massive uptake of uncoated IOPs lead to reduced viability. However, gelatin coating lead to increased viability and slow uptake without any visible distortion to the cell morphology.
Subject(s)
Ferric Compounds/pharmacology , Gelatin/pharmacology , Nanoparticles , Cell Survival , Cells, Cultured , Drug Delivery Systems/methods , Ferric Compounds/chemistry , Gelatin/chemistry , Humans , Particle SizeABSTRACT
Magnetic drug targeting allows accumulation of drug at a defined target site with the help of an external magnetic field. Current research explored uptake and anticancer activity of doxorubicin-loaded gelatin-coated magnetic iron oxide particles (DXR-GIOPs) in order to investigate potential of gelatin-coated iron oxide particles (GIOPs) as a drug carrier in the field of magnetic drug targeting. The in vitro test was done using HeLa cells as a model cell and DXR as a model drug. The cytotoxicity and uptake of GIOPs were also studied and results were compared with that of DXR-GIOPs. The results indicated that GIOPs were not toxic to HeLa cells even at higher concentration of 1.2 mg/mL; however, DXR-GIOPs showed toxicity in time as well as dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, quantitative and qualitative uptake studies showed higher uptake of DXR-GIOPs compared to GIOPs in the identical condition by the cells.
Subject(s)
Antibiotics, Antineoplastic , Doxorubicin , Drug Carriers , Ferric Compounds , Gelatin , Nanoparticles , Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/chemistry , Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/pharmacokinetics , Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/pharmacology , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Doxorubicin/chemistry , Doxorubicin/pharmacokinetics , Doxorubicin/pharmacology , Drug Carriers/chemistry , Drug Carriers/pharmacokinetics , Drug Carriers/pharmacology , Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor/methods , Ferric Compounds/chemistry , Ferric Compounds/pharmacokinetics , Ferric Compounds/pharmacology , Gelatin/chemistry , Gelatin/pharmacokinetics , Gelatin/pharmacology , HeLa Cells , HumansABSTRACT
Current research explores formation of bone like apatite on gelatin coated magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (GIOPs) to evaluate the bioactivity of the material. The GIOPs were soaked in simulated body fluid (SBF) and the apatite formation on the surface was investigated in regular interval of time. Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) and x-ray diffraction spectroscopic (XRD) analyses were done to investigate the chemical changes and field emission-scanning electron microscopic (FE-SEM) analysis was done to investigate the morphological changes occurring on the surface of the GIOPs after soaking in different time intervals. The kinetic studies of the apatite growth in SBF suggest that initially calcium and phosphorous ions were deposited to the surface of the GIOPs from the SBF leading to formation of amorphous Ca/P particles. Later, after 9 days of the incubation the amorphous particles were fused to form needle and blade like crystalline structures of bone like apatite.
Subject(s)
Body Fluids/chemistry , Bone Substitutes/chemistry , Ferric Compounds/chemistry , Gelatin/chemistry , Nanoparticles/chemistry , Nanoparticles/ultrastructure , Magnetics , Materials Testing , Particle SizeABSTRACT
Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IOPs) were coated with gelatin A and B and drug-loading efficiency was investigated using doxorubicin (DXR) as a model drug to evaluate their potential as a carrier system for magnetic drug targeting. Drug loading to coated IOPs was done using adsorption as well as desolvation/cross-linking techniques to understand their role. Drug loading by adsorption technique was done by incubating mixture of coated IOPs and drug in various conditions of pH, DXR-to-coated IOPs ratio, gelatin types and IOPs amounts. Drug loading by desolvation/cross-linking technique was done by adding acetone and glutaraldehyde (GTA) to the mixture of coated IOPs and DXR. The results indicated involvement of electrostatic interaction during loading of DXR-to-coated IOPs. Compared to adsorption technique, desolvation/cross-linking technique improved the efficiency of drug loading regardless of type of gelatin used for the coating. The DXR-loaded particles showed pH responsive drug release leading to accelerate release of drug at pH 4 compared to pH 7.4.
Subject(s)
Doxorubicin/administration & dosage , Ferric Compounds/chemistry , Gelatin/chemistry , Magnetics , Acetone/chemistry , Animals , Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/administration & dosage , Cattle , Chemistry, Pharmaceutical , Cross-Linking Reagents/chemistry , Drug Delivery Systems , Glutaral/chemistry , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Nanoparticles , Static Electricity , Swine , Technology, PharmaceuticalABSTRACT
Encapsulation of magnetite (IOPs) in gelatin nanoparticles has been carried out by in situ precipitation of the particles in presence of gelatin, followed by desolvation and cross-linking of the composite nanoparticles. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of various formulation parameters (viz; desolvating agent, cross-linking agent and percentage of IOPs) on the hydrodynamic size of the gelatin-coated magnetic iron oxide composite nanoparticles (GIOPs) and stability of the colloidal dispersion. Extensive characterization by dynamic light scattering, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy shows complete encapsulation of IOPs of size below 8 nm into gelatin nanoparticles of varying size. Size as well as stability of the colloidal dispersion of the GIOPs was found to be dependent on the investigated parameters. Furthermore, the nanoparticle dispersion was found to be stable in pH ranges from 2-12. Thus, obtained composite nanoparticles could hold promise as a carrier system in biomedical applications.
