[Tic disorders in children and youth - part I]. / Zaburzenia tikowe u dzieci I mlodziezy--czesc I..

The authors present the latest approach to the problem of etiopathology of tic disorders: the role of neurotransmitters and dopamine as well as the role of genetic and immunological factors. They present a classification of tic disorders according to American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th edn. (1944) APA Washington. A general description of the clinical picture is given. Preliminary results of own investigations are discussed. Chronic tics were diagnosed in more then 50% of children under study whereas symptoms of Tourette syndrome were observed in 25% of patients. Children under treatment demonstrated the motoric tics which appeared independently or together with vocal ones. Tics were often associated with anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorders, attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorders and with school problems.

[Personality disorders in adolescents]. / Zaburzenia w rozwoju osobowosci u mlodziezy.

The aim of the study was the investigation of symptoms and origin of the disturbances in personality development of adolescents. The group of 50 patients (22 girls and 28 boys aged from 14 to 20 years) of the Young People's Unit and Outpatient Clinic of the Department of Child and Youth Psychiatry of the Institute of Mother and Child in Warsaw were examined. The study consists of the psychiatric, psychological and sociological types of investigation. The following methods were used in the study: the standard methods of the clinical investigation, Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale, R. B. Cattell, M. Choynowski and M. Nowakowska 's 16 PF; A. Roe and M. Siegelman 's "My Father" and "My Mother" questionnaires; E. S. Schaefer and R. Q. Bell's Parental Attitude Research Instrument and E. Kobia lka's Family Environmental Questionnaire. The control group was formed in the method of pairs and was investigated in the same way as patients. After the detailed analysis of the data, the final conclusions were formed. They are as follows: In the clinical picture of disturbances of the development of patients personality, the conduct disorders prevailed. The suicidal and parasuicidal behaviour occurred in 1/3 of the patients. Also the depressive and other neurotic symptoms took place. The intelligence level was average and dull normal. The following personality features were established: emotional instability, guilt proness , low self- sentiment , high ergic tension (both sexes); protension ( suspection jealous ), shrewdness (girls) and threat sensitive (boys). Patients attitudes toward both parents were disturbed and unfavourable for normal personality development. The declared mothers attitudes toward patients were also unfavourable for development of mature personality. The general family environment (also living standard) was significantly worse in the criterion group. It should be stressed in conclusion, that the results of the study showed among others that the disturbed family hinder the development of adjustment mechanisms, mainly of the adjustment to the small group, which are essential for the normal personality functioning.