ABSTRACT
Background and Aim: Trichinellosis is caused by a species of roundworm called Trichinella and is an invasive disease causing severe medical, veterinary, and socioeconomic problems worldwide. More than 100 mammalian species are Trichinella hosts. Among domestic animals, pigs and dogs are prone to trichinellosis. An essential aspect of controlling the spread of infection is to identify the number and level of infections in wild carnivores in the country. However, the number, habitats, and movements of wild animal Trichinella hosts in Kazakhstan have not been reported yet. This study aimed to monitor the wild animal habitat nearby the settlements for tracking the trichinellosis speading among carnivores. Materials and Methods: Wild carnivorous animals were captured in seven regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The carcasses of corsacs, wolves, foxes, wild boars, and badgers were studied. Muscle tissue samples from spontaneously infected wild animals were collected. The digestion method in "GASTROS-2M" was used to isolate Trichinella spp. from animal muscles. The species of the parasite was determined by a polymerase chain reaction for 5S spacer of Trichinella ribosomal DNA with subsequent sequencing by Senger. Statistical analysis methods were performed for average value in Microsoft Excel 2010. Results: The results of the research showed that among 155 animals wolves (20.4%) and foxes (26.7%) were the most infected with invasive Trichinella larvae. The invasion intensity was 503.6% in foxes and 289.7% in wolves. However, badgers (164%), wild boars (0%), and corsacs (0%) presented lower invasion levels. Using specific primers, larvae samples were identified as Trichinella nativa. Conclusion: The results of monitoring revealed the spread of trichinosis among wild animals: wolves, foxes, badgers. The Karaganda, Kostanay, Western Kazakhstan, and Akmola regions had the largest distribution of wild animals infected with trichinellosis. In total, 20% of the 155 studied animals were infected. The greatest invasion intensity was typical for wolves, foxes and badgers. It is necessary to monitor the spread of trichinellosis among wild carnivores to control the epidemiological situation and reduce the level of spontaneous infection among animals. Regular monitoring of habitats and carnivores must be conducted within the country and in the border areas.
ABSTRACT
Background and Aim: Trichinellosis remains a dangerous disease for humans and animals, which can lead to a lethal outcome. The study of specific body reactions in response to invasion by different types of Trichinella can help in the early diagnosis of the disease. This study aimed to investigate the hematological, biochemical, and serological characteristics of rabbits experimentally infected with trichinellosis, as well as the possibility of using changes in these parameters at various disease stages for early hematological, biochemical, and serological diagnosis of trichinellosis. Materials and Methods: Three groups of rabbits were orally infected with Trichinella nativa and Trichinella spiralis derived from encysted T. spirtalis larvae in pork muscle samples. The first and second groups were infected with T. nativa and T. spiralis, respectively, while the third group served as control by receiving a physiological solution. An ADVIA 2120i automatic hematology analyzer with a blood smear staining module was used to determine the hematological parameters of rabbits. Antigens were used in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect antibodies in the sera of infected rabbits that were supernatants containing excretory-secretory antigens (ES-Ag) and somatic antigen (S-Ag). Results: The detection of biochemical responses to the invasion of T. nativa and T. spiralis isolates was detected and hematological parameters were featured in two cases. Trichinella nativa increased the number of erythrocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, basophils, and thrombocytes on day 7 in rabbits. Creatine kinase (CK) is regarded as the most important indicator for the early detection of parasite invasion. Blood biochemistry showed no active response to T. spiralis infection. However, counts of erythrocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and CK rose significantly. In both color indicators, the number of thrombocytes decreased. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with ES-Ag and S-Ag of these isolates demonstrated the ability to detect antibodies as early as 7 days after infection, with a significant increase in the marker up to 70 days. Conclusion: On the 7th day after infection, blood tests of infected animals revealed CK-N-acetyl-cysteine (18.2%) and neutrophils (43%) when infected with T. nativa and neutrophils (26.7%) and lymphocytes (20%) when infected with T. spiralis. These indicators may serve as specific parameters for the early detection of Trichinella spp. invasion.
