[Ultrastructural characteristics of nonphlogogenic and phlogogenic reaction of mono- and polynuclear phagocytes in their interaction with Staphylococcus aureus]. / Ultrastrukturnaia kharakteristika neflogogennogo i flogogennogo reagirovaniia mono- i polinuklearnykh fagotsitov pri ikh vzaimodeistvii so Staphylococcus aureus.

Antibacterial function of neutrophil leukocytes and peritoneal macrophages in their interaction with massive doses of Staphylococcus aureus (25 x 10(6) and 25 x 10(8) microorganisms) has been studied in the experiment in vivo. Two types of antibacterial reaction of phagocytes has been found, i.e. nonphlogogenic (physiological) and phlogogenic (inflammatory). nonphlogogenic type was characterized by marked antibacterial influence of phagocytes. phlogogenic reaction was accompanied by an increase of failure of phagocyte function, by their self-damage and break-up that leads to a decrease of their antibacterial activity followed by the inflammation.

[Non-inflammatory form of neutrophil antibacterial response]. / Nevospalitel'naia forma antibakterial'nogo reagirovaniia neitrofil'nykh leikotsitov.

According to the Mechnikov theory inflammation is the only form of the protective-adaptive response of phagocytes and phagocytosis is its essence. High doses of Staphylococcus aureus (25 x 10(6) and 25 x 10(2) bacteria) in the absence of additional peritoneal damage do not produce the inflammation. The organism of the highest animals possess non-phlogogenic mechanisms of protection against bacteria when the phagocyte function is not the destruction of bacteria but their catching and transportation to the intestinal lumen.

[Ultrastructural characteristics in neutrophilic leukocytes in patients with sepsis]. / Ultrastrukturnaia kharakteristika neitrofil'nykh leikotsitov krovi bol'nykh s sepsisom.

Electron microscopic studies of neutrophilic leukocytes from patients with sepsis have revealed that substantial counts of these cells are prone to degradation just in the blood, the organelles of the degraded cells many of which may be identified are present in the blood plasma. The degradation of neutrophilic leukocytes in systemic circulation may be one of the morphological signs of sepsis.

[Blood neutrophilic leukocytes in patients with suppurative-septic diseases]. / O sostoianii neitrofil'nykh leikotsitov krovi bol'nykh gnoino-septicheskimi zabolevaniiami.

Neutrophil leucocytes of patients with sepsis, purulent inflammatory processes clinically close to sepsis and those of healthy persons were studied electron-microscopically. Leucocytes with degranulation due to the release of their content into the circulation were found in purulent-inflammatory diseases. Leucocytes with pronounced degranulation, areas with cytoplasma lysis and extracellular organelles (lipid droplets, primary and secondary granules with clear-cut membrane borders and content of granules without membrane borders) were observed in sepsis.

[The diagnostic and prognostic significance of the degree of neutrophilic leukocyte activation in the peripheral blood of patients with odontogenic phlegmons]. / Diagnosticheskoe i prognosticheskoe znachenie stepeni aktivatsii neitrofil'nykh leikotsitov perifericheskoi krovi bol' nykh odontogennymi flegmonami.

Structural and morphologic changes in peripheral blood neutrophilic leukocytes were examined with the aim to diagnose and predict the clinical course of acute pyoinflammatory maxillofacial diseases. Classification of structural and morphologic signs of neutrophilic leukocyte activation levels during odontogenic pyoinflammatory diseases were studied using optic and electron microscopy. There degrees of neutrophilic leukocyte activation were distinguished: inactive, moderately active, and hyperactive. Inactive cells occurred in normal subjects and patients with mild forms of the disease, moderately active ones in patients with mild and medium-severe condition, hyperactive ones in those with medium-severe and grave disease. Increased count of hyperactive neutrophilic leukocytes in the peripheral blood was a sign predicting a grave clinical course of the disease with complications.

[Teseus phenomenon: a new symptom]. / Tesei-fenomen: novoe iavleniie.

Morphological proof of a new phenomenon is presented: moderately activated phagocyte (alveolar macrophage, neutrophil leucocyte) remains connected with a site of its movement by a thin thread. The latter represents a thin tube consisting of sarcolemma substance and contains retractile elements. Thread-like structure gives the phagocyting cell the possibility to return and to reach the major routes of the host--this is a way by which the normal tissue is cleaned up under conditions close to the physiological norm. The phenomenon reminds method used by Teseus for searching exit from the labyrinth after his victory over Minotaurus.

[The assessment of the functional activity of peripheral blood neutrophils in patients with odontogenic phlegmons]. / Otsenka funktsional'noi aktivnosti neitrofilov perifericheskoi krovi u bol'nykh s odontogennymi flegmonami.

To objectively assess the status of patients with odontogenic phlegmons their peripheral blood neutrophils were investigated. Functional activity of these cells was studied in 151 patients with odontogenic phlegmons and the data compared to those in 145 normal subjects. Assessment of leukocyte phagocytic activity by routine methods widely used in clinical practice did not show correlations of this parameter with the severity of the disease clinical course. These studies just showed the general changes in neutrophilic functional activity associated with an inflammation. Thorough studies of neutrophilic functional activity helped the authors develop a new method for assessment of leukocytic phagocytic activity. The results of the new method permitted a sufficiently objective evaluation of the disease severity which is necessary for a correct choice of the treatment policy and method.

[Neutrophilic leukocyte reaction in the course of diffuse purulent peritonitis]. / Osobennosti reaktsii neitrofil'nykh leikotsitov na étapakh razvitiia razlitogo gnoinogo peritonita.

Peritoneum biopsies from patients with various stages of peritonitis were studied electron microscopically. As distinct from the widespread opinion of a significant phagocytic activity of neutrophil leucocytes in early peritonitis this activity was not found. The authors consider this as a cause of peritonitis progression and fatality of the disease in the absence of surgical treatment. Phagocytic activity is restored after the elimination of the causative factors, i.e. after the sanative operation.

[Compensatory reactions--a special class of phenomena]. / Kompensatornye reaktsii--osobyi klass iavlenii.

The necessity of distinguishing the compensatory reactions as a special class of phenomena discovered by the author among all protective and adaptive processes is substantiated. The signs distinguishing compensatory reactions from physiological types of adaptation are presented. The rule is established that reflects an inevitable change in the type of live substrate functioning after the physiological regimen is switched to the compensatory one: when structural and functional deficiency develops in a system the principle of its functioning shifts from the balanced form (the function is brought about by a small number of perfectly working elements) to an extensive one (the function is brought about by many elements, each of them working with errors).

[Principles of the morphofunctional classification of granulocyte deficiencies]. / Printsipy morfofunktsional'noi klassifikatsii granulotsitarnykh defitsitov.

On the basis of qualitative and quantitative indexes of the plasmatic-cellular system of neutrophilic leukocyte /NL/ a classification of granulocytic deficiencies /GD/ is developed, 4 forms of GD are distinguished: agranulocytosis, granulocytasthenia, myeloproliferative conditions and inflammatory leukocytosis. As a clinicomorphological criterium of GD a triad is suggested that includes a tissue necrosis, microbism and inflammatory infiltration. Functional failure typical for every form of GD has it sown features.

[Structural bases of the decrease in nonspecific antibacterial resistance of the body, related to the functioning of the neutrophil system]. / O strukturnykh osnovakh snizheniia nespetsificheskoi antibakterial'noi rezistentnosti organizma, sviazannoi s fuktsioinirovaniem sistemy neitrofil'nykh leikotsitov.

Light optic and ultrastructural examinations of neutrophilic phagocytosis in patients with phlegmons in test system revealed morphological changes in the cells. The changes were proposed by the authors to be regarded as a criterion for assessing the antibacterial resistance of the body. Moreover, a unique approach was developed to the overall assessment of phagocytic indices, providing characterization of two neutrophilic performance types: balanced and extensive. When neutrophils begin to function extensively, this may be considered as a reflection of their relative functional inadequacy.

[Endotoxin and the polymorphonuclear leukocyte system]. / Endotoksin i sistema polimorfonoiadernogo leikotsita.

Due to its cell pool autoturnover, gram-negative intestinal microflora releasing the biologically active agent lipopolysaccharide may cause portal and systemic endotoxemias. Lipopolysaccharide may function in the activation of the polymorphonuclear leukocyte system and in complex antibacterial homeostatic processes, and, in some situations be the initiating factor in the development of various organ pathology, which is mediated by hyperactivated granulocytes.

[Morphological criteria of the acuity of peritonitis during treatment by staged cleansing irrigations of the abdominal cavity]. / Morfologicheskie kriterii ostroty peritonita pri lechenii ego étapnymi saniruiushchimi promyvaniiami briushnoi polosti.

56 biopsies of the parietal peritoneum from 28 patients with diffuse purulent peritonitis treated with periodical irrigations of the abdominal cavity. The goal of the study was to determine histological criteria of the peritonitis course in order to establish the earliest time for hermetic closure of the abdominal cavity. It is found that the abdominal cavity irrigations--when the cause of the peritonitis is eliminated--improve the microcirculation, facilitate the development of the granulation tissue, result in the shift of cell reactions; in other words, the reparative-resorptive process dominate the destructive-inflammatory ones. The hermetic closure of the abdominal cavity can be performed without waiting for the complete morphological restoration of the peritoneum; the absence of the mesothelium and the presence of the necrotic foci may not be contraindications. It is sufficient to establish the lack of the progression of the disease (absence of the microcirculation disturbances, the cessation of the polynuclear migration beyond the vascular wall, the appearance of numerous macrophages and granulation tissue. The absence of the complications during 1.5 year allows one to suggest the complete morphological restoration of the peritoneum, after the hermetic closure of the cavity.

[Acute respiratory distress syndrome in endotoxic shock]. / Ostryi respiratornyi distress-sindrom pri éndotoksinovom shoke.

Large amounts of lipopolysaccharides released in blood after death of Gram-negative bacteria are responsible for endotoxinemia and endotoxic shock. Endotoxin is eliminated from the body via different routes including the lungs. One of the mechanisms of lipopolysaccharides transport to the lungs, which respond with acute distress syndrome, is their transfer by polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

[The interrelation of adaptation and disease in phylogeny and ontogeny]. / O vzaimootnoshenii prisposobleniia i bolezni v filo- i ontogeneze.

The author reviews current notions on the adaptation and disease as reflected in biological and medical literature and discusses the problem of the relationships between these states from a materialistic and dialectic, biological and medical theoretical and practical viewpoints. In the phylogenesis the disease is regarded as a mechanism for elimination of poorly resistant species and does not take root in the gene pool. In the ontogenesis the disease should be set against health, i.e., the adaptation status; the author rejects the concept of the adaptation as the essence of the disease.

[Ultrastructural manifestations of the membrane activity of neutrophilic leukocytes]. / Ul'trastrukturnye proiavleniia membrannoi aktivnosti neitrofil'nykh leikotsitov.

Phagocytic function of neutrophils is associated with activation of cell membranes. Neutrophil membranous activity is considered for patients with inflammatory and purulent diseases. It appeared not uniform and served the basis for division the neutrophils into three groups. Group I neutrophils are inactive, being not involved in phagocytosis, but bearing bactericidal potential; their membranes are stable. Group II neutrophils show moderate activity, phagocytizing and inactivating bacteria; phagocytosis proceeds without cell destruction. Group III neutrophils cause membranes hyperactivation with resultant dysfunction of phagocytes, phagocytosis involves both bacteria and surrounding protein substrates, immature phagosomes and vacuoles are produced, membranes are unstable. With aggravation of the inflammation and suppuration, the number of blood hyperactivated neutrophils increases.

[Functional activity of neutrophilic leukocytes of the blood in patients with phlegmons of the maxillofacial area]. / O funktsional'noi aktivnosti neitrofil'nykh leikotsitov krovi bol'nykh flegmonami cheliustno-litsevoi oblasti.

Phagocytic capacities of segmented and rod neutrophils were examined in in vitro studies of whole blood samples taken at weekly intervals from 32 patients with mild to severe phlegmons of odontogenic origin; 25 blood donors served as controls. The ability of neutrophils to take up and digest bacteria was found to be less marked the more severe the disease although the number of actively phagocytizing cells was increased. In some cases of purulent inflammation, though, the neutrophils showed a higher bactericidal potential as compared to the controls. During recovery, the phagocytic function of neutrophils improved, approaching (but never reaching) the normal level by the time of full clinical recovery. At the light-microscopic level, neutrophils from phlegmon-affected patients displayed cytoplasmic granulation and vacuolation of a degree that correlated with the severity of the disease.