Knee Arthrodesis for Periprosthetic Knee Infection: Fusion Rate, Complications, and Limb Salvage-A Systematic Review.

The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the outcomes of knee arthrodesis (KA) after periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) of the knee. Differences in clinical outcomes and complication rates among the intramedullary nailing (IMN), external fixation (EF), and compression plating (CP) procedures were compared. A total of 23 studies were included. Demographics, microbiological data, types of implants, surgical techniques with complications, reoperations, fusion, and amputation rates were reported. A total of 787 patients were evaluated, of whom 601 (76.4%), 166 (21%), and 19 (2.4%) underwent IMN, EF, and CP, respectively. The most common causative pathogen was coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS). Fusion occurred in 71.9%, 78.8%, and 92.3% of the patients after IMN, EF, and CP, respectively, and no statistically significant difference was found. Reinfection rates were 14.6%, 15.1%, and 10.5% after IMN, EF, and CP, respectively, and no statistically significant difference was found. Conversion to amputation occurred in 4.3%, 5%, and 15.8% of patients after IMN, EF, and CP, respectively; there was a higher rate after CP than after EF. The IMN technique is the most common option used for managing PJI with KA. No differences in terms of fusion, reinfection, or conversion-to-amputation rates were reported between IMN and EF. CP is rarely used, and the high amputation rate represents an important limitation of this technique.

Arthroscopic rotator cuff repair in patients over 65 years of age: successful functional outcomes and a high tendon integrity rate can be obtained after surgery.

Background: Although interest in studies evaluating the outcomes of rotator cuff repair is steadily increasing, the results and tendon integrity after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair in elderly patients have only been minimally investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical outcomes and repair integrity in patients over 65 years of age who underwent arthroscopic repair of full-thickness rotator cuff tears. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted with the following inclusion criteria: (1) elective shoulder arthroscopy for rotator cuff repair for full-thickness posterosuperior tears; (2) age over 65 years at surgery; and (3) participation in 24 months of follow-up. Preoperatively, the range of motion (ROM) and the Constant-Murley Score (CMS) and at follow-up, the ROM, the 12-Item Short Form Survey, the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons, and the CMS were evaluated; an ultrasonographic assessment of tendon integrity was performed according to the adapted Sugaya classification. Results: The final sample consisted of 110 patients with an average age of 69.2 ± 3.5 years. The mean duration of nonoperative management before surgery was 2.6 ± 0.8 months. The mean period of preoperative physical therapy was 0.6 ± 0.9 months. ROM and CMS showed statistically significant improvement (all P < .001) after a mean follow-up time of 54.5 ± 22.3 months. The ultrasonographic assessment showed tendon integrity (types I and II) in 75% of cases; 21% were type III repair, and rotator cuff retear (types IV and V) was recorded in 4% of cases. All scores directly correlated with the integrity of the tendon. In the multivariate analysis, higher postoperative CMS was associated with male sex (P < .001, ß = -6.085) and lower age (P = .004, ß = -0.533). Higher postoperative American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons were associated with lower age (P = .020, ß = -0.414). Higher postoperative 12-Item Short Form Survey physical component score and mental component score were associated with lower age (P = .013, ß = -0.550 and P < .001, ß = -0.520, respectively) and shorter preoperative physical therapy period (P = .013, ß = -2.075 and P = .006, ß = -1.093, respectively). Conclusion: A significant ROM and CMS recovery and a rotator cuff integrity rate of 75% can be expected in patients over 65 years of age who undergo arthroscopic repair for full-thickness rotator cuff tears. Better functional, physical, and mental health outcomes correlate with rotator cuff integrity and are predicted by male sex and a shorter period of preoperative physical therapy.

Kinematic stabilization after the Latarjet procedure. Beyond the triple blocking effect.

BACKGROUND: The rationale for the Latarjet procedure was described as the "triple blocking" effect. Satisfactory surgical outcomes have been reported after surgery. However, it has been reported that the "triple blocking" effect increases joint stability, but it does not fully restore it. Moreover, the procedure is nonanatomic and concerns remain regarding the effects. The study of scapulohumeral rhythm, which is a clinical parameter used for the functional evaluation of shoulder kinematics, can offer new perspectives on the rationale for the procedure. This study aimed to compare the shoulder kinematics of patients after the Latarjet procedure to the shoulders of a healthy population using magnetic and inertial measurement units (MIMUs) with a motion analysis system. METHODS: A retrospective study with prospective data collection was conducted on 28 patients who underwent the open Latarjet procedure for recurrent shoulder instability. At a minimum 12-month follow-up, each patient was evaluated by assessing the range of motion (ROM), the Rowe score, and the Constant-Murley score (CMS). Patients were examined using the ShowMotion 3D kinematic tracking system (NCS Lab, Modena, Italy), which uses wireless wearable noninvasive MIMUs sensors to assess the three-dimensional kinematics of the shoulder. For each plane of elevation (i.e., flexion and abduction), the scapulohumeral rhythm (SHR) was described by three scapulothoracic rotations (i.e., protraction-retraction, mediolateral rotation and posterior-anterior tilting) as a function of humeral anteflexion or humeral abduction. RESULTS: The mean time from first shoulder dislocation to surgery was 6.6 ± 3 years (range, 1-12 years). No intraoperative complications occurred, and CT performed 3 months after surgery showed graft union in all patients. After a mean follow-up time of 32.4±20 months (range, 12-96), the mean CMS and Rowe scores were 94.5±4.8 (range, 84-100) and 96.7±3.5 (range, 90-100), respectively. All patients showed no signs of glenohumeral arthritis on X-ray examination. Scapular posterior tilt and scapular internal rotation were significantly greater in the patient group than in the healthy population for the flexion-extension and abduction-adduction movements along the whole shoulder range of motion (all p < 0.05); no differences were found in upward/downward scapular rotation. CONCLUSION: A greater scapular posterior tilt and scapular internal rotation were observed after the Latarjet procedure. The modified position of the scapula was maintained during the entire ROM, suggesting a shoulder-stabilizing kinematic effect in addition to the bony, sling and bumper effects.

Clinical outcomes are unchanged after a mean of 12 years after reverse shoulder arthroplasty: a long-term re-evaluation.

Background: The medium-term results of reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) that has been performed by a single surgeon have been previously reported. The purpose of this study was to investigate the minimum 10-year clinical and radiographic outcomes of these patients. Methods: In this prospective cohort study, 27 patients were evaluated after RSA for massive rotator cuff tear with or without eccentric osteoarthritis (OA) or concentric OA with the Constant-Murley Score (CMS), range of motion (ROM), and a radiologic assessment. Results: At a mean 12-year follow-up, the CMS and ROM were significantly improved when compared with the baseline values (all P < .001). Once stratified by diagnosis, no difference in the ROM or total CMS was found between patients with massive rotator cuff tear with/without eccentric OA and those with concentric OA. Neither ROM nor CMS decreased when compared to the mid-term values of the previous study, for both the overall population and the diagnosis-stratified groups. Scapular notching was reported in 66.7% of cases that was similar to the data reported at mid-term follow-up. The calcification rate was 59.3% at the long-term evaluation, and there were no differences between the same case-series population (51.9%; P = .785) and the whole population at mid-term follow-up (47%; P = .358). Conclusion: RSA led to excellent clinical and functional outcomes for patients up to 17 years postoperatively, and there was no decrease in the CMS over time. No loosening of implants was noted, and the rate of scapular notching was 66%, mostly grade 1 or 2.

Femoral head allograft for glenoid bone loss in primary reverse shoulder arthroplasty: functional and radiologic outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Several techniques have been adopted during primary reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) to manage glenoid bone defect. Among bone grafts, humeral head autograft is currently the mainstream option. However, autologous humeral heads may be unavailable or inadequate, and allografts may be a viable alternative. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the functional and radiologic outcomes of femoral head allografts for glenoid bone defects in primary RSA. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study with prospective data collection enrolling 20 consecutive patients who underwent RSA with femoral head allografts for glenoid bone defects. Indications for surgery were eccentric cuff tear arthropathy in 10 cases (50%), concentric osteoarthritis in 9 cases (45%), and fracture sequelae in 1 case (5%). Each patient was evaluated preoperatively and at follow-up by radiologic and computed tomography (CT) and by assessing the range of motion (ROM) and the Constant-Murley score (CMS). A CT-based software, a patient-specific 3D model of the scapula, and patient-specific instrumentation were used to shape the graft and to assess the position of K-wire for the central peg. Postoperatively, CT scans were used to identify graft incorporation and resorption. RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 26.5 months (24-38), ROM and CMS showed a statistically significant improvement (all P = .001). The median measures of the graft were as follows: 28 mm (28-29) for diameter, 22° (10°-31°) for angle, 4 mm (2-8 mm) for minimum thickness, and 15 mm (11-21 mm) for maximum thickness. Before the surgery, the median glenoid version was 21.8° (16.5°-33.5°) for the retroverted glenoids and -13.5° (-23° to -12°) for the anteverted glenoids. At the follow-up, the median postoperative baseplate retroversion was 5.7° (2.2°-1.5°) (P = .001), and this value was close to the 4° retroversion planned on the preoperative CT-based software. Postoperative major complications were noted in 4 patients: 2 dislocations, 1 baseplate failure following a high-energy trauma, and 1 septic baseplate failure. Partial graft resorption without glenoid component failure was observed in 3 cases that did not require revision surgery. CONCLUSION: The femoral head allograft for glenoid bone loss in primary RSA restores shoulder function, with CMS values comparable to those of sex- and age-matched healthy individuals. A high rate of incorporation of the graft and satisfactory correction of the glenoid version can be expected after surgery. The management of glenoid bone defects remains a challenging procedure, and a 15% risk of major complication must be considered.

Defining the minimum clinically important difference (MCID) in the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) in patients undergoing total hip and knee arthroplasty.

INTRODUCTION: Total hip (THA) and knee (TKA) arthroplasty are effective procedures, but whose success depends on various factors, including patients' genetics, sociocultural environments, and psychological factors. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) provide objective health status outcomes measurements, whose lowest significant variation is detected by the minimum clinically important difference (MCID). HYPOTHESIS: We aimed to find the MCID scores for the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), HADS-A, and HADS-D in a cohort of individuals undergoing THA or TKA. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We enrolled 88 patients suffering from osteoarthritis (43 undergoing THA, and 45 TKA) by administering HADS, SF-12 and WOMAC at baseline and then with a 12-month prospective follow-up. The MCID for HADS, HADS-A, and HADS-D was calculated using the distribution-based approach, according to various techniques (0.5 standard deviation [0.5 SD]), the standard error of measurement (SEM), the effect size (ES), and the minimum detectable change (MDC). RESULTS: The analysis of HADS, HADS-A, and HADS-D scores revealed clinically significant improvements in symptoms in patients who underwent THA and TKA. The MCID range values were determined to be between 2.7-8.5 for the HADS, 1.4-4.4 for the HADS-A, and 1.5-4.8 for the HADS-D in the group of patients undergoing THA, and 2.1-6.7 for the HADS, 1.2-3.8 for the HADS-A, and 1.1-3.6 for the HADS-D in the TKA group. DISCUSSION: The study determined significant improvement in all scores applying MCID analysis, which can aid physicians in interpreting anxiety and depression scores and developing both preoperative and postoperative procedures to enhance outcomes for patients undergoing THA and TKA. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: I; well-designed cohort study.

Lateral versus medial approach for total knee arthroplasty for valgus knee deformity shows comparable functional outcomes, hip-knee-ankle angle values, and complication rates: a meta-analysis of comparative studies.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this meta-analysis of comparative studies was to update the current evidence on functional and radiographic outcomes and complications between medial and lateral approaches for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) for valgus knee deformity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, and the Cochrane Central databases were used to search keywords and a total of ten studies were included. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed. Data extracted for quantitative analysis included the Knee Society score (KSS), range of motion (ROM), surgical time, hip-knee-ankle angle (HKA), and number and types of complications. Random- and fixed-effect models were used for the meta-analysis of pooled mean differences (MDs) and odds ratios (ORs). The Mantel-Haenszel method was adopted. RESULTS: A total of 1008 patients were identified, of whom 689 and 319 underwent TKA for valgus knee deformity with lateral and medial approach, respectively. The mean age was 70 ± 9.5 and 67.3 ± 9.6 years for the lateral and medial approaches, respectively. The mean follow-up was 37.8 ± 21.9 and 45.9 ± 26.7 months for the lateral and medial approach groups, respectively. Significantly higher functional outcomes were found for the medial approach, as measured by the postoperative KSS (MD = 1.8, 95% CI [0.48, 3.12], P = 0.007) and flexion ROM (MD = 3.12, 95% CI [0.45, 5.79], P = 0.02). However, both of these differences were lower than the minimal clinically important difference. Comparable surgical time and postoperative HKA angle values (MD = 0.22, 95% CI [- 0.30, 0.75], P = 0.40) between the two surgical approaches were found. The incidence of periprosthetic joint infections, fractures, transient peroneal nerve injuries, and deep vein thrombosis was comparable. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis of comparative studies showed that when lateral and medial approaches are used for total knee arthroplasty for valgus knee deformity, comparable functional outcomes in terms of the KSS and ROM, surgical time, and postoperative hip-knee-ankle angle values can be expected. Similar rates of periprosthetic joint infection, fracture, and peroneal nerve injury were also found. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: I. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER ID: CRD42023392807.

Shoulder brace has no detrimental effect on basic spatio-temporal gait parameters and functional mobility after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair.

BACKGROUND: The risk of falls in patients undergoing orthopedic procedures is significant in terms of health and socioeconomic effects. RESEARCH QUESTION: Is there an influence of the shoulder abduction brace (SAB) on gait parameters in patients undergoing arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (ARCR)? METHODS: Thirty-five patients undergoing ARCR, who used a 15° SAB in the postoperative period, were included in a prospective study. Participants underwent gait analysis preoperatively (T0), 24 h after surgery (T1), 1 week (T2), and 4 weeks after surgery (1 week after SAB removal) (T3) by using a wearable inertial sensor (BTS G-Walk sensor). Gait Parameters (cadence, speed, right (R) and left (L) step length, gait and propulsion-R and L symmetry indices) and functional mobility (agility and balance) were assessed using the 10-meter test (10MWT) and the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, respectively. RESULTS: There were 22 men and 13 women with a median age of 56 (IQR 48.0-61.0) years. The right upper limb was involved in 83% of cases. Regarding the 10MWT, speed was significantly higher at T0 than at T1 (p < 0.01) and significantly lower at T1 than at T3 (p < 0.05). Cadence was significantly lower at T1 than at T3 (p < 0.05). Propulsion-R was significantly higher at T3 than at T1 (p < 0.01), whereas propulsion-L was significantly lower at T1 than at T0 (p < 0.05) and significantly higher at T2 and T3 than T1 (p < 0.01 for all). No significant differences were found for R and L step lengths as well as for symmetry index (p > 0.05). Regarding TUG test, the final turning phase was significantly higher at T2 than at T3 (p < 0.01). SIGNIFICANCE: The results demonstrated that the use of the SAB affected gait speed and propulsion only 24 h after ARCR, but no effects were reported at long-term observations.

Anterior Referencing versus Posterior Referencing in Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

(1) Background: The purpose of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies comparing clinical and radiographic outcomes between anterior referencing (AR) and posterior referencing (PR) systems in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). (2) Methods: This study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, and Cochrane Central databases were searched in August 2022. Data extracted for quantitative analysis included the Knee Society Score (KSS), the Western Ontario and McMaster University (WOMAC) index, knee ROM, posterior condylar offset (PCO), and the posterior condylar offset ratio (PCOR). The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the Modified Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment. Randomized controlled trials were assessed with version 2 of the risk of bias tool (RoB2), recommended by the Cochrane Collaboration. (3) Results: For the meta-analysis, five comparative studies met the eligibility criteria. There were 584 patients in all, 294 of whom had AR TKA and 290 of whom had PR TKA. Three studies with 181 and 179 cases in the AR and PR groups, respectively, had reported preoperative KSS. A statistically significant difference was found favoring the PR group. (p = 0.01). The same cases' postoperative range of motion was documented, and a statistically significant difference was discovered in favor of the AR group. Postoperative PCO was described in four studies in 243 and 241 cases in the AR and PR TKA groups, respectively, and a statistically significant difference was found with a higher postoperative PCO in the PR group (p = 0.003). Postoperative PCOR was calculated in two studies in the same cases in the AR and PR TKA groups and a statistically significant difference was found with a higher postoperative PCOR in the PR group (p = 0.002). (4) Conclusion: Anterior referencing for TKA may result in improved knee ROM postoperatively, while posterior referencing may produce larger PCO and PCOR on postoperative imaging. However, no significant differences were noted in clinical outcomes between the AR and PR groups at final follow-up.

Arthroscopic repair for isolated subscapularis tear: successful functional outcomes and high tendon healing rate can be expected nine years after surgery.

BACKGROUND: Literature describing outcomes and integrity after isolated subscapularis (SSC) tendon repair is emerging but remains limited to a few small case series with short-term follow-up. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term clinical outcomes and repair integrity in patients who underwent arthroscopic repair of isolated SSC tears. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted with the following inclusion criteria: (1) primary and elective shoulder arthroscopy for isolated SSC repair, (2) type III (a full-thickness tear in the upper two-thirds of the tendon) or IV (a complete tear without tendon retraction) SSC tear according to the Lafosse classification, and (3) a minimum 24-month follow-up. Preoperatively, the range of motion (ROM) and the Constant-Murley score (CMS) and at follow-up, the ROM, the University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA) Shoulder Rating Scale, the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) questionnaire, and the CMS were evaluated; an ultrasonographic assessment of tendon healing was performed according to the Sugaya classification. RESULTS: The final sample consisted of 45 patients with an average age of 55 ± 9 years. After a mean follow-up time of 107 ± 54 months, the mean UCLA and DASH scores were 8.7 ± 1.3 and 42.2 ± 6.4, respectively. ROM and CMS showed statistically significant improvements (all P < .001). Before surgery, the mean CMS was 49% that of sex- and age-matched healthy individuals, and all patients showed a CMS lower than the normative data. At the final follow-up visit, the mean CMS was 94.2% that of sex- and age-matched healthy individuals, and no patients showed CMS of 30 or less. The mean increase in the CMS was 41.4 ± 9.8 points (range, 23-60 points). The ultrasonographic assessment showed SSC tendon healing in 39 (86.7%) cases; tendon retear was recorded in 5 (13.3%) cases. All scores directly correlated with the healing of the tendon. A higher postoperative DASH score was associated with male sex (P = .039, ß = 5.538) and a longer follow-up period (P = .044, ß = 0.001). The postoperative CMS (P < .001) and UCLA scores (P = .001) were significantly higher in patients younger than 60 years of age at surgery than in older individuals. CONCLUSION: Arthroscopic repair of isolated SSC tears achieves excellent clinical and functional results at a mean of 9 years postoperatively, with a satisfactory healing rate. Better functional outcomes correlate with SSC tendon integrity and were observed in male patients and in those younger than 60 years at surgery.

The Effect of Fracture Patterns, Pinning Configuration, Surgeon Experience and Subspecialty on Short-Term Radiological Outcomes of Pediatric Supracondylar Humeral Fractures Treated in the Prone Position: A Case-Series.

BACKGROUND: The most common treatment modality for supracondylar humerus fractures (SCHFs) in children is closed reduction and percutaneous pinning (CRPP). Nonetheless, debate persists regarding the optimal technique used. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to investigate the impact of surgeon experience, surgeon subspecialty and pin configuration on short-term radiological outcomes following CRPP of displaced SCHFs. METHODS: Patients less than 14 years of age who underwent CRPP for displaced SCHFs in the prone position between January 2018 and December 2022 were analyzed. Patients were separated into subgroups based on fracture type (low vs. high sagittal), pin configuration (lateral, cross, other), number and configuration of K-wires and first operator surgical experience. The following outcome measurements were collected: postoperative Baumann angle (BA), Shaft-Condylar angle (SCA), surgical duration (SD), duration of radiation exposure (DRE) and number of clinical and radiological follow-ups (FU). RESULTS: A total of 44 patients with a mean age of 6 ± 2.5 years were included in the final analysis. The mean post-operative BA and SCA were 74.8° ± 4.9° and 37.7° ± 10.2°, respectively. No significant differences were found in the post-operative Baumann's angle or SCA among the subgroups. Regarding secondary outcomes, no differences were found among each subgroup regarding SD, DRE and FUs. CONCLUSION: Short-term radiological outcomes following the treatment of SCHFs treated in the prone position are not affected by fracture patterns and pinning configuration, regardless of the surgeon's years of experience or subspecialty.

Transcatheter Arterial Embolization for Bleeding Related to Pelvic Trauma: Comparison of Technical and Clinical Results between Hemodynamically Stable and Unstable Patients.

BACKGROUND: Endovascular intervention is now the primary line of therapy for arterial injury brought on by pelvic trauma since it can significantly reduce considerable morbidity associated with surgery and can swiftly access and control bleeding sites. Despite international guidelines and widespread awareness of the role of angioembolization in clinical practice, robust evidence comparing the outcomes of angioembolization in hemodynamically stable and unstable patients is still lacking. This study aims to directly compare the outcomes of angioembolization for the treatment of pelvic traumatic arterial injury in patients with hemodynamic stability vs. hemodynamic instability. METHODS: In our multicenter retrospective investigation, we analyzed data from consecutive patients who underwent, from January 2020 to May 2023, angioembolization for traumatic pelvic arterial injury. RESULTS: In total, 116 angioembolizations were performed. Gelatin sponges (56.9%) and coils (25.9%) were the most widely used embolic agents. The technical and clinical success rates were 100% and 91.4%, respectively. No statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of technical success, clinical success, procedure-related complication rate, or 30-day bleeding-related mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Angioembolization is an effective and safe option for the management of traumatic pelvic arterial lesions even in hemodynamically unstable patients, despite technical variations such as greater use of prophylactic angioembolization.

Arthroscopic capsular release for frozen shoulder: when etiology matters.

PURPOSE: No therapeutic intervention is universally accepted for frozen shoulder, and the most effective management to restore motion and diminish pain has yet to be defined. The aim of this study was to investigate functional and psychological outcomes in patients who underwent arthroscopic capsular release for a frozen shoulder. METHODS: A retrospective study with prospective data collection was conducted with 78 patients suffering from frozen shoulder resistance to conservative treatment. Considering the etiology, there were 36 (46.2%) idiopathic, 31 (39.7%) postoperative, and 11 (14.1%) posttraumatic cases. Preoperatively, each patient was evaluated with the range of motion (ROM) assessment and the Constant-Murley score (CMS). At follow-up, the 4-point subjective satisfaction scale (SSS), the ROM assessment, the SF-12 questionnaire, the numerical rating scale (NRS) for the subjective assessment of pain, the CMS and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) were assessed. RESULTS: After a mean follow-up of 54.2 ± 22.3 months, ROM and CMS showed a statistically significant improvement between pre- and postoperative values (all p < 0.001). Before surgery, the mean CMS was 36.9% that of sex- and age-matched healthy individuals, and all patients showed a CMS lower than the normative data. At the final follow-up visit, the mean CMS was 99.9% that of sex- and age-matched healthy individuals, and 49 (62.8%) patients showed a CMS equal to or higher than the normative data. The mean increase in the CMS was 56.1 ± 8.3 points. The mean SSS, HADS-A, HADS-D, and NRS were 3.7 ± 0.5, 2.5 ± 1.6, 2.2 ± 1.3, and 2.2 ± 1.0, respectively. All patients returned to their previous level of work and sports activity after 2 and 2.5 months, respectively. The multivariate analysis showed the association between a higher postoperative CMS and the idiopathic etiology of a frozen shoulder (p = 0.004, ß = 3.971). No intraoperative complications occurred. Postoperatively, four patients (5.1%) were treated with intra-articular steroid injections to manage residual symptoms. One patient (1.3%) with a postoperative frozen shoulder showed persistent symptoms and underwent a new successful arthroscopic capsular release. CONCLUSION: High patient satisfaction and statistically significant ROM and CMS recovery can be achieved after arthroscopic capsular release to manage frozen shoulder. Better functional outcomes are expected when the etiology is idiopathic. Results can help surgeons identify the patients who will most benefit from surgery and should be discussed with the patient. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

Efficacy of intra-articular injections of hyaluronic acid in patients with glenohumeral joint osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Symptomatic primary glenohumeral (GH) joint osteoarthritis (OA) can be challenging to treat. Hyaluronic acid (HA) has emerged as a promising treatment for the nonsurgical management of GH-OA. In this systematic review with meta-analysis, we aimed to evaluate the current evidence regarding the efficacy of intra-articular HA on pain relief in patients suffering from GH-OA. A total of 15 studies (only randomized controlled trials providing data at the end of the intervention) were included. The relevant studies were selected based on the following PICO model: P: patients with diagnosis of shoulder OA; I: HA infiltrations as therapeutic intervention administered; C: no restriction for comparators assessed; O: pain, in terms of visual analog scale (VAS) or numeric rating scale. The risk of bias among the included studies was estimated using the PEDro scale. A total of 1023 subjects were analyzed. Comparing HA injections combined with physical therapy (PT) compared to PT alone resulted in superior scores, showing an overall effect size (ES) of 4.43 (p = 0.00006). Moreover, pooled analysis of VAS pain scores demonstrated a significant improvement in the ES of the HA in comparison with corticosteroid injections (p = 0.002). On average, we reported a PEDro score of 7.2. A total of 46.7% of studies showed probable signs of a randomization bias. The findings of this systematic review and meta-analysis showed that IA injections of HA might be effective on pain relief with significant improvements compared to baseline and compared to corticosteroid injections in patients affected by GH-OA.

Postoperative psychological factors and quality of life but not shoulder brace adherence affect clinical outcomes after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair.

BACKGROUND: Despite the high prevalence, there is no consensus for postsurgical management after rotator cuff repair. We aimed to assess the impact of psychological well-being on patients who underwent rotator cuff repair. We also investigated correlations and possible predictors between patient demographics and adherence to the use of the shoulder brace and outcomes in terms of shoulder functionality and quality of life. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study with prospective data collection enrolling 120 consecutive patients who underwent shoulder arthroscopy for rotator cuff tear repair. Each patient was clinically evaluated after a mean follow-up of 24.2 (±9.8) months using (1) the Disability of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) scale, (2) the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), (3) the Rotator Cuff Quality of Life (RC-QoL), (4) the visual analog scale, and (5) the Medical Adherence Measure. RESULTS: The final sample consisted of 100 patients (45 females, 45%) averaging 60.9 (±8.5) years. The average brace wearing time was 3.4 (±0.6) weeks, with an adherence superior to 80% in 84% of cases, and 96% of patients were living with family members. The mean postoperative DASH scores were 20.1 (±16.7), 23.4 (±25), and 18.9 (±21.5) for the general, work, and sport sections, respectively. The mean Medical Adherence Measure score reached 72.5 (±14.2) points, and the RC-QoL mean score was 30.4% (±20.5). The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression scores' continuous mean values were 5.1 (±3.4) and 3.9 (±3.6), respectively. The DASH, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression, and RC-QoL scores directly correlated with each other, and all these questionnaires directly correlated with the visual analog scale scores. Moreover, we found a direct correlation (r = 0.204, P = .033) between the female sex and adherence to the brace and a direct correlation (r = 0.242, P = .015) between adherence to the brace and the number of weeks it was worn according to the medical recommendation. A correlation between lower educational qualifications and poorer outcomes was found. No correlation emerged between adherence to the brace and functional results. According to the regression analysis, diabetes was found to be a predictor of worse postoperative DASH scores (ß = 0.245, P = 0.28). CONCLUSION: A lower perceived quality of life was associated with worse functional results, anxiety and depression symptoms, and pain after rotator cuff repair surgery. The adherence to the use of the shoulder brace was associated with the female sex and a longer prognosis, but no correlation emerged between adherence to the brace and functional outcomes.

Advantages of the Use of Axial Traction Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the Shoulder in Patients with Suspected Rota-Tor Cuff Tears: An Exploratory Pilot Study.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) with axial traction is a tool for the assessment of musculoskeletal pathology. Previous reports have demonstrated a better distribution of intra-articular contrast material. No investigations were performed to evaluate glenohumeral joint axial traction MRI in patients with suspected rotator cuff tears. This study aims to assess the morphological changes and the potential advantage of glenohumeral joint axial traction MRI without intra-articular contrast administration in patients with suspected rotator cuff tears. Eleven patients with clinical suspicion of rotator cuff tears underwent a shoulder MRI scan with and without axial traction. PD weighted images with SPAIR fat saturation technique and T1 weighted images with TSE technique were acquired in the oblique coronal, oblique sagittal and axial planes. Axial traction allowed a significant widening of the subacromial space (11.1 ± 1.5 mm vs. 11.3 ± 1.8 mm; p = 0.001) and inferior glenohumeral space (8.6 ± 3.8 mm vs. 8.9 ± 2.8 mm; p = 0.029). With axial traction, there was a significant decrease in measurements of the acromial angle (8.3 ± 10.8° vs. 6.4 ± 9.8°; p < 0.001) and gleno-acromial angle (81 ± 12.8° vs. 80.7 ± 11.5°; p = 0.020). Our investigation demonstrates for the first time significant morphological changes in the shoulder of patients with suspected rotator cuff tears who underwent a glenohumeral joint axial traction MRI.

Outcomes and complications of inlay versus onlay patellofemoral arthroplasty: A systematic review.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate outcomes and complications rates between inlay and onlay patellofemoral arthroplasty (PFA). METHODS: According to the PRISMA statement, 42 studies with 2552 patients were included. Data considered for quantitative analysis consisted of the Knee Society Score (KSS), the range of motion (ROM), the visual analogue score (VAS), and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities questionnaire (WOMAC). Complications and revision surgery were considered. RESULTS: Data on postoperative KSS showed no differences between the groups. The ROM was evaluated in 8 studies for 70 and 331 inlay and onlay PFA, respectively. Onlay group was favorable in terms of postoperative ROM. Postoperative VAS was available for 64 inlay and 110 onlay and no differences were found. Data on postoperative WOMAC were available for 49 inlay and 527 onlay PFA and inlay group showed better scores. A statistically significant higher rate of instability, persistent pain, malposition, stiffness, deep infection, disease progression, and wear of the patellar component were noted in the inlay group. A higher rate of lateral release was noted in the onlay group. A higher number of manipulations under anesthesia was noted in the inlay group. The revision to total knee arthroplasty was reported more frequently in the inlay group. CONCLUSION: A higher rate of conversion to total knee arthroplasty and complication rates after inlay technique was found. The potential of achieving better WOMAC scores with the inlay technique should be weighed against the higher complication and revision rates compared to the onlay technique. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Better functional outcomes and a lower infection rate can be expected after superior capsular reconstruction in comparison with latissimus dorsi tendon transfer for massive, irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff tears: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Massive, irreparable rotator cuff tears, if left untreated, may result in cuff tear arthropathy, which causes shoulder disability and pain. The primary outcome of this systematic review was to evaluate differences in functional outcomes between the arthroscopic superior capsular reconstruction (SCR) and latissimus dorsi tendon transfer (LDTT) for the treatment of massive, irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff tears without arthritis. The secondary outcome was to compare complication and reoperation rates between the 2 surgical procedures. METHODS: The PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, and Cochrane Central databases were searched using keywords, and 20 studies were included in this review. Data extracted for quantitative analysis included the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score, the Constant-Murley score, the subjective shoulder value, the range of motion, the visual analog scale for pain, numbers and types of complications, and reoperation rate. The preoperative fatty degeneration of the muscles and the preoperative and follow-up acromiohumeral distance and glenohumeral osteoarthritis according to the Hamada grading system were also reported. RESULTS: A total of 1112 patients were identified, among whom 407 and 399 underwent SCR and LDTT, respectively. The SCR group showed a higher mean age at the time of operation (64.5 ± 7.8 vs. 62.1 ± 8.9 years; P < .001). The SCR group showed a lower rate of previous surgical procedures on the shoulder (35 out of 407 vs. 111 out of 399; P < .001) and a shorter mean follow-up (30.4 ± 7.5 vs. 36.3 ± 10.3 months; P < .001). Patients who underwent SCR reported significantly better functionality and residual pain as measured by the Constant-Murley score (75.5 ± 11.2 vs. 65.6 ± 22.8, P < .001), the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score (84.3 ± 13 vs. 67.7 ± 23, P < .001), the subjective shoulder value (79.4 ± 13 vs. 64.4 ± 23, P < .001), and the visual analog scale (1.4 ± 2 vs. 2.8 ± 3, P < .001) than patients who underwent LDTT. A greater acromiohumeral distance (5.8 ± 2.5 vs. 7.6 ± 2.7, P < .001) was found in the SCR group. The SCR group showed a significantly lower infection rate (0.2% vs. 2.8%., P = .003) and a higher graft failure rate (12.3% vs. 6.8%, P = .012). No differences in terms of reoperation for graft failure (1% vs. 2.3% for SCR and LDTT, respectively; P = .172) or for conversion to reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (1.7% vs. 2% for SCR and LDTT, respectively; P = .800) were found. CONCLUSION: Patients undergoing SCR report better functional outcomes and greater acromiohumeral distance than those undergoing LDTT. The LDTT group shows a significantly higher infection rate, while the SCR group shows a significantly higher graft failure rate, but there are no differences in terms of reoperation between the 2 surgical procedures.

Revision surgery for periprosthetic elbow infection: eradication rate, complications, and functional outcomes-a systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the outcomes of revision surgery after periprosthetic elbow infection (PEI). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eighteen studies with 332 PEI that underwent revision surgery were included. Demographics, laboratory and microbiological data, types of implants, surgical techniques with complications and reoperations, eradication rates, and clinical and functional outcomes were reported. RESULTS: Staphylococcus aureus was the most common microorganism (40%). Pre-operatively, the mean white blood cell count was 8400 ± 4000 per microliter; the mean C-reactive protein level was 41.6 ± 66.9 mg/dl, and the mean erythrocyte sedimentation rate was 45 ± 66.9 mm/h. The Coonrad-Morrey total elbow prosthesis represented 41.2% of the infected implant, and it also represented the most common system used for the PEI revision surgery. Two-stage revision and debridement and implant retention (DAIR) were the most common procedures performed for PEI, and, on the whole, they represented 35.7 and 32.7%, respectively. The eradication rate was 76% with 2-stage, 71% with resection arthroplasty (RA), 66.7% with 1-stage, 57.7% with DAIR, and 40% with arthrodesis (EA). DAIR showed a significantly lower eradication rate than 2-stage (P = 0.003). The mean postoperative Mayo Elbow Performance Score was significantly higher in patients who underwent DAIR, and 2-stage compared with RA (P < 0.001 for all). Postoperative flexion-extension ROM was significantly higher in patients who underwent DAIR compared with 1-stage, 2-stage, and RA (P < 0.001 for all). Moreover, 1-stage and 2-stage showed a significantly greater postoperative flexion-extension ROM compared with RA (P < 0.001 for all). Reoperations occurred in 40% of patients after EA, 33.3% after 1-stage, 26.9% after DAIR and RA, and 24.1% after 2-stage. Conversion to amputation occurred in 2.2% of patients after RA and 1% after DAIR. CONCLUSIONS: Two-stage revision and DAIR are the most common procedures used to manage PEI; however, the former procedure showed a significantly higher eradication rate. Resection arthroplasty showed a high eradication rate, but postoperative lower clinical and functional outcomes limit the indications for this technique. One-stage procedure showed a limited role in the current practice of PEI treatment. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV.