The Left-Right Side-Specific Neuroendocrine Signaling from Injured Brain: An Organizational Principle.

A neurological dogma is that the contralateral effects of brain injury are set through crossed descending neural tracts. We have recently identified a novel topographic neuroendocrine system (T-NES) that operates via a humoral pathway and mediates the left-right side-specific effects of unilateral brain lesions. In rats with completely transected thoracic spinal cords, unilateral injury to the sensorimotor cortex produced contralateral hindlimb flexion, a proxy for neurological deficit. Here, we investigated in acute experiments whether T-NES consists of left and right counterparts and whether they differ in neural and molecular mechanisms. We demonstrated that left- and right-sided hormonal signaling is differentially blocked by the δ-, κ- and µ-opioid antagonists. Left and right neurohormonal signaling differed in targeting the afferent spinal mechanisms. Bilateral deafferentation of the lumbar spinal cord abolished the hormone-mediated effects of the left-brain injury but not the right-sided lesion. The sympathetic nervous system was ruled out as a brain-to-spinal cord-signaling pathway since hindlimb responses were induced in rats with cervical spinal cord transections that were rostral to the preganglionic sympathetic neurons. Analysis of gene-gene co-expression patterns identified the left- and right-side-specific gene co-expression networks that were coordinated via the humoral pathway across the hypothalamus and lumbar spinal cord. The coordination was ipsilateral and disrupted by brain injury. These findings suggest that T-NES is bipartite and that its left and right counterparts contribute to contralateral neurological deficits through distinct neural mechanisms, and may enable ipsilateral regulation of molecular and neural processes across distant neural areas along the neuraxis.

In-depth mechanistic analysis including high-throughput RNA sequencing in the prediction of functional and structural cardiotoxicants using hiPSC cardiomyocytes.

BACKGROUND: Cardiotoxicity remains one of the most reported adverse drug reactions that lead to drug attrition during pre-clinical and clinical drug development. Drug-induced cardiotoxicity may develop as a functional change in cardiac electrophysiology (acute alteration of the mechanical function of the myocardium) and/or as a structural change, resulting in loss of viability and morphological damage to cardiac tissue. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Non-clinical models with better predictive value need to be established to improve cardiac safety pharmacology. To this end, high-throughput RNA sequencing (ScreenSeq) was combined with high-content imaging (HCI) and Ca2+ transience (CaT) to analyze compound-treated human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs). RESULTS: Analysis of hiPSC-CMs treated with 33 cardiotoxicants and 9 non-cardiotoxicants of mixed therapeutic indications facilitated compound clustering by mechanism of action, scoring of pathway activities related to cardiomyocyte contractility, mitochondrial integrity, metabolic state, diverse stress responses and the prediction of cardiotoxicity risk. The combination of ScreenSeq, HCI and CaT provided a high cardiotoxicity prediction performance with 89% specificity, 91% sensitivity and 90% accuracy. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, this study introduces mechanism-driven risk assessment approach combining structural, functional and molecular high-throughput methods for pre-clinical risk assessment of novel compounds.

Intra- and Inter-cellular Modeling of Dynamic Interaction between Zika Virus and Its Naturally Occurring Defective Viral Genomes.

Here, we examine in silico the infection dynamics and interactions of two Zika virus (ZIKV) genomes: one is the full-length ZIKV genome (wild type [WT]), and the other is one of the naturally occurring defective viral genomes (DVGs), which can replicate in the presence of the WT genome, appears under high-MOI (multiplicity of infection) passaging conditions, and carries a deletion encompassing part of the structural and NS1 protein-coding region. Ordinary differential equations (ODEs) were used to simulate the infection of cells by virus particles and the intracellular replication of the WT and DVG genomes that produce these particles. For each virus passage in Vero and C6/36 cell cultures, the rates of the simulated processes were fitted to two types of observations: virus titer data and the assembled haplotypes of the replicate passage samples. We studied the consistency of the model with the experimental data across all passages of infection in each cell type separately as well as the sensitivity of the model's parameters. We also determined which simulated processes of virus evolution are the most important for the adaptation of the WT and DVG interplay in these two disparate cell culture environments. Our results demonstrate that in the majority of passages, the rates of DVG production are higher inC6/36 cells than in Vero cells, which might result in tolerance and therefore drive the persistence of the mosquito vector in the context of ZIKV infection. Additionally, the model simulations showed a slower accumulation of infected cells under higher activation of the DVG-associated processes, which indicates a potential role of DVGs in virus attenuation. IMPORTANCE One of the ideas for lessening Zika pathogenicity is the addition of its natural or engineered defective virus genomes (DVGs) (have no pathogenicity) to the infection pool: a DVG is redirecting the wild-type (WT)-associated virus development resources toward its own maturation. The mathematical model presented here, attuned to the data from interplays between WT Zika viruses and their natural DVGs in mammalian and mosquito cells, provides evidence that the loss of uninfected cells is attenuated by the DVG development processes. This model enabled us to estimate the rates of virus development processes in the WT/DVG interplay, determine the key processes, and show that the key processes are faster in mosquito cells than in mammalian ones. In general, the presented model and its detailed study suggest in what important virus development processes the therapeutically efficient DVG might compete with the WT; this may help in assembling engineered DVGs for ZIKV and other flaviviruses.

Left-right side-specific endocrine signaling complements neural pathways to mediate acute asymmetric effects of brain injury.

Brain injuries can interrupt descending neural pathways that convey motor commands from the cortex to spinal motoneurons. Here, we demonstrate that a unilateral injury of the hindlimb sensorimotor cortex of rats with completely transected thoracic spinal cord produces hindlimb postural asymmetry with contralateral flexion and asymmetric hindlimb withdrawal reflexes within 3 hr, as well as asymmetry in gene expression patterns in the lumbar spinal cord. The injury-induced postural effects were abolished by hypophysectomy and were mimicked by transfusion of serum from animals with brain injury. Administration of the pituitary neurohormones ß-endorphin or Arg-vasopressin-induced side-specific hindlimb responses in naive animals, while antagonists of the opioid and vasopressin receptors blocked hindlimb postural asymmetry in rats with brain injury. Thus, in addition to the well-established involvement of motor pathways descending from the brain to spinal circuits, the side-specific humoral signaling may also add to postural and reflex asymmetries seen after brain injury.

Brain trauma or a stroke often lead to severe problems in posture and movement. These injuries frequently occur only on one side, causing asymmetrical motor changes: damage to the left brain hemisphere triggers abnormal contractions of the right limbs, and vice-versa. The injuries can disrupt neural tracts between the brain and the spinal cord, the structure that conveys electric messages to muscles. However, research has also shed light on new actors: the hormones released into the bloodstream by the pituitary gland. Similar to the effects of brain lesions, several of these molecules cause asymmetric posture in healthy rats. In fact, a group of hormones can trigger muscle contraction of the left back leg, and another of the right one. Could pituitary hormones mediate the asymmetric effects of brain injuries? To investigate this question, Lukoyanov, Watanabe, Carvalho, Kononenko, Sarkisyan et al. focused on rats in which the connection between the brain and the spinal cord segments that control the hindlimbs had been surgically removed. This stopped transmission of electric messages from the brain to muscles in the back legs. Strikingly, lesions on one side of the brain in these animals still led to asymmetric posture, with contraction of the leg on the opposite side of the body. These effects were abolished when the pituitary gland was excised. Postural asymmetry also emerged when blood serum from injured rats was injected into healthy animals. The findings suggest that hormones play an essential role in signalling from the brain to the spinal cord. Further experiments identified that two pituitary hormones, ß-endorphin and Arg-vasopressin, induced contraction of the right but not the left hindlimb of healthy animals. In addition, small molecules that inhibit these hormones could block the deficits seen on the right side after an injury on the left hemisphere of the brain. Taken together, these results show that neurons in the spinal cord are not just controlled by the neural tracts that descend from the brain, but also by hormones which have left-right side-specific actions. This unique signalling could be a part of a previously unknown hormonal mechanism that selectively targets either the left or the right side of the body. This knowledge could help to design side-specific treatments for stroke and brain trauma.

Integrin alpha-V is an important driver in pancreatic adenocarcinoma progression.

BACKGROUND: Mesothelial E- and P-selectins substantially mediate the intraperitoneal spread of Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) cells in xenograft models. In the absence of selectins in the host, the integrin subunit alpha-V (ITGAV, CD51) was upregulated in the remaining metastatic deposits. Here we present the first experimental study to investigate if ITGAV plays a functional role in PDA tumor growth and progression with a particular focus on intraperitoneal carcinomatosis. METHODS: Knockdown of ITGAV was generated using an RNA interference-mediated approach in two PDA cell lines. Tumor growth, intraperitoneal and distant metastasis were analyzed in a xenograft model. Cell lines were characterized in vitro. Gene expression of the xenograft tumors was analyzed. Patient samples were histologically classified and associations to survival were evaluated. RESULTS: The knockdown of ITGAV in PDA cells strongly reduces primary tumor growth, peritoneal carcinomatosis and spontaneous pulmonary metastasis. ITGAV activates latent TGF-ß and thereby drives epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Combined depletion of ITGAV on the tumor cells and E- and P-selectins in the tumor-host synergistically almost abolishes intraperitoneal spread. Accordingly, high expression of ITGAV in PDA cells was associated with reduced survival in patients. CONCLUSION: Combined depletion of ITGAV in PDA cells and E- and P-selectins in host mice massively suppresses intraperitoneal carcinomatosis of PDA cells xenografted into immunodeficient mice, confirming the hypothesis of a partly redundant adhesion cascade of metastasizing cancer cells. Our data strongly encourage developing novel therapeutic approaches for the combined targeting of E- and P-selectins and ITGAV in PDA.

Coordinated expression of the renin-angiotensin genes in the lumbar spinal cord: Lateralization and effects of unilateral brain injury.

In spite of its apparent symmetry, the spinal cord is asymmetric in its reflexes and gene expression patterns including leftward expression bias of the opioid and glutamate genes. To examine whether this is a general phenomenon for neurotransmitter and neurohormonal genes, we here characterized expression and co-expression (transcriptionally coordinated) patterns of genes of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) that is involved in neuroprotection and pathological neuroplasticity in the left and right lumbar spinal cord. We also tested whether the RAS expression patterns were affected by unilateral brain injury (UBI) that rewired lumbar spinal neurocircuits. The left and right halves of the lumbar spinal cord were analysed in intact rats, and rats with left- or right-sided unilateral cortical injury, and left- or right-sided sham surgery. The findings were (i) lateralized expression of the RAS genes Ace, Agtr2 and Ren with higher levels on the left side; (ii) the asymmetry in coordination of the RAS gene expression that was stronger on the right side; (iii) the decay in coordination of co-expression of the RAS and neuroplasticity-related genes induced by the right-side but not left-side sham surgery and UBI; and (iv) the UBI-induced shift to negative regulatory interactions between RAS and neuroplasticity-related genes on the contralesional spinal side. Thus, the RAS genes may be a part of lateralized gene co-expression networks and have a role in a side-specific regulation of spinal neurocircuits.

miRGTF-net: Integrative miRNA-gene-TF network analysis reveals key drivers of breast cancer recurrence.

Analysis of regulatory networks is a powerful framework for identification and quantification of intracellular interactions. We introduce miRGTF-net, a novel tool for construction of miRNA-gene-TF networks. We consider multiple transcriptional and post-transcriptional interaction types, including regulation of gene and miRNA expression by transcription factors, gene silencing by miRNAs, and co-expression of host genes with their intronic miRNAs. The underlying algorithm uses information on experimentally validated interactions as well as integrative miRNA/mRNA expression profiles in a given set of samples. The latter ensures simultaneous tissue-specificity and biological validity of interactions. We applied miRGTF-net to paired miRNA/mRNA-sequencing data of breast cancer samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Together with topological analysis of the constructed network we showed that considered players can form reliable prognostic gene signatures for ER-positive breast cancer. A number of signatures demonstrated remarkably high accuracy on transcriptomic data obtained by both microarrays and RNA sequencing from several independent patient cohorts. Furthermore, an essential part of prognostic genes were identified as direct targets of transcription factor E2F1. The putative interplay between estrogen receptor alpha and E2F1 was suggested as a potential recurrence factor in patients treated with tamoxifen. Source codes of miRGTF-net are available at GitHub (https://github.com/s-a-nersisyan/miRGTF-net).

Left-Right Side-Specific Neuropeptide Mechanism Mediates Contralateral Responses to a Unilateral Brain Injury.

Neuropeptides are implicated in control of lateralized processes in the brain. A unilateral brain injury (UBI) causes the contralesional sensorimotor deficits. To examine whether opioid neuropeptides mediate UBI induced asymmetric processes we compared effects of opioid antagonists on the contralesional and ipsilesional hindlimb responses to the left-sided and right-sided injury in rats. UBI induced hindlimb postural asymmetry (HL-PA) with the contralesional hindlimb flexion, and activated contralesional withdrawal reflex of extensor digitorum longus (EDL) evoked by electrical stimulation and recorded with EMG technique. No effects on the interossei (Int) and peroneaus longus (PL) were evident. The general opioid antagonist naloxone blocked postural effects, did not change EDL asymmetry while uncovered cryptic asymmetry in the PL and Int reflexes induced by UBI. Thus, the spinal opioid system may either mediate or counteract the injury effects. Strikingly, effects of selective opioid antagonists were the injury side-specific. The µ-antagonist ß-funaltrexamine (FNA) and κ-antagonist nor-binaltorphimine (BNI) reduced postural asymmetry after the right but not left UBI. In contrast, the δ-antagonist naltrindole (NTI) inhibited HL-PA after the left but not right-side brain injury. The opioid gene expression and opioid peptides were lateralized in the lumbar spinal cord, and coordination between expression of the opioid and neuroplasticity-related genes was impaired by UBI that together may underlie the side-specific effects of the antagonists. We suggest that mirror-symmetric neural circuits that mediate effects of left and right brain injury on the contralesional hindlimbs are differentially controlled by the lateralized opioid system.

Hindlimb motor responses to unilateral brain injury: spinal cord encoding and left-right asymmetry.

Mechanisms of motor deficits (e.g. hemiparesis and hemiplegia) secondary to stroke and traumatic brain injury remain poorly understood. In early animal studies, a unilateral lesion to the cerebellum produced postural asymmetry with ipsilateral hindlimb flexion that was retained after complete spinal cord transection. Here we demonstrate that hindlimb postural asymmetry in rats is induced by a unilateral injury of the hindlimb sensorimotor cortex, and characterize this phenomenon as a model of spinal neuroplasticity underlying asymmetric motor deficits. After cortical lesion, the asymmetry was developed due to the contralesional hindlimb flexion and persisted after decerebration and complete spinal cord transection. The asymmetry induced by the left-side brain injury was eliminated by bilateral lumbar dorsal rhizotomy, but surprisingly, the asymmetry after the right-side brain lesion was resistant to deafferentation. Pancuronium, a curare-mimetic muscle relaxant, abolished the asymmetry after the right-side lesion suggesting its dependence on the efferent drive. The contra- and ipsilesional hindlimbs displayed different musculo-articular resistance to stretch after the left but not right-side injury. The nociceptive withdrawal reflexes evoked by electrical stimulation and recorded with EMG technique were different between the left and right hindlimbs in the spinalized decerebrate rats. On this asymmetric background, a brain injury resulted in greater reflex activation on the contra- versus ipsilesional side; the difference between the limbs was higher after the right-side brain lesion. The unilateral brain injury modified expression of neuroplasticity genes analysed as readout of plastic changes, as well as robustly impaired coordination of their expression within and between the ipsi- and contralesional halves of lumbar spinal cord; the effects were more pronounced after the left side compared to the right-side injury. Our data suggest that changes in the hindlimb posture, resistance to stretch and nociceptive withdrawal reflexes are encoded by neuroplastic processes in lumbar spinal circuits induced by a unilateral brain injury. Two mechanisms, one dependent on and one independent of afferent input may mediate asymmetric hindlimb motor responses. The latter, deafferentation resistant mechanism may be based on sustained muscle contractions which often occur in patients with central lesions and which are not evoked by afferent stimulation. The unusual feature of these mechanisms is their lateralization in the spinal cord.

Xenograft-derived mRNA/miR and protein interaction networks of systemic dissemination in human prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: Distant metastasis formation is the major clinical problem in prostate cancer (PCa) and the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Our aim was to identify novel molecules that functionally contribute to human PCa systemic dissemination based on unbiased approaches. METHODS: We compared mRNA, microRNA (miR) and protein expression levels in established human PCa xenograft tumours with high (PC-3), moderate (VCaP) or weak (DU-145) spontaneous micrometastatic potential. By focussing on those mRNAs, miRs and proteins that were differentially regulated among the xenograft groups and known to interact with each other we constructed dissemination-related mRNA/miR and protein/miR networks. Next, we clinically and functionally validated our findings. RESULTS: Besides known determinants of PCa progression and/or metastasis, our interaction networks include several novel candidates. We observed a clear role of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathways for PCa dissemination, which was additionally confirmed by an independent human PCa model (ARCAP-E/-M). Two converging nodes, CD46 (decreasing with metastatic potential) and DDX21 (increasing with metastatic potential), were used to test the clinical relevance of the networks. Intriguingly, both network nodes consistently added prognostic information for patients with PCa whereas CD46 loss predicted poor outcome independent of established parameters. Accordingly, depletion of CD46 in weakly metastatic PCa cells induced EMT-like properties in vitro and spontaneous micrometastasis formation in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical and functional relevance of the dissemination-related interaction networks shown here could be successfully validated by proof-of-principle experiments. Therefore, we suggest a direct pro-metastatic, clinically relevant role for the multiple novel candidates included in this study; these should be further exploited by future studies.

Prognostic role of the sialyltransferase ST6GAL1 in ovarian cancer.

Aberrant sialylation of glycoproteins has been detected in many tumors, and upregulation of the beta-galactosamide alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 1 (ST6GAL1) has been implicated with tumor aggressiveness and chemoresistance in experimental models. In our present study, we aimed to study the prognostic or predictive role of ST6GAL1 in ovarian carcinoma, using two independent ovarian cancer cohorts. ST6GAL1 mRNA levels were retrieved from a publicly available database (n = 517), and ST6GAL1 protein levels were analyzed by western blot analysis in a cohort of 204 ovarian tumor samples. The results were correlated with clinical and histological tumor parameters and follow-up information. High ST6GAL1 mRNA levels significantly correlated with lymphovascular invasion and shorter survival, whereas high ST6GAL1 protein expression was associated with advanced stage, distant metastasis and shorter recurrence-free intervals. In both cohorts the prognostic role was most pronounced in tumors without macroscopically visible residual tumor after surgery. In these cases, ST6GAL1 expression levels might help to identify cases with a higher risk of chemoresistance and metastatic relapse that might require an adapted therapeutic regime.

Prognostic Impact of CEACAM1 in Node-Negative Ovarian Cancer Patients.

The underlying mechanisms of ovarian cancer (OvCa) dissemination are still poorly understood, and novel molecular markers for this cancer type are urgently needed. In search of adhesion molecules with prognostic relevance in OvCa, we compared tumors with good outcome (alive > 3 years) and those with poor outcome (dead < 2 years) within data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). The carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1) turned out as the only gene with differential expression in these groups. In order to further investigation on its role in OvCa, we analyzed CEACAM1 mRNA levels extracted from TCGA microarray data (n = 517) as well as CEACAM1 protein expression by Western blot analysis in a cohort of 242 tumor samples. Further, CEACAM1 localization in tumour tissue was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and CEACAM1 splice variants by RT-PCR in representative tumours. In Kaplan-Meier analysis, high CEACAM1 mRNA levels significantly correlated with longer survival (p = 0.008). By Western blot analysis in the second cohort, similar associations of high CEACAM1 protein levels with longer recurrence-free survival (RFS, p = 0.035) and overall survival (OAS, p = 0.004) were observed. In multivariate Cox regression analysis including clinical prognostic parameters, CEACAM1 mRNA or protein expression turned out as independent prognostic markers. Stratified survival analysis showed that high CEACAM1 protein expression was prognostic in node-negative tumors (p = 0.045 and p = 0.0002 for DFS and OAS) but lost prognostic significance in node-positive carcinomas. Similarly, high CEACAM1 mRNA expression did not show prognostic relevance in tumors with lymphatic invasion (L1) but was associated with longer survival in cases without lymphovascular involvement. Further analysis showed a predominance of 4S and 4L isoforms and mostly membraneous CEACAM1 localization in ovarian tumours. Our results suggest that CEACAM1 might be an independent favorable prognostic marker in OvCa, especially in the subgroup of patients with solely intraperitoneal metastasis.

Differential effects of left and right neuropathy on opioid gene expression in lumbar spinal cord.

The endogenous opioid system (EOS) controls the processing of nociceptive stimuli and is a pharmacological target for opioids. Alterations in expression of the EOS genes under neuropathic pain condition may account for low efficacy of opioid drugs. We here examined whether EOS expression patterns are altered in the lumbar spinal cord of the rats with spinal nerve ligation (SNL) as a neuropathic pain model. Effects of the left- and right-side SNL on expression of EOS genes in the ipsi- and contralateral spinal domains were analysed. The SNL-induced changes were complex and different between the genes; between the dorsal and ventral spinal domains; and between the left and right sides of the spinal cord. Prodynorphin (Pdyn) expression was upregulated in the ipsilateral dorsal domains by each the left and right-side SNL, while changes in expression of µ-opioid receptor (Oprm1) and proenkephalin (Penk) genes were dependent on the SNL side. Changes in expression of the Pdyn and κ-opioid receptor (Oprk1) genes were coordinated between the ipsi- and contralateral sides. Withdrawal response thresholds, indicators of mechanical allodynia correlated negatively with Pdyn expression in the right ventral domain after right side SNL. These findings suggest multiple roles of the EOS gene products in spinal sensitization and changes in motor reflexes, which may differ between the left and right sides.

Cumulative prognostic power of laminin genes in colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Laminins are a major family of extracellular matrix proteins and the main component of basement membranes. Laminins are involved in many if not all stages of cancer progression, and expression of laminin genes has prognostic value in various types of cancer, including colorectal. Only single laminin genes or components of a single laminin trimer with significant differential expression have been regarded as potential biomarkers to date. RESULTS: Here we compared prognostic power of classifiers constructed from sets of laminin genes with that of any single laminin gene. The analysis showed that cumulative prognostic power of sets of laminin genes was higher and was achieved already with pairs and triples of the genes. Interestingly, components of the pairs and the triples did not belong to any known laminin trimer, but, taken together with the gene weights, suggested higher LAMA4/LAMA5 expression ratio in patients with poor prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of the laminin expression profile rather than expression of the single genes or components of laminin trimers is useful for colorectal cancer prognosis in patients. High LAMA4/LAMA5 ratio is associated with increased permeability of basement membranes suggesting that basement membranes produced by colorectal tumors might be an important hindrance to their own dissemination in patients.

Comprehensive network of miRNA-induced intergenic interactions and a biological role of its core in cancer.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a family of short noncoding RNAs that posttranscriptionally regulate gene expression and play an important role in multiple cellular processes. A significant percentage of miRNAs are intragenic, which is often functionally related to their host genes playing either antagonistic or synergistic roles. In this study, we constructed and analyzed the entire network of intergenic interactions induced by intragenic miRNAs. We further focused on the core of this network, which was defined as a union of nontrivial strongly connected components, i.e., sets of nodes (genes) mutually connected via directed paths. Both the entire network and its core possessed statistically significant non-random properties. Specifically, genes forming the core had high expression levels and low expression variance. Furthermore, the network core did not split into separate components corresponding to individual signalling or metabolic pathways, but integrated genes involved in key cellular processes, including DNA replication, transcription, protein homeostasis and cell metabolism. We suggest that the network core, consisting of genes mutually regulated by their intragenic miRNAs, could coordinate adjacent pathways or homeostatic control circuits, serving as a horizontal inter-circuit link. Notably, expression patterns of these genes had an efficient prognostic potential for breast and colorectal cancer patients.

Knockdown of L1CAM significantly reduces metastasis in a xenograft model of human melanoma: L1CAM is a potential target for anti-melanoma therapy.

Finding additional functional targets for combination therapy could improve the outcome for melanoma patients. In a spontaneous metastasis xenograft model of human melanoma a shRNA mediated knockdown of L1CAM more than sevenfold reduced the number of lung metastases after the induction of subcutaneous tumors for two human melanoma cell lines (MeWo, MV3). Whole genome expression arrays of the initially L1CAM high MeWo subcutaneous tumors revealed unchanged or downregulated genes involved in epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) except an upregulation of Jagged 1, indicating a compensatory change in Notch signaling especially as Jagged 1 expression showed an increase in MeWo L1CAM metastases and Jagged 1 was expressed in metastases of the initially L1CAM low MV3 cells as well. Expression of 17 genes showed concordant regulation for L1CAM knockdown tumors of both cell lines. The changes in gene expression indicated changes in the EMT network of the melanoma cells and an increase in p53/p21 and p38 activity contributing to the reduced metastatic potential of the L1CAM knockdowns. Taken together, these data make L1CAM a highly interesting therapeutic target to prevent further metastatic spread in melanoma patients.

The Transcriptome of Type I Murine Astrocytes under Interferon-Gamma Exposure and Remyelination Stimulus.

Astrocytes are considered to be an important contributor to central nervous system (CNS) disorders, particularly multiple sclerosis. The transcriptome of these cells is greatly affected by cytokines released by lymphocytes, penetrating the blood-brain barrier-in particular, the classical pro-inflammatory cytokine interferon-gamma (IFNγ). We report here the transcriptomal profiling of astrocytes treated using IFNγ and benztropine, a putative remyelinization agent. Our findings indicate that the expression of genes involved in antigen processing and presentation in astrocytes are significantly upregulated upon IFNγ exposure, emphasizing the critical role of this cytokine in the redirection of immune response towards self-antigens. Data reported herein support previous observations that the IFNγ-induced JAK-STAT signaling pathway may be regarded as a valuable target for pharmaceutical interventions.

Intra- and interregional coregulation of opioid genes: broken symmetry in spinal circuits.

Regulation of the formation and rewiring of neural circuits by neuropeptides may require coordinated production of these signaling molecules and their receptors that may be established at the transcriptional level. Here, we address this hypothesis by comparing absolute expression levels of opioid peptides with their receptors, the largest neuropeptide family, and by characterizing coexpression (transcriptionally coordinated) patterns of these genes. We demonstrated that expression patterns of opioid genes highly correlate within and across functionally and anatomically different areas. Opioid peptide genes, compared with their receptor genes, are transcribed at much greater absolute levels, which suggests formation of a neuropeptide cloud that covers the receptor-expressed circuits. Surprisingly, we found that both expression levels and the proportion of opioid receptors are strongly lateralized in the spinal cord, interregional coexpression patterns are side specific, and intraregional coexpression profiles are affected differently by left- and right-side unilateral body injury. We propose that opioid genes are regulated as interconnected components of the same molecular system distributed between distinct anatomic regions. The striking feature of this system is its asymmetric coexpression patterns, which suggest side-specific regulation of selective neural circuits by opioid neurohormones.-Kononenko, O., Galatenko, V., Andersson, M., Bazov, I., Watanabe, H., Zhou, X. W., Iatsyshyna, A., Mityakina, I., Yakovleva, T., Sarkisyan, D., Ponomarev, I., Krishtal, O., Marklund, N., Tonevitsky, A., Adkins, D. L., Bakalkin, G. Intra- and interregional coregulation of opioid genes: broken symmetry in spinal circuits.

Instrumental Mechanoreceptoric Palpation in Gastrointestinal Surgery.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Small gastric or colorectal tumours can be visually undetectable during laparoscopic surgeries, and available methods still do not provide a 100% localisation rate. Thus, new methods for further improvements in tumour localisation are highly desirable. In this study, we evaluated the usage of the Medical Tactile Endosurgical Complex (MTEC) in gastrointestinal surgery for localisation of tumours. The MTEC provides the possibility of instrumental mechanoreceptoric palpation, which serves as an analogue of conventional manual palpation. METHODS: Ninety-six elective surgeries were performed, including 48 open surgeries, 43 laparoscopies, and 5 robot-assisted surgeries. The 20 mm version of the MTEC tactile mechanoreceptor was used in open surgeries, and the 10 mm version in laparoscopic and robot-assisted surgeries. RESULTS: The mean time of instrumental mechanoreceptoric palpation was 3 minutes 12 seconds for open surgeries, which constituted the early stage of the learning curve, and 3 minutes 34 seconds for laparoscopic surgeries. No side effects or postoperative complications related to instrumental mechanoreceptoric palpation were observed, and this procedure provided data sufficient for tumour localisation in more than 95% of cases. CONCLUSION: Instrumental mechanoreceptoric palpation performed using MTEC is a simple, safe, and reliable method for tumour localisation in gastrointestinal laparoscopic surgery.

Novel biomarkers in cancer: The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

The major issues hampering progress in the treatment of cancer patients are distant metastases and drug resistance to chemotherapy. Metastasis formation is a very complex process, and looking at gene signatures alone is not enough to get deep insight into it. This paper reviews traditional and novel approaches to identify gene signature biomarkers and intratumoural fluid pressure both as a novel way of creating predictive markers and as an obstacle to cancer therapy. Finally recently developed in vitro systems to predict the response of individual patient derived cancer explants to chemotherapy are discussed.