ABSTRACT
Pteropus poliocephalus (grey-headed flying foxes) are recognised vectors for a range of potentially fatal human pathogens. However, to date research has primarily focused on viral disease carriage, overlooking bacterial pathogens, which also represent a significant human disease risk. The current study applied 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, community analysis and a multi-tiered database OTU picking approach to identify faecal-derived zoonotic bacteria within two colonies of P. poliocephalus from Victoria, Australia. Our data show that sequences associated with Enterobacteriaceae (62.8% ± 24.7%), Pasteurellaceae (19.9% ± 25.7%) and Moraxellaceae (9.4% ± 11.8%) dominate flying fox faeces. Further colony specific differences in bacterial faecal colonisation patterns were also identified. In total, 34 potential pathogens, representing 15 genera, were identified. However, species level definition was only possible for Clostridium perfringens, which likely represents a low infectious risk due to the low proportion observed within the faeces and high infectious dose required for transmission. In contrast, sequences associated with other pathogenic species clusters such as Haemophilus haemolyticus-H. influenzae and Salmonella bongori-S. enterica, were present at high proportions in the faeces, and due to their relatively low infectious doses and modes of transmissions, represent a greater potential human disease risk. These analyses of the microbial community composition of Pteropus poliocephalus have significantly advanced our understanding of the potential bacterial disease risk associated with flying foxes and should direct future epidemiological and quantitative microbial risk assessments to further define the health risks presented by these animals.
Subject(s)
Bacteria/isolation & purification , Chiroptera/microbiology , Disease Vectors , Feces/microbiology , Animals , Bacteria/genetics , Biodiversity , High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing , Humans , RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics , Risk Assessment , Sequence Analysis, RNAABSTRACT
We present a case of lunate fracture diagnosed which was diagnosed with cross sectional imaging. Lunate fractures are rare, and most cases in the literature were reported almost exclusively before the era of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We present the imaging findings in our patient with a brief review of the literature.
ABSTRACT
A 33-year-old man presented for follow up radiographs of the lower leg revealing dense material in the soft tissues of the ankle. These could be traced to a track in the adjacent tibia created by removal of an intramedullary nail and locking screws. This too contained dense bone graft material. The graft had migrated from the locking screw holes in the proximal tibia which had been filled approximately 2 months previously.
ABSTRACT
We report a case of a female patient whose routine chest radiograph revealed numerous small, linear, radiopaque foreign bodies. These were determined to be permanently implanted acupuncture needles. We describe the imaging appearance of these wires, discuss the potential for complications and briefly review the pertinent literature.
