ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether patients with advanced pelvic-organ prolapse (POP) were less likely than controls to obtain screening Papanicolaou (Pap) test, mammography, and colonoscopy. STUDY DESIGN: Records were reviewed from 7/2/2010 through 4/22/2011. We identified patients with advanced POP, defined as prolapse > or = 4 cm beyond the hymenal ring, and made age- and parity-matched controls from patients whose prolapse was <4 cm. Compliance for screening of cervical, breast and colon cancers was compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Of 933 records, we identified 51 patients with advanced POP and 51 controls. Neither Pap test nor colonoscopy screening differed between the groups (McNemar chi2, P=1.00; McNemar chi2, P=1.00). Mammogram screening did not differ statistically; however, there was a trend towards neglecting screening in the advanced POP group (McNemar chi2, P=0.057). CONCLUSION: Patients with POP > or = 4 cm beyond the hymenal ring were equally as likely to obtain routine health screening as age- and parity-matched controls whose POP measured <4 cm.
Subject(s)
Colonoscopy/statistics & numerical data , Mammography/statistics & numerical data , Papanicolaou Test/statistics & numerical data , Pelvic Organ Prolapse/epidemiology , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis , Case-Control Studies , Colonic Neoplasms/diagnosis , Female , Humans , Mass Screening/methods , Mass Screening/statistics & numerical data , Middle Aged , Pelvic Organ Prolapse/diagnosis , Pelvic Organ Prolapse/psychology , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/diagnosisABSTRACT
We tested the hypothesis that maternal protein deprivation during gestation results in changes in expression of the systemic renin-angiotensin system in fetal mice. Fetal weight was decreased significantly as a consequence of 50% maternal protein deprivation during second half of gestation. In fetal liver, angiotensinogen protein expression was reduced significantly despite a significant increase in messenger RNA (mRNA). In fetal kidneys, both mRNA and protein levels of renin were increased significantly. In the lungs, we observed a decrease in both angiotensin-converting enzyme I and II mRNA expression, whereas protein expression of both isoforms was increased significantly. The fetal heart showed significant increases in expression of angiotensin II type 1 (AT-1) and type 2 (AT-2) receptors mRNA. Protein expression of AT-1 receptors increased, while that of AT-2 receptors decreased. We conclude that maternal low-protein diet during gestation leads to significant changes in expression of the systemic renin-angiotensin system in fetal mice and may be important in the genesis of hypertension in the adult.