Evaluation of the possible inclusion of certain fish species in chronic kidney disease diets based on their adverse and beneficial nutrient ratios.

The goal of this study was to quantify the adverse (phosphorus, protein, sodium, potassium and cholesterol) and beneficial [n-3 fatty acids: eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA); vitamins D(3) and E] nutrients in 14 fish species in order to evaluate their inclusion in chronic kidney disease (CKD) diets. Using AOAC methods, we obtained the following results per 100 g of fish: 50.86-227.52 mg phosphorus, 14.7-30.6 g protein and 3.83-1667.35 mg EPA+DHA. CKD patients with protein or phosphorus restrictions should avoid broadbill swordfish, black bullhead and spotted scorpionfish. However, patients may include parrot sand bass, black bullhead, broadbill swordfish, longjaw leatherjacket, oilfish, Atlantic tripletail, spotted scorpionfish and round herring in their diets based on the (P)/(EPA+DHA) ratios of these fish. Some fish species may be included in CKD diets because of their high biological value protein content - associated with cardiovascular and renal protective nutrients (EPA+DHA) - and low P, Na, K and cholesterol content, their consumption by CKD patients should be encouraged.

La dieta del paciente renal. ¿Se puede incluir pescado? / Renal patient's diet. Can fish be included?

Introducción: El tratamiento de las enfermedades renales, que son un grave problema de salud pública, es muy complicado. La terapia nutrimental busca retardar la progresión de la enfermedad, mantener un buen estado nutricio y prevenir el desarrollo de comorbilidades. Objetivo: El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar diez especies de pescado de consumo cotidiano para identificar aquellas que por su bajo aporte de fósforo, proteína de alto valor biológico y su aporte de ácidos grasos n-3 puedan incluirse en la dieta del paciente renal. Material y métodos: Se analizaron las siguientes especies: Bonito, Cabezona, Chucho, Escolar, Espada, Golondrina, Lenguado, Lobina, Mojarra rayada y Pámpano, siguiendo las técnicas de la AOAC y Keller, para determinar su contenido de proteína, fósforo, sodio, potasio, colesterol, vitaminas D3 y E y ácidos grasos n-3 EPA + DHA. Posteriormente se evaluaron las relaciones entre estos nutrimentos. Resultados: Las especies analizadas presentaron valores de proteína desde 16,5 g/100 g de filete (Lobina) hasta 27,2 g/100 g (Cabezona), el valor de fósforo más bajo fue de 28,6 mg/100 g (Mojarra rayada) y el más alto fue 216,3 mg/100 g (Chucho). 80% de las especies presentaron > 100 mg EPA + DHA en 100 g de filete. Por su relación Fósforo/g Proteína todos los pescados excepto Escolar y Espada, pueden incluirse; la relación más baja de fósforo/EPA + DHA se presentó en Bonito, Escolar, Golondrina, Lobina, Mojarra rayada. Conclusiones: El Pámpano es la especie más recomendada para los pacientes renales por las relaciones entre todos sus nutrimentos; aunque todas las especies, excepto Escolar y Espada, pueden formar parte de la alimentación renal (AU)

Introduction: Medical and nutritional treatment for renal disease, now a major public health issue, is highly complicated. Nutritional therapy must seek to retard renal dysfunction, maintain an optimal nutritional status and prevent the development of underlying pathologies. Objective: To analyze ten fish species to identify those that, because of their low phosphorus content, high biological value protein and elevated n-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA, could be included in renal patient's diet. Materials and methods: The following fish species (Litte tunny, Red drum, Spotted eagleray, Escolar, Swordfish, Big-scale pomfret, Cortez flounder, Largemouth blackbass, Periche mojarra, Florida Pompano) were analyzed according to the AOAC and Keller techniques to determine their protein, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, cholesterol, vitamins D3 and E, and n-3 EPA+DHA content. These results were used to calculate relations between nutrients. Results: The protein in the analyzed species ranged from 16.5 g/100 g of fillet (Largemouth black bass) to 27.2 g/100 g (Red drum); the lowest phosphorus value was 28.6 mg/100 g (Periche mojarra) and the highest 216.3 mg/100 g (Spotted eagle ray). 80% of the fish presented > 100 mg EPA + DHA in 100 g of fillet. By its Phosphorus/gProtein ratio, Escolar and Swordfish could not be included in the renal diet; Little tunny, Escolar, Big-scale pomfret, Largemouth black-bass, Periche mojarra and Florida Pompano presented a lower Phosphorus/EPA + DHA ratio. Conclusions: Florida pompano is the most recommended specie for renal patients, due to its optimal nutrient relations. However, all analyzed species, except Escolar and Swordfish, could be included in renal diets (AU)

[Renal patient's diet: Can fish be included?]. / La dieta del paciente renal: ¿Se puede incluir pescado?

INTRODUCTION: Medical and nutritional treatment for renal disease, now a major public health issue, is highly complicated. Nutritional therapy must seek to retard renal dysfunction, maintain an optimal nutritional status and prevent the development of underlying pathologies. OBJECTIVE: To analyze ten fish species to identify those that, because of their low phosphorus content, high biological value protein and elevated n-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA, could be included in renal patient's diet. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The following fish species (Litte tunny, Red drum, Spotted eagleray, Escolar, Swordfish, Big-scale pomfret, Cortez flounder, Largemouth blackbass, Periche mojarra, Florida Pompano) were analyzed according to the AOAC and Keller techniques to determine their protein, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, cholesterol, vitamins D(3) and E, and n-3 EPA+DHA content. These results were used to calculate relations between nutrients. RESULTS: The protein in the analyzed species ranged from 16.5 g/100 g of fillet (Largemouth black bass) to 27.2 g/100 g (Red drum); the lowest phosphorus value was 28.6 mg/100 g (Periche mojarra) and the highest 216.3 mg/100 g (Spotted eagle ray). 80% of the fish presented > 100 mg EPA + DHA in 100 g of fillet. By its Phosphorus/gProtein ratio, Escolar and Swordfish could not be included in the renal diet; Little tunny, Escolar, Big-scale pomfret, Largemouth black-bass, Periche mojarra and Florida Pompano presented a lower Phosphorus/EPA + DHA ratio. CONCLUSIONS: Florida pompano is the most recommended specie for renal patients, due to its optimal nutrient relations. However, all analyzed species, except Escolar and Swordfish, could be included in renal diets.

[Child malnutrition in the Mexican rural setting]. / La desnutrición infantil en el medio rural mexicano.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the nutritional status of the infantile population in rural Mexico, compare it with previous data and situate the most affected areas. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The sample consisted of 38,232 families, from 855 randomly selected communities. Anthropometry was obtained from 31,601 children under five years of age and analysis was performed considering the reference values of weight/age, weight/height and height/age. RESULTS: Overall malnutrition affects 42.7 of children according to weight/age indicator (CI = 1.9%). Moderate and severe malnutrition 22 years ago was 17.4% and now these affect 19.3%. Further data show that 55.9% are malnourished according to height/age, and 18.9% according to weight/height. CONCLUSIONS: The ENAL 96 shows that malnutrition is still a severe national problem which has not improved in the last 22 years. The areas of highest prevalence are the southern states which have mostly Indian population.