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1.
J Occup Environ Med ; 64(3): 250-262, 2022 03 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34670258

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To describe mortality trends of men and women working in various petrochemical and refinery operations of a U.S.-based company. METHODS: The cohort consists of full-time employees with at least 1 day of service during 1979 through 2010. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for 111 possible causes of death studied. RESULTS: SMRs for malignant mesothelioma and asbestosis were highest for the 1940s decade of hire. Increased SMRs were observed for malignant melanoma and motor neuron disease with no obvious work patterns. Decreasing mortality patterns were observed for aplastic anemia and acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. CONCLUSIONS: Mortality surveillance of this large established cohort aids in assessing the chronic health status of the workforce. Identifying methods for incorporating job-exposure matrices and nonoccupational risk factors could further enhance interpretations for some findings such as motor neuron disease.


Subject(s)
Asbestosis , Mesothelioma, Malignant , Neoplasms , Occupational Diseases , Petroleum , Cause of Death , Cohort Studies , Female , Humans , Male , Petroleum/adverse effects
2.
J Occup Environ Med ; 60(7): e329-e342, 2018 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29985303

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: We studied the risk of 11 cancers of a priori interest in petroleum refinery workers. METHODS: Iterative searches identified 36 studies for the 11 cancer sites. Statistical heterogeneity and publication bias were assessed to enhance interpretation of meta-relative risks. RESULTS: Statistical heterogeneity was marked for mesothelioma, but was largely due to study quality. Higher quality studies showed a meta-relative risk (RR) of 3.22, (95% prediction interval 1.45 to 7.23). Melanoma (meta-RR = 1.23) and acute lymphoid leukemia (meta-RR = 1.51), showed results consistent with higher risk, but both were driven by one or two studies. Eight other cancer outcomes showed summary meta-RR's consistent with unity. CONCLUSIONS: Most cancer outcomes are consistent with background risk in refinery workers. This work has clarified an excess mesothelioma risk, conditional on study quality stratification. Continued surveillance is warranted for melanoma and ALL.


Subject(s)
Neoplasms/epidemiology , Occupational Diseases/epidemiology , Oil and Gas Industry/statistics & numerical data , Humans , Melanoma/epidemiology , Mesothelioma/epidemiology , Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/epidemiology , Risk Assessment , Skin Neoplasms/epidemiology
3.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 112(46): 14218-23, 2015 Nov 17.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26578766

ABSTRACT

Theories for the origins of agriculture are still debated, with a range of different explanations offered. Computational models can be used to test these theories and explore new hypotheses; Bowles and Choi [Bowles S, Choi J-K (2013) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 110(22):8830-8835] have developed one such model. Their model shows the coevolution of farming and farming-friendly property rights, and by including climate variability, replicates the timings for the emergence of these events seen in the archaeological record. Because the processes modeled occurred a long time ago, it can be difficult to justify exact parameter values; hence, we propose a fitting to idealized outcomes (FIO) method to explore the model's parameter space in more detail. We have replicated the model of Bowles and Choi, and used the FIO method to identify complexities and interactions of the model previously unidentified. Our results indicate that the key parameters for the emergence of farming are group structuring, group size, conservatism, and farming-friendly property rights (lending further support to Bowles and Choi's original proposal). We also find that although advantageous, it is not essential that farming productivity be greater than foraging productivity for farming to emerge. In addition, we highlight how model behaviors can be missed when gauging parameter sensitivity via a fix-all-but-one variation approach.


Subject(s)
Agriculture , Computer Simulation , Models, Theoretical , Humans
4.
J Virol Methods ; 139(2): 195-202, 2007 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17161876

ABSTRACT

The current method for viral detection in biosolids is a plaque assay, as specified by the EPA in the 40 CFR Part 503 rule. Development of an integrated cell culture-polymerase chain reaction (ICC-PCR) assay has allowed detection of viruses that are under-detected and undetected by the plaque assay. This study examined the efficiency of the ICC-PCR method to detect mammalian orthoreovirus, a virus typically under-detected in biosolids. Biosolid samples seeded with mammalian orthoreovirus type 1 (Lang) detected to 3 x 10(5) plaque forming units (pfu) with a plaque assay, 10(2)pfu equivalents with real-time RT-PCR and no incubation, and 10(8)pfu equivalents with real-time RT-PCR after 7 days incubation. More infectious virus was detected using ICC-real-time RT-PCR than a plaque assay. Twenty-four environmental samples from three locations around the United States did not plaque with the EPA method; however the ICC-PCR detected infectious reovirus in 13 of the samples. Raw biosolids samples accounted for 12 of the positive samples, and 1 positive was from an aerobically digested sample.


Subject(s)
Orthoreovirus, Mammalian/isolation & purification , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Sewage/virology , Cell Culture Techniques/methods , Cells, Cultured , Orthoreovirus, Mammalian/genetics , Orthoreovirus, Mammalian/growth & development , Viral Plaque Assay
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