Subject(s)
Mental Disorders/psychology , Mental Disorders/therapy , Pregnancy Complications/psychology , Pregnancy Complications/therapy , Psychotherapy/methods , Psychotherapy/statistics & numerical data , Puerperal Disorders/psychology , Puerperal Disorders/therapy , Adult , Anxiety Disorders/epidemiology , Anxiety Disorders/psychology , Anxiety Disorders/therapy , Cross-Sectional Studies , Depressive Disorder/psychology , Depressive Disorder/therapy , Female , Germany , Humans , Mental Disorders/epidemiology , Patient Satisfaction , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Complications/epidemiology , Puerperal Disorders/epidemiology , Utilization ReviewABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: This article examines the associations between protective factors und the occurrence of postpartum depressive symptoms. METHODS: Using a prospective-longitudinal design 303 pregnant women were examined at 3 points in time (T1: 1st trimester, T2: 3rd trimester, T3: 3-5 months postpartum). The analyses are based on T1 and T3. RESULTS: Sense of coherence (SOC-L9, Schumacher et al. 2000) at 1st trimester was on average 51.7 (SD = 7.2) - significantly above the mean of a comparison sample. 37 women (15.4 %) had a score of 10 or more on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS, Cox et al. 1987) 3 to 5 months postpartum. Pregnant women who stated that their pregnancy had been planned and desired, with a higher marital and overall life satisfaction as well as a higher sense of coherence, had a significantly lower risk for the development of postpartum depression. Using multiple regression it was found that only sense of coherence significantly predicted postpartum depression. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that a higher sense of coherence at first trimester is an important protective factor for the occurrence of postpartum depression.
Subject(s)
Depression, Postpartum/psychology , Adult , Depression, Postpartum/diagnosis , Family Planning Services , Female , Germany , Humans , Longitudinal Studies , Marriage , Personal Satisfaction , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Trimester, First , Pregnancy Trimester, Third , Prospective Studies , Psychometrics , Risk Factors , Sense of Coherence , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
Investigation of the prevalence, incidence, and determinants of post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD) and other mental disorders associated with military deployment in international missions poses several methodological and procedural challenges. This paper describes the design and sampling strategies, instruments, and experimental procedures applied in a study programme aimed to examine military deployment-related mental health and disorders (prevalence and trajectories) and to identify vulnerability and risk factors (e.g. age, gender, type of mission, rank, and duration of deployment and a wide range of neurobiological, psychological, social, and behavioural factors). The study comprised two components. The first component, a cross-sectional study, included 1483 deployed and 889 non-deployed German soldiers (response rate, 93%) who served during the 2009 International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) mission. A standardized diagnostic instrument (Composite International Diagnostic Interview, CIDI) coupled with established questionnaires was administered to detect and diagnose PTSD and a broad spectrum of mental disorders and mental health problems. The second component, a prospective-longitudinal study, included 621 soldiers examined before (2011) and after return (2012) from the ISAF mission. In addition to the CIDI and questionnaires, several experimental behavioural tests and biological markers were implemented to probe for incident mental disorders, mental health problems and risk factors. Our methods are expected to provide greater precision than previous studies for estimating the risk for incident deployment-related and non-deployment-related disorders and their risk factors. We expect the findings to advance our understanding of a wide spectrum of adverse mental health outcomes beyond PTSD.
