Características epidemiológicas y radiológicas en un grupo de pacientes con neumonía tuberculosa sin inmunodepresión o comorbilidades / Epidemiological and Radiological Characteristics of a Group of Patients with Tuberculous Pneumonia without Immunosuppression or Comorbidities

La neumonía tuberculosa es una patología poco frecuente, descripta mayormente en pacientes con inmunosupresión o comorbilidades, como alcoholismo o diabetes, con una presentación radiológica similar a la neumonía bacteriana, lo cual puede dar lugar a retrasos en el diagnóstico. En este trabajo, se incluyeron pacientes con diagnóstico de tuberculosis e imagen radiológica de consolidación en los campos pulmonares inferiores y sin comorbilidades asociadas. En el transcurso de tres años identificamos veinticinco pacientes con estos criterios entre 628 casos de tuberculosis pulmonar evaluados. No encontramos relación con el sexo, y resulta más frecuente la afectación del lóbulo inferior derecho (84%) que el izquierdo.

Tuberculous pneumonia is a rare disease, mostly described in patients with immunosup pression or comorbidities such as alcoholism or diabetes, with a radiological presentation similar to bacterial pneumonia, which can lead to delays in diagnosis. Patients with a diagnosis of tuberculosis and radiological image of consolidation in the lower lung fields and without associated comorbidities were included in this study. Over the course of 3 years, we identified 25 patients with these criteria among 628 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis evaluated. We found no relationship with sex, with the right lower lobe be ing affected more frequently (84%) than the left.

[Modality proposal of tuberculosis infection screening in high school contacts]. / Propuesta de modalidad de catastro de infección tuberculosa en contactos escolares de colegios secundarios.

The systematic registry of contacts with the objective of identifying and treating those with tuberculosis infection is one of the pillars established by the WHO in the end Tuberculosis Strategy. The risk of tuberculosis infection in school contacts, although lower than in households, is significant. However, compliance with preventive treatment is low and several points are open to discussion, such as the cutoff of the tuberculin test to be used, the usefulness of starting a chemoprophylactic treatment in the absence of confirmed infection or carrying out studies in contacts of non-bacilliferous index cases. This paper addresses these issues and proposes, with updated evidence, a screening modality for contacts in higher education institutions. This screening proposes to identify those infected using the cut-off point of 5 mm in the tuberculin test, offering preventive treatment and active follow-up only to those with a positive test.

El catastro sistemático de contactos con el objetivo de identificar y tratar a aquellos con infección tuberculosa es uno de los pilares establecidos por la OMS en su Estrategia de Fin a la Tuberculosis. El riesgo de infección tuberculosa en contactos escolares, aunque menor que en los domiciliarios, es significativo. Sin embargo, es bajo el cumplimiento del tratamiento preventivo y varios puntos se prestan a discusión, como ser el corte de la prueba tuberculínica a utilizar, el beneficio de iniciar un tratamiento quimioprofiláctico en ausencia de infección demostrada o de realizar estudios en contactos de casos índice no bacilíferos. Este escrito aborda dichos temas y propone, con evidencia actualizada, una modalidad de estudio para contactos en instituciones de enseñanza secundaria. Dicho catastro propone identificar a los infectados utilizando el punto de corte de 5 mm en la prueba de tuberculina, ofreciendo tratamiento preventivo y seguimiento activo solamente a aquellos con una prueba positiva.

Propuesta de modalidad de catastro de infección tuberculosa en contactos escolares de colegios secundarios / Modality proposal of tuberculosis infection screening in high school contacts

Resumen El catastro sistemático de contactos con el objetivo de identificar y tratar a aquellos con infección tuberculosa es uno de los pilares establecidos por la OMS en su Estrategia de Fin a la Tuberculosis. El riesgo de infección tuberculosa en contactos escolares, aunque menor que en los domiciliarios, es significativo. Sin embargo, es bajo el cumplimiento del tratamiento preventivo y varios puntos se prestan a discusión, como ser el corte de la prueba tuberculínica a utilizar, el beneficio de iniciar un tratamiento quimioprofiláctico en ausencia de infección demostrada o de realizar estudios en contactos de casos índice no bacilíferos. Este escrito aborda dichos temas y propone, con evidencia actualizada, una modalidad de estudio para contactos en instituciones de enseñanza secundaria. Dicho catastro propone identificar a los infectados utilizando el punto de corte de 5 mm en la prueba de tuberculina, ofreciendo tratamiento preventivo y seguimiento activo solamente a aquellos con una prueba positiva.

Abstract The systematic registry of contacts with the objective of identifying and treating those with tuberculosis infection is one of the pillars established by the WHO in the end Tuberculosis Strategy. The risk of tuberculosis infection in school contacts, although lower than in households, is significant. However, compliance with preventive treatment is low and several points are open to discussion, such as the cutoff of the tuberculin test to be used, the usefulness of starting a chemoprophylactic treatment in the absence of confirmed infection or carrying out studies in contacts of non-bacilliferous index cases. This paper ad dresses these issues and proposes, with updated evidence, a screening modality for contacts in higher education institutions. This screening proposes to identify those infected using the cut-off point of 5 mm in the tuberculin test, offering preventive treatment and active follow-up only to those with a positive test.

Circulating Monocyte-Like Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells and CD16 Positive Monocytes Correlate With Immunological Responsiveness of Tuberculosis Patients.

Alterations of myeloid cell populations have been reported in patients with tuberculosis (TB). In this work, we studied the relationship between myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and monocytes subsets with the immunological responsiveness of TB patients. Individuals with active TB were classified as low responders (LR-TB) or high responders (HR-TB) according to their T cell responses against a cell lysate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb-Ag). Thus, LR-TB, individuals with severe disease, display a weaker immune response to Mtb compare to HR-TB, subjects with strong immunity against the bacteria. We observed that LR-TB presented higher percentages of CD16 positive monocytes as compared to HR-TB and healthy donors. Moreover, monocyte-like (M-MDSC) and polymorphonuclear-like (PMN-MDSC) MDSC were increased in patients and the proportion of M-MDSC inversely correlated with IFN-γ levels released after Mtb-Ag stimulation in HR-TB. We also found that LR-TB displayed the highest percentages of circulating M-MDSC. These results demonstrate that CD16 positive monocytes and M-MDSC frequencies could be used as another immunological classification parameter. Interestingly, in LR-TB, frequencies of CD16 positive monocytes and M-MDSC were restored after only three weeks of anti-TB treatment. Together, our findings show a link between the immunological status of TB patients and the levels of different circulating myeloid cell populations.

Características clínicas de un grupo de pacientes que persisten con síntomas respiratorios después de la fase aguda de COVID-19 / Clinical characteristics of a group of patients who persist with respiratory symptoms after the acute phase of COVID-19

Resumen En la convalecencia de la infección por coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 un elevado número de pacientes requiere consulta médica por persistir sintomáticos. Objetivo: Describir las características clínicas de pacientes que, luego del alta epidemiológica de COVID-19, concurren a un servicio de neumonología por persistir con síntomas respiratorios o torácicos, y valorar su etiología mediante la aplicación de un protocolo de seguimiento. Materiales y métodos: Ingresaron al estudio pacientes con diagnóstico previo de COVID-19, mediante PCR o combinación de síntomas y criterios epidemiológicos, que se presentaron con derivación o en forma espontánea al servicio de neumonología. Se realizó examen clínico, radiografía de tórax, espirometría, análisis de laboratorio y los cuestionarios de calidad de vida EQ-5D y de depresión PHQ-9. Según los hallazgos se complementó la evaluación con dímero D, prueba de marcha de 6 minutos (PM6M), tomo grafía computada (TC) y evaluación cardiológica, siguiendo un algoritmo predeterminado. Se les ofreció consulta con salud mental a los pacientes con resultado igual o mayor de 10 en el cuestionario PHQ-9. Resultados: Se incorporaron 95 pacientes: edad 48 ± 11 años, IMC = 28,4 ± 4,9 kg/m2, 57 (60%) mujeres y 64 (67,5%) de nacionalidad argentina. Entre los extranjeros: 19 (20%) eran de nacionalidad boliviana, 8 (8,5%) peruana y 4 (4%) paraguaya. Tenían diagnóstico confirmado mediante PCR 91 pacientes, entre los restantes: dos tenían serología positiva y dos criterios clínicos y epidemiológicos. Las comorbilidades más frecuentes fueron tabaquismo (34%), hipertensión arterial (21%), diabetes (16%), asma (11%) y tubercu losis (5%); el 38% no refirió ninguna. Provenían de la internación 45 pacientes, de los cuales 8 requirieron terapia intensiva (UTI). El tiempo de consulta desde el alta epidemiológica fue de 46 ± 34 días (mediana = 38 días), y los síntomas más frecuentes fueron disnea (60%), tos (32%), dolor torácico (26%), lumbalgia (22%) y astenia (10.5%); 50 pacientes requirieron antiinflamatorios no esteroideos (AINEs) para el manejo del dolor. Respecto del cuestionario de depresión: el 79% presentó PHQ-9 > 4 (depresión leve) y el 36% ≥ 10 (depresión moderada y severa), en este último grupo encontramos mayor prevalencia en mujeres: 44 vs 24%, p = 0,03. No encontramos relación entre depresión valorada con PHQ-9 y edad, nacionalidad o lugar de aislamiento; 13 pacientes aceptaron realizar una consulta con el equipo de salud mental (PHQ-9 14,9 ± 4; EQ-5D 39 ± 10). En 6 pacientes la espirometría mostró valores de volumen espiratorio forzado en el primer segundo (VEF1) y/o capacidad vital forzada (CVF) < 80%, los cuales tenían antecedentes de neumoconiosis (n = 1), asma (n = 1) y obesidad (n = 1), dos presentaban alteraciones en la radiografía de tórax y el restante provenía de la unidad de terapia intensiva (UTI). En 24 pacientes se realizaron estudios adicio nales (PM6M:3, TC:6, ecocardiograma: 2, dímero D: 21). Se encontró persistencia de densidades en vidrio esmerilado en 5 de las 6 tomografías. Ninguno de los pacientes requirió conductas médicas adicionales durante el seguimiento. Conclusión: En pacientes post COVID-19, los síntomas más frecuentes de consulta fueron disnea, tos y dolor torácico o lumbar, como también el hallazgo de depresión valorada por cuestionario. Los resultados favorecen el enfoque holístico en la evaluación y seguimiento de estos casos.

Clinical characteristics of a group of patients who persist with respiratory symptoms after the acute phase of COVID-19

Abstract In convalescence from the SARS-CoV-2 infection, a high number of patients require medical consultation due to persisting symptoms. Objective: To describe the clinical characteristics of patients who attend the Department of Respiratory Medicine due to persisting respiratory or thoracic symptoms after COVID-19 epidemiological discharge, and to assess their etiology by applying a follow-up protocol. Materials and Methods: we included patients previously diagnosed with COVID-19 through PCR or with a combination of symp toms and epidemiological criteria who attended the Department of Respiratory Medicine spontaneously or referred by another health professional. Clinical examination, chest X-ray, spirometry, laboratory analysis, and the EQ-5D quality of life and PHQ-9 depression questionnaires were performed. According to the findings, the evaluation was complemented with D-dimer, six-minute walk test (6MWT), computed tomography (CT) and cardiac evaluation, following a predetermined algorithm. Mental health consultation was offered to patients with a result ≥ 10 in the PHQ-9 questionnaire. Results: 95 patients were included: age 48 ± 11 years, BMI (Body Mass Index) = 28.4 ± 4.9 kg/m2, 57 (60%) women and 64 (67.5%) Argentinians. Among foreigners: 19 (20%) were Bolivian, 8 (8.5%) Peruvian and 4 (4%) Paraguayan. 91 patients had a PCR-confirmed diagnosis; and from the remaining patients, two had positive serology and two clinical and epidemiological criteria. The most frequent comorbidities were: smoking (34%), arterial hypertension (21%), diabetes (16%), asthma (11%) and tuberculosis (5%); 38% did not refer any. 45 patients had been hospitalized, and 8 of them required treatment in the intensive care unit (ICU). The consultation time from epidemiological discharge was 46 ± 34 days (median = 38 days), and the most frequent symptoms were dyspnea (60%), cough (32%), chest pain (26%), low back pain (22%) and asthenia (10.5%); 50 patients required non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for pain management. Regarding the depression questionnaire: 79% presented PHQ-9 > 4 (mild depression) and 36% ≥ 10 (moderate and severe depression); in the latter group we found higher prevalence in women: 44 vs. 24%, p= 0.03. We didn't find a relationship between depression assessed with PHQ-9 and age, nationality or isolation location; 13 patients agreed to consult with the Department of Mental Health (PHQ-9 14.9 ± 4; EQ-5D 39 ± 10). In 6 patients, the spirometry showed values of forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) and/or forced vital capacity (FVC) < 80%; they had history of pneumoconiosis (n = 1), asthma (n = 1) and obesity (n = 1), two presented an abnormal chest X-ray and the other one had been treated in the intensive care unit (ICU). Additional studies were performed in 24 patients (six-minute walk test [6MWT]: 3, CT: 6, echocardiogram: 2, D-dimer: 21). Persistence of ground-glass densities was found in 5 of the 6 tomographies. None of the patients required an additional medical approach during follow-up. Conclusion: In post-COVID-19 patients, the most frequent symptoms for consultation were dyspnea, cough and chest or lumbar pain, as well as the finding of depression assessed by a questionnaire. The results favor the holistic approach in the evaluation and follow-up of these cases.

Estudio comparativo del rendimiento de GeneXpertMTB/RIF en lavado broncoalveolar frente al lavado bronquial en pacientes con sospecha clínica de tuberculosis / Comparative study of the performance of GeneXpert MTB/RIF in bronchoalveolar lavage compared to bronchial lavage in patients with clinical suspicion of tuberculosis

Resumen La Tuberculosis (TB) es una de las diez causas principales de muerte en el mundo, y la principal causa por un solo agente infeccioso. La detección precoz del Complejo Mycobacterium tuberculosis (CMT) y de mutaciones que confieren resistencia a los principales fármacos empleados en la terapia antituberculosa, contribuye a la disminución de la transmisión de la infección y consecuentemente a la expansión de la TB resistente. La prueba GeneXpertMTB/RIF, mediante ensayos de PCR en tiempo real identifica de manera simultánea el CMT y detecta las mutaciones más frecuentemente asociadas con resistencia a rifampicina. El objetivo de este estudio es comparar el rendimiento del método GeneXpertMTB/RIF en lavado broncoalveolar (BAL) frente al lavado bronquial (LB) en pacientes inmunocompetentes con sospecha clínica de TB pulmonar, sin documentación microbiológica previa. Materiales y Métodos: Se incorporaron prospectivamente pacientes con infiltrados radiológicos pulmonares compatibles con TB activa o residual sin tratamiento previo, con baciloscopia directa negativa o tos improductiva, para valoración de enfermedad activa. Se identificó el segmento más afectado mediante tomografía axial computada realizándose broncoscopia con BAL en dicho segmento, seguido de LB en todo el lóbulo afectado. Se consideró significativa una recuperación del BAL >40%. Las muestras obtenidas fueron procesadas para baciloscopia, cultivo y GeneXpertMTB/RIF. Se analizó la sensibilidad (S), especificidad (E), valor predictivo positivo (VPP) y valor predictivo negativo (VPN) tomando como referencia el cultivo en medio sólido para el diagnóstico del CMT. Resultados: Se incorporaron 20 pacientes, se excluyeron 3 por no obtener una muestra representativa de BAL. Se estudiaron 17 pacientes (11 mujeres, 65%), edad 37.2 ± 16.3 años. Se identificó al CMT con métodos convencionales en 10 pacientes: 10 con cultivo positivo en LB y 9 en BAL. Comparando con métodos convencionales, 6 de 17 muestras obtenidas mediante BAL fueron positivas con GeneXpertMTB/RIF: S = 60.0% (IC 31%-83%), E = 100% (IC 65%-100%), VPP = 100% (IC 61%-100%) y VPN = 64% (IC 35.4%-84.8%). Con LB, 9 de 17 fueron Xpert MTB/RIF positivas: S = 90.0% (IC 60%-98%), E = 100% (IC 65%-100%), VPP = 100% (IC 70%-100%) y VPN = 88% (IC 53%-98%). Todos los casos identificados con GeneXpertMTB/RIF fueron verdaderos positivos en relación con los cultivos convencionales. Conclusión: Considerando al cultivo sólido como método de referencia, el LB resultó más sensible que el BAL para el diagnóstico de infección tuberculosa por el método de GeneXpertMTB/RIF en los pacientes con sospecha de TB sin documentación microbiológica previa.

Comparative study of the performance of GeneXpert MTB/RIF in bronchoalveolar lavage compared to bronchial lavage in patients with clinical suspicion of tuberculosis

Abstract Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the ten leading causes of death worldwide, and the main cause from a single infectious agent. Early detection of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) and of mutations conferring resistance to the main drugs used in antituberculous treatment contributes to reducing the transmission of the infection, and consequently the spread of resistant TB. The GeneXpert MTB/ RIF test identifies the MTC and simultaneously detects mutations most frequently associated with rifampicin resistance, through real-time PCR testing. The purpose of this study was to compare the performance of the GeneXpert MTB/RIF method in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) with bronchial lavage (LB) in immunocompetent patients with clinical suspicion of pulmonary TB without any previous microbiological documentation. Materials and Methods: We prospectively enrolled patients with radiologic pulmonary infiltrates compatible with active or residual TB without previous treatment, with negative direct bacilloscopy or nonproductive cough, for the assessment of active disease. We identified the most affected segment through computed axial tomography and bronchoscopy with BAL in said segment, followed by BL of the affected lobe. A BAL recovery > 40% was considered significant. The samples obtained were processed for bacilloscopy, culture and GeneXpert MTB/RIF. We analyzed sensitivity (S), specificity (SP), positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV), taking the solid culture medium as reference for the diagnosis of MTC. Results: We included 20 patients; 3 were excluded because they didn't have a representative BAL sample. 17 patients were evaluated (11 women, 65%), age 37.2 ± 16.3. The MTC was identified through conventional methods in 10 patients: 10 with positive culture in BL and 9 in BAL. In comparison with the conventional methods, 6 out of 17 samples obtained through BAL had a positive result for GeneXpert MTB/ RIF: S = 60.0% (CI 31%-83%), SP = 100% (CI 65%-100%), PPV = 100% (CI 61%-100%) and NPV = 64% (CI 35.4%-84.8%). With BL, 9 out of 17 had a positive result for Xpert MTB/RIF: S = 90.0% (CI 60%-98%), SP = 100% (CI 65%-100%), PPV = 100% (CI 70%-100%) and NPV = 88% (CI 53%-98%). All the cases identified with GeneXpert MTB/RIF were true positives in relation to conventional cultures. Conclusion: Considering the solid culture as reference method, the BL was more sensitive than the BAL for the diagnosis of tubercu lous infection through the GeneXpert MTB/RIF method in patients with suspected TB without previous microbiological documentation.

Incidencia de infección tuberculosa latente en un estudio de contactos escolares comparando dos puntos de corte de la prueba de tuberculina / Incidence of Latent Tuberculosis Infection in a Study of School Contacts Comparing Two Cut-off Points of the Tuberculin Test

Introducción: El riesgo de infección tuberculosa se asocia a contacto estrecho y prolongado. En las escuelas el contacto diario, aulas con poca ventilación o retraso diagnóstico del caso índice, podrían contribuir al contagio. Objetivo: Conocer la incidencia de infección tuberculosa latente (ITBL) en contactos escolares comparando dos puntos de corte en la prueba de tuberculina (PPD): ≥ 10 mm y ≥ 5 mm. Determinar el grado de cumplimiento en la realización de estudios de catastro y de quimioprofilaxis (QP). Materiales y métodos: Se realizó el análisis retrospectivo de contactos escolares de TB bacilífera, en adolescentes de 12 a 19 años, correspondientes al área programática del Hospital Parmenio Piñero entre febrero 2016 a diciembre 2017. La evaluación incluyó radiografía de tórax (RxT), laboratorio y PPD. Se analizaron 2 puntos de corte de PPD: ≥ 10mm y ≥ 5mm, repitiéndose a los 3 meses en aquellos con resultado negativo. Se indicó QP primaria con isoniazida a todos los contactos, y secundaria en aquellos con PPD+ basal o conversores al tercer mes. Se estimó cumplimiento de QP si tomaban > 80% de la pauta indicada. Resultados: de 373 estudiantes a evaluar, 331 (89%) realizaron los estudios, se diagnosticó TB en 4 (1.2%) a partir de RxT y fueron excluidos. En los 327 restantes, edad promedio 15 ± 1,6 años, hubo 132 (40%) hombres. La PPD basal fue ≥ 10 mm en 20 (6.1%) casos, siendo más frecuente en el grupo de 16-19 años vs 12-15 años: 10.7% vs 3.1%; p = 0,004. No hubo diferencia significativa al considerar el sexo. Realizaron 135 (45%) la segunda PPD encontrándose 3 conversiones (2.2%). Se indicó QP primaria a todos y secundaria a 23, el cumplimiento fue 57% y 26% respectivamente, sin asociación significativa con edad o sexo. Se reportaron 4 eventos adversos (1.2%): polineuritis (n = 2), alergia cutánea e intolerancia digestiva. Con PPD ≥ 5mm dieron positivo 63 (19.3%), siendo más frecuente en varones: 26.5% vs 14.4%, p = 0.006; y en 16-19 vs 12-15 años: 28.2% vs 13.2%; p < 0.001. Con la segunda PPD se observaron 3 conversiones (2,2%). Conclusión: Encontramos un 6,1% de ITBL considerando PPD+ ≥ 10 mm y 19,3% con PPD ≥ 5 mm. El cumplimiento en la realización de la segunda PPD fue bajo, como también en completar el esquema de QP secundaria.

Incidence of Latent Tuberculosis Infection in a Study of School Contacts Comparing Two Cut-off Points of the Tuberculin Test / Incidencia de infección tuberculosa latente en un estudio de contactos escolares comparando dos puntos de corte de la prueba de tuberculina

Introduction: The risk of tuberculosis infection is associated with close and prolonged contact. Daily contact, poorly ventilated classrooms or delay in diagnosing the index case in a school setting could contribute to contagion. Objective: To know the incidence of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in school contacts comparing two cut-off points of the tuberculin test (PPD, Purified Protein Derivative): ≥ 10mm and ≥ 5mm. To determine the degree of compliance with the performance of control and chemoprophylaxis (ChP) studies. Materials and Methods: We carried out a retrospective analysis of bacillary TB school contacts in teenagers between 12 and 19 years old of the Programmatic Area of the Hospital Parmenio Piñero between February 2016 and December 2017. The evaluation included chest x-ray, lab tests and PPD. We analyzed 2 cut-off points of the PPD: ≥ 10mm and ≥ 5mm, and repeated the test after 3 months in cases with negative results. Primary ChP with isoniazid was indicated for all the contacts, and secondary ChP for those with basal PPD+ or conversion at the third month. We considered ChP compliance in cases where patients followed > 80% of the indicated regime. Results: 331 (89%) of 373 students to be evaluated participated in the study. TB was diagnosed in 4 students (1.2%) through chest x-ray, and they were excluded. Within the remaining 327, the mean age was 15 ± 1.6 years, and 132 (40%) were male. The basal PPD was ≥ 10mm in 20 cases (6.1%), being more frequent in the group of 16-19 years versus the 12-15 years: 10.7% vs. 3.1%; p = 0.004. There wasn't any significant difference regarding sex. 135 contacts (45%) did the second PPD, and 3 conversions were found (2.2%). Primary ChP was indicated for everyone, and secondary ChP for 23 contacts, with 75% and 26% compliance respectively, and without any significant association with age or sex. 4 adverse events were reported (1.2%): polineuritis (n=2), skin allergy and food intolerance. 63 contacts (19.3%) were positive PPD, with PPD ≥ 5mm, being more frequent in males: 26.5% vs. 14.4%, p = 0.006; and in 16-19 vs. 12-15 years: 28.2% vs. 13.2%; p < 0.001. With the second PPD we observed 3 conversions (2.2%). Conclusion: We found 6.1% of LTBI considering a PPD+ ≥ 10mm and 19.3% with PPD ≥ 5mm. Compliance with the second PPD and the secondary ChP scheme was low.

The impact of frailty in aortic valve surgery.

BACKGROUND: Frailty is a geriatric syndrome that diminishes potential functional recovery after any surgical procedure. Preoperative surgical risk assessment is crucial to calibrate the risk and benefit of cardiac surgery. The aim of this study was to test usefulness of FRAIL Scale and other surgical-risk-scales and individual features of frailty in cardiac aortic valve surgery. METHODS: Prospective study. From May-2014 to February-2016, we collected 200 patients who underwent aortic valve replacement, either surgically or transcatheter. At 1-year follow-up, quality of life measurements were recorded using the EQ-5D (EuroQol). Univariate and multivariate analyses correlated preoperative condition, features of frailty and predicted risk scores with mortality, morbidity and quality of life at 1 year of follow-up. RESULTS: Mean age 78.2y, 56%male. Mean-preoperative-scores: FRAIL scale 1.5(SD 1.02), STS 2.9(SD 1.13), BI 93.8(SD 7.3), ESlog I 12.8(SD 8.5) and GS 7.3 s (SD 1.9). Morbidity at discharge, 6 m and 1 year was 51, 14 and 28%. Mortality 4%. Survival at 6 m/ 1-y was 97% / 88%. Complication-rate was higher in TAVI group due to-vascular complications. Renal dysfunction, anemia, social dependence and GS slower than 7 s were associated with morbidity. On multivariate analysis adjusted STS, BI and GS speed were statistically significant. Quality of life at 1-year follow-up adjusted for age and prosthesis type showed a significant association with STS and FRAIL scale scores. CONCLUSIONS: Frailty increases surgical risk and is associated with higher morbidity. Preoperative GS slower 7 s, and STS and FRAIL scale scores seem to be reliable predictors of quality of life at 1-year follow-up.

IFN-γ and IgG responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis latency antigen Rv2626c differentiate remote from recent tuberculosis infection.

Tuberculin skin test (TST) and IFN-γ release assays are currently used to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection but none of them differentiate active from latent infection (LTBI). Since improved tests to diagnose Mtb infection are required, we studied the immune response to Mtb latency antigen Rv2626c in individuals exposed to the bacteria during different periods. Tuberculosis patients (TB), TB close contacts (CC: subjects exposed to Mtb for less than three months) and healthcare workers (HW: individuals exposed to Mtb at least two years) were recruited and QuantiFERON (QFT) assay, TST and IFN-γ secretion to Rv2626c were analyzed. Twenty-two percent of the individuals assessed had discordant results between QFT and TST tests. Furthermore, QFT negative and QFT positive individuals produced differential levels of IFN-γ against Rv2626c, in direct association with their exposure period to Mtb. Actually, 91% of CC QFT negative subjects secreted low levels of IFN-γ to Rv2626c, whereas 43% of HW QFT negative people produced elevated IFN-γ amounts against Rv2626c. Conversely, 69% of CC QFT positive subjects didn´t produce IFN-γ to Rv2626c. Interestingly, a similar pattern of IgG anti-Rv2626c plasma levels was observed. Therefore, determination of IFN-γ and IgG levels against the dormancy antigen Rv2626c allows to identify established LTBI.

Diagnóstico de infección tuberculosa latente: comparación de la prueba de tuberculina y el quantiferon-tb gold plus en contactos domiciliarios de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires / Diagnosis of Latent Tuberculosis Infection: Comparison between the Tuberculin Test and Quantiferon-TB Gold Plus in Household Contacts from the City of Buenos Aires

La estrategia de control epidemiológico de la tuberculosis (TB) incluye tanto el diagnóstico y tratamiento precoz de los pacientes bacilíferos, como la identificación de aquellos con infección tuberculosa latente (ITBL) quienes representan el reservorio patógeno en la población. Objetivo: Comparar los resultados obtenidos utilizando la prueba de tuberculina (PPD) y el QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus (QTF) en un grupo de contactos domiciliarios de pacientes con TB pulmonar bacilífera, de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Se utilizaron dos puntos de corte para considerar la PPD positiva: ≥ 5 mm (PPD-5) y ≥ 10 mm (PPD-10). Materiales y métodos: Se extrajeron muestras de sangre para QTF en contactos domiciliarios de pacientes con TB bacilífera, seguido inmediatamente de la aplicación de PPD. Se consideró al QTF como la prueba de referencia a partir de la cual comparar la PPD calculando la sensibilidad (S), especificidad (E), valor predictivo positivo (VPP), valor predictivo negativo (VPN) y coeficiente de correlación Kappa. Resultados: Se incluyeron 48 contactos (33 mujeres, 69%), edad 38.8 ± 19 años, 27 (56%) argentinos, 18 (38%) bolivianos y 3(6%) peruanos, correspondientes a 37 casos de TB. Un solo contacto refirió no haberse aplicado la BCG, en 44 se objetivó la cicatriz. El QTF resultó positivo en 23 (47.9%) e indeterminado en 2 casos (4.2%). Excluyendo del análisis a los indeterminados, no hubo diferencias significativas entre contactos con QTF positivo y negativo al considerar la edad (33.8 ± 16 vs 42.1 ± 20 años), nacionalidad: argentinos (12 de 26, 46%) vs extranjeros (11 de 20, 55%) y sexo: mujeres (18 de 32, 56%) vs hombres (5 de 14, 36%). Utilizando PPD-5 hubo 28 (60.9%) positivos y 13 (28.3%) con PPD-10. Comparando PPD-5 vs PPD-10: S = 73.9 vs 34.8%, E = 52.2 vs 78.3%, VPP = 60.1 vs 61.5% y VPN = 66.7 vs 54.5%. Los resultados coincidentes (positivos y negativos) entre QTF y PPD fueron 29 (63%) para PPD-5 y 26 (56.5%) con PPD-10. Expresados con el coeficiente Kappa muestran concordancia débil (0.261) e insignificante (0.130), respectivamente. Conclusiones: considerando al QTF como el método de referencia por su mayor especificidad, la PPD-5, aunque menos específica, resultó más sensible que la PPD-10 para diagnosticar infección tuberculosa latente en el grupo de contactos domiciliarios estudiados

Diagnosis of Latent Tuberculosis Infection: Comparison between the Tuberculin Test and Quantiferon-TB Gold Plus in Household Contacts from the City of Buenos Aires / Diagnóstico de infección tuberculosa latente: comparación de la prueba de tuberculina y el quantiferon-tb gold plus en contactos domiciliarios de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires

The epidemiological control strategy of tuberculosis (TB) includes both the diagnosis and early treatment of baciliferous patients and the identification of individuals with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), who represent the pathogen reservoir within the population. Objective: To compare the results obtained using the tuberculin test (PPD, Purified Protein Derivative) and the QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus (QTF) in a group of household contacts of patients with bacillary pulmonary TB in the city of Buenos Aires. We used two cutoff points to consider PPD as positive: ≥ 5 mm (PPD-5) and ≥ 10 mm (PPD-10). Materials and Methods: Blood samples for QTF were taken from household contacts of patients with bacillary TB, followed immediately by the application of PPD. The QTF was considered as the reference test from which to compare the PPD by calculating sensitivity (S), specificity (E), positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and Kappa correlation coefficient. Results: 48 contacts were included (33 women, 69%), age 38.8 ± 19 years, 27 (56%) Argentinean, 18 (38%) Bolivians and 3 (6%) Peruvians, 37 were cases of TB. Only one contact informed She/she hadn't received the BCG; and 44 subjects showed the BCG scar. The QTF was positive in 23 individuals (47.9%) and undetermined in 2 cases (4.2%). Excluding the indeterminate cases from the analysis, there were no significant differences between positive and negative QTF contacts regarding age (33.8 ± 16 vs. 42.1 ± 20 years), nationality: Argentinean (12 of 26.46%) vs. foreigners (11 of 20.55%) and sex: women (18 of 32, 56%) vs. men (5 of 14, 36%). There were 28 (60.9%) positive cases with PPD-5 and 13 (28.3%) with PPD-10. Comparison between PPD-5 vs. PPD-10: S = 73.9 vs. 34.8%, E = 52.2 vs. 78.3%, PPV = 60.1 vs. 61.5% and NPV = 66.7 vs. 54.5%. The coincident results (positive and negative) between QTF and PPD were 29 (63%) for PPD-5 and 26 (56.5%) for PPD-10. Expressed with the Kappa coefficient, they show weak (0.261) and insignificant (0.130) concordance, respectively. Conclusions: Considering the QTF as the reference method for its higher specificity, PPD-5, although less specific, was more sensitive than PPD-10 for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection in the group of household contacts under study.

Incidencia de infección tuberculosa latente en un estudio de contactos domiciliarios atendidos en un hospital general de la ciudad de Buenos Aires / Incidence of latent tuberculosis infection in a study of household contacts attended in a general hospital from the city of Buenos Aires

Introducción: El estudio de contactos domiciliarios de pacientes con tuberculosis (TB) es una estrategia fundamental para diagnosticar precozmente infección tuberculosa latente (ITBL) e instaurar el tratamiento correspondiente con el objetivo de disminuir la prevalencia de TB en la población. Objetivo: Conocer la incidencia de ITBL en contactos domiciliarios y el grado de cumplimiento en la realización de estudios de catastro y de quimioprofilaxis (QP). Materiales y métodos: Se realizó el análisis retrospectivo de los contactos domiciliarios > 15 años de pacientes con TB atendidos en el Hospital General de Agudos Parmenio Piñero entre enero de 2016 y febrero de 2018. Se les solicitó radiografía de tórax (RxT) y prueba de tuberculina (PPD) tomando como punto de corte positivo ≥ 10 mm, repitiéndola a los 3 meses en aquellos con resultado negativo. También se analizaron los datos considerando PPD+ ≥ 5 mm. Se estimó cumplimiento de QP si los pacientes tomaban > 80% de la pauta indicada: 3 meses de isoniazida en QP primaria y 6 meses en secundaria. Resultados: De 344 contactos ingresados se diagnosticó TB en 4 (1.2%) a partir de RxT patológica y se excluyeron del estudio. En los 340 restantes con edad promedio de 35 ± 16 años, hubo 154 (45%) hombres, 180 (52%) argentinos y 144 (43%) de nacionalidad boliviana. Cumplieron en realizar la PPD basal 193 (57%), de los cuales 38 (20%) tuvieron PPD ≥ 10 mm y 89 (46%) ≥ 5 mm. Hubo mayor cumplimiento en mujeres respecto de hombres en la realización de la PPD: 122 de 186 (55%) vs 71 de 154 (45%); p = 0,005. No hubo diferencia significativa al considerar edad y nacionalidad. Solo cumplieron 33 (21%) pacientes en la realización de la segunda PPD, no encontrándose conversiones para el punto de corte de 10 mm y 3 considerando PPD+ ≥ 5 mm. Se indicó QP primaria a 55 pacientes y secundaria a 38. La proporción de cumplimiento fue de 75% y 39% respectivamente sin encontrarse asociación significativa con edad, sexo o nacionalidad. No se reportó ningún evento adverso por isoniazida. Conclusión: En la población estudiada encontramos un 20% de ITBL considerando PPD+ ≥ 10 mm y 46% con PPD ≥ 5 mm. Fue bajo el nivel de cumplimiento en la realización de PPD (aunque mayor en mujeres) y de QP secundaria.

Incidence of Latent Tuberculosis Infection in a study of household contacts treated in a General Hospital of the City of Buenos Aires

Introduction: The study of household contacts of patients with tuberculosis (TB) is an essential strategy for the early diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and for the establishment of the corresponding treatment for the purpose of reducing TB prevalence in the population. Objective: To know the incidence of LTBI in household contacts and the degree of compliance with control studies and chemoprophylaxis (ChP). Materials and Methods: We carried out a retrospective analysis of > 15-year-old household contacts of patients with TB treated in the Hospital General de Agudos Parmenio Piñero between January 2016 and February 2018. Chest x-ray and tuberculin skin test (PPD, Purified Protein Derivative) were requested, considering ≥ 10 mm as a positive cut-off point. The tuberculin skin test was repeated after 3 months in subjects with negative results. ≥ 5 mm was also considered as PPD+ when analyzing the data. The cases in which patients followed > 80% of the indicated regime were considered as compliant with ChP: 3 months of isoniazid in primary ChP and 6 months in secondary ChP. Results: 4 (1.2%) of the 344 admitted contacts were diagnosed with TB through chest x-rays with pathological images. These 4 contacts with TB were excluded from the study. Within the remaining 340 subjects, with a mean age of 35 ± 16 years, there were 154 (45%) males, 180 (52%) Argentinians and 144 (43%) Bolivians. Of the 193 (57%) subjects who complied with the performance of the basal PPD test, 38 (20%) showed PPD ≥ 10 mm and 89 (46%) ≥ 5 mm. Women were more compliant than men with PPD testing: 122 out of 186 (55%) vs. 71 out of 154 (45%); p = 0.005. There was no significant difference as regards age and nationality. Only 33 (21%) patients complied with the performance of the second PPD test, without any conversions for the 10 mm cut-off point, and with 3 conversions considering ≥ 5 mm as PPD+. Primary ChP was indicated to 55 patients, and secondary ChP to 38 patients. The compliance rate was 75% and 39%, respectively, without a significant association with age, gender or nationality. No adverse event associated with isoniazid was reported. Conclusion: We found 20% LTBI within the population under study considering ≥ 10 mm as PPD+; 46% was found with ≥ 5 mm PPD. There was a low level of compliance with the performance of the PPD test (though it was higher in women) and of secondary ChP.

Nefritis intersticial aguda inducida por rifampicina en un paciente con tuberculosis pulmonar / Rifampicin-induced acute interstitial nephritis in a patient with pulmonary tuberculosis

La tuberculosis (TB) constituye un grave problema de salud en el mundo y está relacionada con problemáticas sociales que dificultan su control y erradicación como la pobreza, la marginalidad y el hacinamiento. Aunque la toxicidad hepática por rifampicina es bien conocida, la nefrotoxicidad es una complicación poco frecuente y grave del tratamiento antituberculosis. El deterioro de la función renal, determinado por nefritis tubulointersticial aguda o necrosis tubular aguda o ambos, por lo general aparece en pacientes que reciben tratamiento intermitente; no obstante, algunos autores han informado casos ocurridos durante la terapia continua con rifampicina.Con frecuencia la lesión renal aguda inducida por rifampicina tiene un curso favorable con tratamiento y una recuperación completa de la función renal en un lapso de tres meses. El siguiente reporte describe un paciente en tratamiento por TB Pulmonar, que desarrolló toxicidad renal inducida por rifampicina

Tuberculosis peritoneal: torta epiploica / Peritoneal tuberculosis: epiploic cake

La tuberculosis es una enfermedad infecciosa causada por la bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis, que constituye un problema de salud pública en el mundo. La tuberculosis peritoneal (TBP) es una patología de baja incidencia que representa el 0.34% de los casos de tuberculosis (TB). Su presentación clínica suele ser inespecífica e insidiosa, siendo importante el diagnóstico precoz para establecer el tratamiento específico. Los síntomas más recurrentes son: ascitis, dolor abdominal, pérdida de peso y fiebre1. La edad promedio de presentación en países subdesarrollados suele ser entre la segunda o tercera décadas de la vida2. La etiología más frecuente es la reactivación de un foco latente abdominal, pudiendo también desarrollarse por extensión directa de órganos vecinos comprometidos (ganglios linfáticos, trompas de Falopio)3 o a partir de una siembra hematógena2. El diagnóstico de TBP suele ser incidental, en la mayoría de las ocasiones en el curso de un abdomen agudo quirúrgico. La TBP se presenta con ascitis en la mayoría de los casos (denominada TBP tipo húmeda), la tipo seca se caracteriza por el engrosamiento de tejidos (peritoneo, mesenterio, epiplón) y representa el 10% de la localización peritoneal. Presentamos un paciente masculino, con síntomas respiratorios de 30 días de evolución, asociados a distensión y dolor abdominal. La tomografía computada (TC) de abdomen evidenció compromiso del epiplón mayor sin ascitis

Indicaciones y perfil de seguridad de las fluoroquinolonas en el tratamiento de la tuberculosis en un hospital general de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires / Indications and safety profile of fluoroquinolones in the treatment of tuberculosis in a general hospital of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires

Introducción: Con frecuencia las fluoroquinolonas integran los esquemas de tratamiento de tuberculosis, tanto en aquellos con enfermedad multirresistente (parte esencial de la prescripción), como también en individuos con tuberculosis sensible e intolerancia a drogas de primera línea. Objetivos: Evaluar cuáles fueron las indicaciones para incluir fluoroquinolonas en el tratamiento antituberculosis y describir los eventos adversos relacionados con su utilización. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un análisis retrospectivo de pacientes que iniciaron tratamiento para tuberculosis entre el 1 de enero de 2014 y el 31 de diciembre de 2016. Definimos evento adverso como aquella condición que derivó en la suspensión de un medicamento o la necesidad de utilizar drogas específicas para su manejo. Se utilizó la prueba de c2 para las comparaciones entre grupos. Resultados: Entre los 267 pacientes que iniciaron tratamiento en el período descripto, recibieron fluoroquinolonas 24 individuos (11 hombres) representando el 9% del total; 19 se trataron con moxifloxacina 400 mg/día y el resto con levofloxacina 750 mg/día. Comparando los grupos con fluoroquinolonas vs. sin fluoroquinolonas, no hubo diferencias significativas en el porcentaje de participantes de sexo masculino (46 vs. 58%), edad (34.7 ± 12 vs. 35.1 ± 15 años), afectación pulmonar (58 vs. 68%) y proporción de abandonos (26 vs. 21%). Hubo una mayor proporción de argentinos en el grupo con fluoroquinolonas vs. sin fluoroquinolonas (71 vs. 44%, p = 0.012) y de individuos VIH positivos (46 vs. 8.6%, p < 0.05). Se indicaron fluoroquinolonas en reemplazo de rifampicina en 9 pacientes (37.5%) debido a la interacción de ésta con antirretrovirales, en 9 (37.5%) por intolerancia y en 5 (21%) por resistencia a anti TB de primera línea, en 1 por el antecedente de cirrosis (en lugar de pirazinamida). El tiempo de tratamiento con fluoroquinolonas fue de 203 ± 158 días (rango 30-660) sin observarse eventos adversos relacionados con su uso. Conclusión: En el grupo examinado el uso de fluoroquinolonas no se asoció a eventos adversos, siendo las indicaciones más frecuentes en estos pacientes las interacciones medicamentosas en pacientes VIH positivos y la intolerancia a las drogas de primera línea.

Introduction: The floroquinolones are frequently used in the treatment regimes for tuberculosis (TB) in both those with multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB), where it forms an essential part of the regimen, as well as intolerance to first-line drugs in the TB sensitive. Objectives: To evaluate the indications to include floroquinolones in TB treatment and to describe the adverse events associated with its use. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of the patients who began treatment for TB between 1 January 2014 and 31 December 2016 was performed. We define adverse event as that condition that results in the suspension of a medicine or the need to use specific drugs for its management. Group characteristics were comparing by using c2 test. Results: Among the 267 patients who began treatment in the period described, 24 (11 men) received fluoroquinolones representing 9% of the total: 19 moxifloxacin 400 mg/day and the rest levofloxacin 750 mg/day. Comparing the groups with fluoroquinolones vs. without fluoroquinolones, there were no significant differences in the percentage of men (46 vs. 58%), age (34.7 ± 12 vs. 35.1 ± 15 years), pulmonary involvement (58 vs. 68%), and proportion of dropouts (26 vs. 21%). There was a higher proportion of Argentines in the group with fluoroquinolones vs. without fluoroquinolones (71 vs. 44%, p = 0,012) and HIV-positive (46 vs. 8.6%, p < 0.05). Fluoroquinolones were indicated in replacement of rifampicin in 9 patients (37.5%) due to the interaction with antiretroviral drugs, in 9 (37.5%) by intolerance and in 5 (21%) for resistance to first-line anti-TB drugs, in 1 by the history of cirrhosis (instead of pyrazinamide). The time of treatment with fluoroquinolones was 203 ± 158 days (range 30-660) with no observed adverse events related to its use. Conclusion: The use of fluoroquinolones was not associated with adverse events in the group of patients studied, drug interactions in HIV positive patients and the intolerance to first-line drugs were the most frequent indications in the studied group.

Indications and safety profile of fluoroquinolones in the treatment of tuberculosis in a general hospital of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires

Introduction: Fluoroquinolones are frequently used in treatment regimes for tuberculosis both in cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, where they are an essential part of the regime, and also in cases of drug-sensitive tuberculosis with intolerance to first-line drugs. Objectives: To evaluate indications to include fluoroquinolones in the anti-tuberculosis treatment and to describe the adverse events associated with their use. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of the patients who began treatment for tuberculosis between January 1, 2014 and December 31, 2016 was performed. We defined an adverse event as the condition that resulted in the suspension of a drug or the need to use specific drugs for its management. Group characteristics were compared by using the c2 test. Results: Of the 267 patients who began treatment in said period, 24 (11 men) received fluoroquinolones, representing 9% of the total population; 19 were treated with 400 mg/day of moxifloxacin and the rest with 750 mg/day of levofloxacin. In the comparison of the groups receiving fluoroquinolones versus the ones without fluoroquinolones, there were no significant differences in the percentage of male participants (46 vs. 58%), age (34.7 ± 12 vs. 35.1 ± 15 years), pulmonary involvement (58 vs. 68%) and withdrawal rate (26 vs. 21%). There was a higher proportion of Argentinians (71 vs. 44%, p = 0.012) and of HIV-positive individuals (46 vs. 8.6%) p < 0.05) in the group with fluoroquinolones vs. the group without fluoroquinolones. Fluoroquinolones were indicated in replacement of rifampicin in 9 patients (37.5%) due to its interaction with antiretroviral drugs, in 9 patients (37.5%) due to intolerance, and in 5 patients (21%) due to resistance to first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs. In one individual, fluoroquinolones were indicated instead of pyrazinamide due to history of cirrhosis. The time of treatment with fluoroquinolones was 203 ± 158 days (range 30-660) with no observed adverse events related to their use. Conclusion: In the group under study, the use of fluoroquinolones was not associated with adverse events. The most frequent indications in these patients were drug interactions in HIV-positive patients and intolerance to first-line drugs.