Allergic inflammation triggers dyslipidemia via IgG signalling.

BACKGROUND: Allergic diseases begin early in life and are often chronic, thus creating an inflammatory environment that may precede or exacerbate other pathologies. In this regard, allergy has been associated to metabolic disorders and with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease, but the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. METHODS: We used a murine model of allergy and atherosclerosis, different diets and sensitization methods, and cell-depleting strategies to ascertain the contribution of acute and late phase inflammation to dyslipidemia. Untargeted lipidomic analyses were applied to define the lipid fingerprint of allergic inflammation at different phases of allergic pathology. Expression of genes related to lipid metabolism was assessed in liver and adipose tissue at different times post-allergen challenge. Also, changes in serum triglycerides (TGs) were evaluated in a group of 59 patients ≥14 days after the onset of an allergic reaction. RESULTS: We found that allergic inflammation induces a unique lipid signature that is characterized by increased serum TGs and changes in the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism in liver and adipose tissue. Alterations in blood TGs following an allergic reaction are independent of T-cell-driven late phase inflammation. On the contrary, the IgG-mediated alternative pathway of anaphylaxis is sufficient to induce a TG increase and a unique lipid profile. Lastly, we demonstrated an increase in serum TGs in 59 patients after undergoing an allergic reaction. CONCLUSION: Overall, this study reveals that IgG-mediated allergic inflammation regulates lipid metabolism.

Chaperonin CCT controls extracellular vesicle production and cell metabolism through kinesin dynamics.

Cell proteostasis includes gene transcription, protein translation, folding of de novo proteins, post-translational modifications, secretion, degradation and recycling. By profiling the proteome of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from T cells, we have found the chaperonin complex CCT, involved in the correct folding of particular proteins. By limiting CCT cell-content by siRNA, cells undergo altered lipid composition and metabolic rewiring towards a lipid-dependent metabolism, with increased activity of peroxisomes and mitochondria. This is due to dysregulation of the dynamics of interorganelle contacts between lipid droplets, mitochondria, peroxisomes and the endolysosomal system. This process accelerates the biogenesis of multivesicular bodies leading to higher EV production through the dynamic regulation of microtubule-based kinesin motors. These findings connect proteostasis with lipid metabolism through an unexpected role of CCT.

The impact of type 2 immunity and allergic diseases in atherosclerosis.

Allergic diseases are allergen-induced immunological disorders characterized by the development of type 2 immunity and IgE responses. The prevalence of allergic diseases has been on the rise alike cardiovascular disease (CVD), which affects arteries of different organs such as the heart, the kidney and the brain. The underlying cause of CVD is often atherosclerosis, a disease distinguished by endothelial dysfunction, fibrofatty material accumulation in the intima of the artery wall, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and Th1 inflammation. The opposed T-cell identity of allergy and atherosclerosis implies an atheroprotective role for Th2 cells by counteracting Th1 responses. Yet, the clinical association between allergic disease and CVD argues against it. Within, we review different phases of allergic pathology, basic immunological mechanisms of atherosclerosis and the clinical association between allergic diseases (particularly asthma, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis and food allergy) and CVD. Then, we discuss putative atherogenic mechanisms of type 2 immunity and allergic inflammation including acute allergic reactions (IgE, IgG1, mast cells, macrophages and allergic mediators such as vasoactive components, growth factors and those derived from the complement, contact and coagulation systems) and late phase inflammation (Th2 cells, eosinophils, type 2 innate-like lymphoid cells, alarmins, IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13 and IL-17).

Role of AHR Ligands in Skin Homeostasis and Cutaneous Inflammation.

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is an important regulator of skin barrier function. It also controls immune-mediated skin responses. The AHR modulates various physiological functions by acting as a sensor that mediates environment-cell interactions, particularly during immune and inflammatory responses. Diverse experimental systems have been used to assess the AHR's role in skin inflammation, including in vitro assays of keratinocyte stimulation and murine models of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Similar approaches have addressed the role of AHR ligands, e.g., TCDD, FICZ, and microbiota-derived metabolites, in skin homeostasis and pathology. Tapinarof is a novel AHR-modulating agent that inhibits skin inflammation and enhances skin barrier function. The topical application of tapinarof is being evaluated in clinical trials to treat psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. In the present review, we summarize the effects of natural and synthetic AHR ligands in keratinocytes and inflammatory cells, and their relevance in normal skin homeostasis and cutaneous inflammatory diseases.

TIRF Microscopy as a Tool to Determine Exosome Composition.

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing different biomolecules with biological activity, such as proteins, miRNA, long noncoding RNA, and DNA. EVs are efficient platforms for intercellular communication, especially during immune responses, but also in some pathological contexts, such as tumor cell growth. The precise assessment of EV content is relevant for the selection of specific vesicles with specialized biological activities, whose content is hardly visualized due to their small size. We describe herein a protocol for the determination of the content of individual EVs through microscopy imaging and user-friendly analysis using TIRF microscopy.

Galectin-1 Expression in CD8+ T Lymphocytes Controls Inflammation in Contact Hypersensitivity.

Allergic contact dermatitis, also known as contact hypersensitivity, is a frequent T-cell‒mediated inflammatory skin disease characterized by red, itchy, swollen, and cracked skin. It is caused by the direct contact with an allergen and/or irritant hapten. Galectin-1 (Gal-1) is a ß-galactoside‒binding lectin, which is highly expressed in several types of immune cells. The role of endogenous Gal-1 in contact hypersensitivity is not known. We found that Gal-1‒deficient mice display more sustained and prolonged skin inflammation than wild-type mice after oxazolone treatment. Gal-1‒deficient mice have increased CD8+ T cells and neutrophilic infiltration in the skin. After the sensitization phase, Gal-1‒depleted mice showed an increased frequency of central memory CD8+ T cells and IFN-γ secretion by CD8+ T cells. The absence of Gal-1 does not affect the migration of transferred CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from the blood to the lymph nodes or to the skin. The depletion of CD4+ T lymphocytes as well as adoptive transfer experiments demonstrated that endogenous expression of Gal-1 on CD8+ T lymphocytes exerts a major role in the control of contact hypersensitivity model. These data underscore the protective role of endogenous Gal-1 in CD8+ but not CD4+ T cells in the development of allergic contact dermatitis.

Targeting L-type amino acid transporter 1 in innate and adaptive T cells efficiently controls skin inflammation.

BACKGROUND: Psoriasis is a frequent inflammatory skin disease that is mainly mediated by IL-23, IL-1ß, and IL-17 cytokines. Although psoriasis is a hyperproliferative skin disorder, the possible role of amino acid transporters has remained unexplored. OBJECTIVE: We sought to investigate the role of the essential amino acid transporter L-type amino acid transporter (LAT) 1 (SLC7A5) in psoriasis. METHODS: LAT1 floxed mice were crossed to Cre-expressing mouse strains under the control of keratin 5, CD4, and retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor γ. We produced models of skin inflammation induced by imiquimod (IMQ) and IL-23 and tested the effect of inhibiting LAT1 (JPH203) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR [rapamycin]). RESULTS: LAT1 expression is increased in keratinocytes and skin-infiltrating lymphocytes of psoriatic lesions in human subjects and mice. LAT1 deletion in keratinocytes does not dampen the inflammatory response or their proliferation, which could be maintained by increased expression of the alternative amino acid transporters LAT2 and LAT3. Specific deletion of LAT1 in γδ and CD4 T cells controls the inflammatory response induced by IMQ. LAT1 deletion or inhibition blocks expansion of IL-17-secreting γ4+δ4+ and CD4 T cells and dampens the release of IL-1ß, IL-17, and IL-22 in the IMQ-induced model. Moreover, inhibition of LAT1 blocks expansion of human γδ T cells and IL-17 secretion by human CD4 T cells. IL-23 and IL-1ß stimulation upregulates LAT1 expression and induces mTOR activation in IL-17+ γδ and TH17 cells. Deletion or inhibition of LAT1 efficiently controls IL-23- and IL-1ß-induced phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT/mTOR activation independent of T-cell receptor signaling. CONCLUSION: Targeting LAT1-mediated amino acid uptake is a potentially useful immunosuppressive strategy to control skin inflammation mediated by the IL-23/IL-1ß/IL-17 axis.

ABCDE approach to victims by lifeguards: How do they manage a critical patient? A cross sectional simulation study.

INTRODUCTION: Decision-making in emergencies is a multifactorial process based on the rescuer, patient, setting and resources. The eye-tracking system is a proven method for assessing decision-making processes that have been used in different fields of science. Our aim was to evaluate the lifeguards' capacity to perform the ABCDE (Airway-Breathing-Circulation-Disability-Exposure) approach when facing a simulated critically ill-drowned victim. METHODS: A cross-sectional simulation study was designed to assess the skills and sequence of the ABCDE approach by 20 professional lifeguards. They had to assess a victim and act according to his/her clinical status by following the ABCDE primary assessment approach. The two kinds of variables were recorder: those related to the quality of each step of the ABCDE approach and the visual behaviour using a portable eye-movement system. The eye-tracking system was the Mobile Eye system (Bedford, USA). RESULTS: None of the study participants were able to complete correctly the ABCDE approach. Lifeguards spent more time in the Circulation step: Airway (15.5±11.1 s), Breathing (25.1±21.1 s), Circulation (44.6±29.5 s), Disability (38.5±0.7 s). Participants spent more time in viewpoints considered as important (65.5±17.4 s) compared with secondary ones (34.6±17.4 s, p = 0.008). This was also represented in the percentage of visual fixations (fixations in important viewpoints: 63.36±15.06; fixation in secondary viewpoints: 36.64±15.06; p = 0.008). CONCLUSION: Professional lifeguards failed to fully perform the ABCDE sequence. Evaluation by experts with the help of eye-tracking technology detected the lifeguards' limitations in the assessment and treatment of an eventual critically ill victim. Such deficits should be considered in the design and implementation of lifeguards' training programmes.

Psychomotor Limitations of Overweight and Obese Five-Year-Old Children: Influence of Body Mass Indices on Motor, Perceptual, and Social-Emotional Skills.

The present research aimed to study the psycho-motor performance of five-year-old children with different body mass indices (BMI). A total of 694 pre-school children in the province of Albacete-Spain participated. Their performance in motor, perceptual, and social-emotional skills was analyzed using a standardized observation sheet (Checklist of Psychomotor Activities-CPA) and then compared according to their BMI using non-parametric statistical methods (Mann-Whitney test). Separate comparisons were made for girls and boys. Results indicated significant differences in performance amongst the groups of girls in all the motor and perceptual activities, and in the social relationships component of the social-emotional factor. These differences seemed to penalize motor activities, perceptual skills, and social relationships in overweight and obese girls compared to normal weight girls. In the case of boys, there were significant differences in laterality and visual-motor coordination (favoring overweight boys). Differences in respiratory control were also found, but in this case, penalizing obese boys compared to normal weight boys. Knowledge of possible psychomotor limitations in obese children could allow psychologists and healthcare professionals to design more focused interventions.

Percepción de autoecacia hacia la inclusión en futuros maestros de educación física / Perception of self-eficacy towards inclusion in pre-service teachers of physical education / Percepção de autoeficácia para inclusão em futuros professores de educação física

Los maestros son un eje fundamental en el proceso de construcción de una escuela inclusiva. Es por ello que parece relevante estudiar cómo perciben su eficacia en el trato con alumnos y alumnas con discapacidad, hecho de especial importancia en la formación inicial de futuros maestros y maestras de Educación Física (EF). El objetivo de la presente investigación fue analizar la autoeficacia percibida por parte de futuros docentes de EF en formación para la adaptación de tareas en EF, convirtiéndolas en inclusivas. Un total de 228 estudiantes (Medad=21.85 años) de los grados de maestro en educación primaria y maestro en educación infantil participaron en este estudio, en ambos casos con la mención en EF. Todos cumplimentaron una adaptación al contexto español de la Self-Eficacy Scale for Physical Education Teacher Education Majors towards Children with Disabilities (SE-PETE-D) (Block, Hutzler, Barak y Klavina, 2013). Los resultados indicaron que los participantes con formación específica en EF inclusiva y con participación previa en deporte inclusivo se percibían como más competentes a la hora de adaptar las tareas de clase para conseguir una EF inclusiva respecto a sus compañeros sin formación específica o contacto previo. Estos resultados sugirieron incluir programas de formación en EF inclusiva con el objetivo de mejorar la formación inicial de los maestros de educación primaria e infantil con mención de EF

Teachers are a fundamental axis in the process of building an inclusive school. It seems relevant to study how they perceive their effectiveness in dealing with students with disabilities, a fact of special importance in the initial training of future teachers of physical education (PE). The objective of the present research was to explore the differences in perceived self-efficacy to adapt tasks in PE and make them inclusive by PE teachers in training. A total of 228 students (Mage=21.85 years) from the bachelor’s degrees in Primary Education and Bachelor’s in Early Childhood Education, both with a specialitation in PE, took part of this study. All of them completed the Spanish version of the Self-Efficacy Scale for Physical Education Teacher Education Majors towards Children with Disabilities (SE-PETE-D) (Block, Hutzler, Barak and Klavina, 2013). The results indicated that the participants with specific training in inclusive PE and with participation in inclusive sport were perceived as more competent when adapting tasks to achieve an inclusive PE. "ese results suggested to include training programs in inclusive PE with the aim of improving the initial training of PE teachers

Os professores são um eixo fundamental no processo de construção de uma escola inclusiva. Por isso, parece relevante estudar como eles percebem sua efetividade em lidar com alunos com deficiência, fato de especial importância na formação inicial de futuros professores de Educação Física (EF). O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar a autoeficácia percebida por parte de futuros professores de EF em treinamento para a adaptação de tarefas de EF, tornando-os inclusivos. Um total de 228 alunos (Midade=21,85 anos) das séries de professoras no ensino fundamental e professor na educação infantil participaram deste estudo, em ambos os casos com a menção na EF. Todos preencheram uma adaptação ao contexto espanhol da Escala de auto-efficácia para Educação Física Professor Majors educação às crianças com Defficiência (SE-PETE-D) (Block, Hutzler, Barak and Klavina, 2013). Os resultados indicaram que os participantes com formação específfca na participação inclusiva e anterior inclusive EF esporte percebidos como mais competente na adaptação atribuições de sala de aula para alcançar uma EF inclusive em comparação com seus pares sem formação especí€ca ou contato anterior. Estes resultados sugeridos incluem programas de formação em EF inclusiva com o objetivo de melhorar a formação inicial de profesores de educação primária e infantil com menção de EF

Learning and Treatment of Anaphylaxis by Laypeople: A Simulation Study Using Pupilar Technology.

An anaphylactic shock is a time-critical emergency situation. The decision-making during emergencies is an important responsibility but difficult to study. Eye-tracking technology allows us to identify visual patterns involved in the decision-making. The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate two training models for the recognition and treatment of anaphylaxis by laypeople, based on expert assessment and eye-tracking technology. A cross-sectional quasi-experimental simulation study was made to evaluate the identification and treatment of anaphylaxis. 50 subjects were randomly assigned to four groups: three groups watching different training videos with content supervised by sanitary personnel and one control group who received face-to-face training during paediatric practice. To evaluate the learning, a simulation scenario represented by an anaphylaxis' victim was designed. A device capturing eye movement as well as expert valuation was used to evaluate the performance. The subjects that underwent paediatric face-to-face training achieved better and faster recognition of the anaphylaxis. They also used the adrenaline injector with better precision and less mistakes, and they needed a smaller number of visual fixations to recognise the anaphylaxis and to make the decision to inject epinephrine. Analysing the different video formats, mixed results were obtained. Therefore, they should be tested to evaluate their usability before implementation.

Target molecules in 3T3-L1 adipocytes differentiation are regulated by maslinic acid, a natural triterpene from Olea europaea.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome is a set of pathologies among which stand out the obesity, which is related to the lipid droplet accumulation and changes to cellular morphology regulated by several molecules and transcription factors. Maslinic acid (MA) is a natural product with demonstrated pharmacological functions including anti-inflammation, anti-tumor and anti-oxidation, among others. PURPOSE: Here we report the effects of MA on the adipogenesis process in 3T3-L1 cells. METHODS: Cell viability, glucose uptake, cytoplasmic triglyceride droplets, triglycerides quantification, gene transcription factors such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (aP2) and intracellular Ca2+ levels were determined in pre-adipocytes and adipocytes of 3T3-L1 cells. RESULTS: MA increased glucose uptake. MA also decreased lipid droplets and triglyceride levels, which is in concordance with the down-regulation of PPARγ and aP2. Finally, MA increased the intracellular Ca2+ concentration, which could also be involved in the demonstrated antiadipogenic effect of this triterpene. CONCLUSION: MA has been demonstrated as potential antiadipogenic compound in 3T3-L1 cells.

El comportamiento visual de bloqueadoras juveniles de voleibol y su relación con la precisión de su respuesta / / Comportamento visual dos juvenis de bloqueio voleibol e sua relação com a precisão de sua resposta / Visual behaviour of youth volleyball blockers and its relationship with their response accuracy

El presente estudio examina el comportamiento visual de jóvenes jugadoras de voleibol en la acción del bloqueo. El objetivo fue analizar las estrategias de búsqueda visual y las principales localizaciones de las fijaciones en el transcurso de la acción, estableciendo relaciones entre éstas y el porcentaje de aciertos. 29 jugadoras de voleibol (17,4 ± 0,9 años de edad) debían decidir la dirección de la colocación durante la visualización de secuencias de vídeo proyectadas a tamaño real. Se registraba su decisión mediante el movimiento de las jugadoras, que fue grabado por una cámara de vídeo a 25 fps y se analizó fotograma a fotograma. El comportamiento visual de las jugadoras se obtuvo mediante un sistema de seguimiento de la mirada (Mobile Eye de ASL), y se analizó en función de las dos direcciones de la colocación: zona 3 y zona 4. Se calculó el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson entre el Porcentaje de aciertos totales y las diferentes variables de comportamiento visual, y se aplicó la estadística inferencial para comprobar las diferencias en función de la zona. Las jugadoras estaban más sincronizadas con la información relativa al balón que con la contenida en la colocadora, siendo esa la fuente de información en la que principalmente basaron sus decisiones. La fijación de la zona Balón-Muñeca en los momentos cercanos al contacto puede ser la clave para lograr una correcta anticipación en esta acción, ya que permitiría extraer información del balón y del brazo de la colocadora al mismo tiempo mediante la visión periférica (AU)

The present study examines the visual behavior of young volleyball players during block action. The aim was to analyze visual search behaviour and the main locations during the action, establishing relationships between them and the percentage of correct answers.29 female volleyball players (17,4 ± 0,9 years old) should decide the direction of the setting while the viewed video sequences projected in actual size. The players registered their decision through their movement, which was recorded by a video camera at 25 fps and analyzed frame by frame. Visual behavior of the players is obtained through a system of eye tracking (ASL Mobile Eye), and analyzed according to the two different ball destinations: Zone 3 and Zone 4. Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated between the percentage of total hits and the different variables of visual behavior, and inferential statistics were applied to test for differences depending on the area. Players were more attuned to the information on the ball with that contained in the setter, and this is the source of information on which they based their decisions primarily. Fixing the ball-wrist area in early contact times may be the key to a correct anticipation in this action, as it would allow extracting information of the ball and the arm of the setter while using peripheral vision (AU)

O presente estudo analisa o comportamento visual dos jogadores de vôlei jovens no fechamento ação. O objetivo foi analisar as estratégias de busca visual e as principais localizações dos elementos de fixação no curso da ação, estabelecendo relações entre eles ea porcentagem de acertos. 29 jogadores de voleibol (17,4 ± 0,9 anos de idade) deve decidir no sentido da colocação ao exibir sequências de vídeo projetadas tamanho real. Os jogadores inscritos a sua decisão através do seu movimento, que foi gravado por uma câmera de vídeo a 25 fps e analisadas quadro a quadro. O comportamento visual dos jogadores é obtido através de um sistema de rastreamento (ASL móvel do olho) do olho, e analisados de acordo com os dois sentidos de colocação: Zonas 3 e 4. O coeficiente de correlação de Pearson foi calculado entre a porcentagem do total de hits e as diferentes variáveis de comportamento visual e estatística inferencial foram aplicados para testar as diferenças, dependendo da área. Os jogadores estavam mais sintonizados com a informação sobre a bola com a contida no setter, e esta é a fonte de informação em que se basearam as suas decisões, principalmente. Fixação da área de bola-doll em tempos de contato próximos pode ser a chave para a antecipação correta nesta ação, uma vez que permitiria extrair informação da bola e no braço do setter ao usar a visão periférica (AU)

Análisis de la toma de decisiones en la acción de bloqueo de voleibol: Comparación entre jugadoras de élite y amateur / Decision-making in volleyball block: comparison between elite and amateur players / Análise da tomada de decisões na acção de bloqueio no voleibol: comparação entre jogadoras de elite e amadoras

El propósito del presente estudio ha sido analizar la toma de decisiones en una situación de bloqueo en voleibol, basándonos en las acciones de las colocadoras. La muestra estaba compuesta por 40 jugadoras de voleibol (24.0 ± 4.9 años), que competían de manera federada y participaban durante el juego en la acción de bloqueo. Se analizó la toma de decisiones en esta acción, utilizando secuencias de video proyectadas a tamaño real. Las participantes, en función de su nivel de juego, se dividieron en grupo élite (n=10), formado por las jugadoras de la selección española absoluta, y en grupo amateur (n=30), compuesto por jugadoras de equipos amateur de segunda y primera división. Las secuencias de colocación que visionaron las participantes estuvieron en consonancia con su nivel competitivo, de modo que cada grupo visionó el mismo número de colocaciones, realizadas por dos jugadoras distintas, de su mismo nivel competitivo. Se realizó una comparación entre el porcentaje de acierto de ambos grupos en los diferentes tipos de colocación. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en los aciertos entre los grupos élite y amateur, aunque sí se detectaron diferencias significativas tras ponderar los datos, además de un tamaño del efecto por encima del valor medio. Estas diferencias en las medias de las variables de acierto pueden tener importancia a nivel práctico, puesto que traducidas al terreno de juego supondrían un mayor número de decisiones acertadas. Además, había una fuerte correlación positiva entre las variables de acierto, lo que nos indica que hay una tendencia a acertar o fallar independientemente de la zona de colocación. Estos resultados pueden ser la base para realizar programas de intervención para la mejora de la toma de decisiones en esta acción concreta

The purpose of this study was to analyze decision making in a volleyball block situation, based on the actions of the setter. The sample was composed by 40 female volleyball players (24.0 ± 4.9 years), that were federated and had a role in blocking actions during the game. Decision making in blocks was analyzed, using video sequences projected in a real scale. According to their skill level, the participants were classified into an elite group (n = 10), composed of the players of the spanish national women's volleyball team, and an amateur one (n = 30), with non-professional players from women's First and second spanish division. The setting sequences that the participants watched were in consonance with their skill level, so that every group saw the same number of setting sequences, made by two different players, of the same competitive level. A comparison between success rates in both groups in the different types of settings was performed. No significant differences were found in success between both groups, although significant differences were detected after considering the data, as well as an effect size over the average value. These differences in the means of success variables may be important from a practical point of view, inasmuch as translated to the playing ground would imply a higher success. Besides, a high positive correlation between success variables was found, which points out a trend to failure or success independently of the setting zone. These results can be the basis so as to carry out intervention programs to improve decision making in this specific action

O objectivo do presente estudo foi analisar a tomada de decisões numa situação de bloqueio no voleibol, baseando-nos nas acciones das distribuidoras. A amostra foi composta por 40 jogadoras de voleibol (24.0 ± 4.9 anos), federadas e que participavam durante o jogo na acção de bloqueio. Foi analisada a tomada de decisões nesta acção, utilizando sequências de vídeo projectadas em tamanho real. As participantes, em função do seu nível de jogo, foram divididas em grupo elite (n = 10), formado pelas jogadoras da selecção principal espanhola, e grupo amador (n = 30), composto por jogadoras de equipas amadoras da segunda e primeira divisão. As sequências de distribuição que visionaram as participantes estiveram em consonância com o seu nível competitivo, sendo que cada grupo visionou o mesmo número de distribuições, realizadas por duas jogadoras distintas, do seu nível competitivo. realizou-se uma comparação entre a percentagem de acerto de ambos os grupos nos diferentes níveis de distribuição. Não se verificaram diferenças significativos nos acertos entre os grupos de elite e amador, embora se tenham verificado diferenças significativas após a ponderação dos dados, bem como uma magnitude de efeito acima do valor médio. estas diferenças nas médias das variáveis de acerto pode ser importante a nível prático, uma vez que traduzidas em campo iriam supor um maior número de decisões acertadas. Além disso, verificou-se uma forte correlação positiva entre as variáveis de acerto, o que indica que há uma tendência de acertar ou errar, independentemente da zona de distribuição. estes resultados podem ser a base para delinear programas de intervenção para melhorar a tomada de decisão nesta acção específica

Análisis del comportamiento visual y la toma de decisiones en el bloqueo en voleibol / Analises do comportamento visual e a toma de decisões no bloqueio em voleibol / Analises do comportamento visual e a toma de decisões no bloqueio em voleibol

El presente trabajo aborda el estudio del comportamiento visual y la toma de decisiones de jugadores de voleibol en la acción del bloqueo, ante dos situaciones diferentes de colocación: en apoyo y en salto. La muestra está compuesta por 7 jugadores (M=25,14 ± 3,98 años de edad) que competían de forma federada en categoría absoluta. Éstos se han dividido en dos grupos experimentales en función de su éxito en la toma de decisiones. Se utilizó un sistema de seguimiento de la mirada (Mobile Eye de los laboratorios ASL) para analizar el comportamiento visual. Los resultados revelan que los jugadores más exitosos presentan un mayor ratio de búsqueda de visual y que la fijación de la zona Balón-Muñeca es la más repetida para extraer información en base a la cual tomar la decisión, sobre todo cuando la colocación se realiza en salto (AU)

The present paper studies the visual behavior and decision making of volleyball players in a blocking task, across two different types of setting: in backup and in jump. 7 volleyball players (M=25,14 ± 3,98 years) who plays in absolute federate category took part in this study. They are divided into two experimental groups in base of their performance in a decision making test. An eye tracker (Mobile Eye from ASL laboratory) was used for analyzed the gaze behavior of the volleyball players. Results reveal that successful players have a more visual search rate; also the ball-wrist fixation is the most repeated fixation, used in order to extract information for make the right decision, especially in jump setting (AU)

O presente artigo refere-se ao estudo do comportamento visual e a toma de decisões de jogadores de voleibol na ação do bloqueio, diante de duas situações diferentes de colocação: em apoio no salto. A mostra esta composta por 7 jogadores (M=25,14 ± 3,98 anos de idade) que competiam de forma federada na categoria absoluta. Os grupos foram divididos em experimentais em função do êxito na toma de decisões. Foi utilizado um sistema de seguimento do olhar (Mobile Eye do laboratório ASL) para analisar o comportamento visual. Os resultados revelam que os jogadores com mais sucesso apresentam um maior ratio de campo visual e que a fixação da zona bola-munheca é a mais utilizada para extrair informação baseada na toma de decisão, principalmente quando a colocação é realizada no salto (AU)

Péptidos natriuréticos en la insuficiencia cardiaca / Natriuretic peptides in cardiac insufficiency

La Insuficiencia Cardiaca (IC) es en la actualidad un problema sanitario de gran importancia en los países desarrollados. Mejorar el diagnóstico y su cuidado supone un gran impacto en la morbilidad, mortalidad y el coste sanitario. La disnea es una de las principales manifestaciones clínicas, pero su especificidad es muy baja, de ahí la necesidad de la demostración de un origen cardiaco para tales síntomas. La medición de los péptidos natriuréticos configura el comienzo de una nueva etapa en el diagnóstico y pronóstico de la IC crónica, y por lo tanto, en el manejo de estos pacientes. En este artículo se presentan estos marcadores, especialmente el BNP por su importante papel en el diagnóstico de la IC; se emplea para mejorar la eficacia diagnóstica en los servicios de urgencias, donde ayuda a diferenciar el origen cardiaco de los síntomas, evitando la realización de pruebas innecesarias e ingresos

Cardiac Insufficiency (CI) has now become a very important health issue in developed countries. Improved diagnosis of CI and its management have a great impact on the morbidity, mortality and health cost of this condition. Dyspnoea is one of the most significant clinical manifestations, although its specificity is very low; making it necessary to demonstrate the cardiac origin of such symptoms. Measurement of natriuretic peptides marks the beginning of a new era in the diagnosis and prognosis of chronic CI and thus in the management of these patients. In this sense, this papers describes these markers, especially the BNP (Brain Natriuretic Peptide) marker, given the important role it plays in the diagnosis of CI. BNP is used to improve the diagnostic efficacy at the Emergency Departments, where its determination helps to differentiate the cardiac origin of the presenting symptoms, avoiding unnecessary tests and admissions

Hypothalamic adipic hypernatraemia syndrome with normal osmoregulation of vasopressin.

UNLABELLED: Adipsic hypernatraemia is an uncommon disorder in childhood caused by a defect in the osmoregulation of thirst, leading to impairment of water homeostasis and chronic hyperosmolality of body fluids. Adipsia is often associated with an abnormality in osmoregulated vasopressin secretion due to the close proximity of the hypothalamic osmoreceptors that control thirst with those regulating vasopressin secretion. Hypothalamic lesions of diverse aetiology (vascular abnormalities, neoplasms, granulomatous diseases, trauma etc.) have been described in this syndrome. We report a 12-year-old boy with evident weight loss due to hypernatraemic dehydration with a selective defect in osmoregulation of thirst and normal vasopressin secretion with no demonstrable structural lesion. To date, only six paediatric patients with this condition have been described in the literature. CONCLUSION: Hypothalamic adipsic hypernatraemia syndrome must be suspected when a dehydrated patient denies thirst. The study of antidiuretic function is necessary because the osmoregulation of vasopressin secretion could be altered.

Pronóstico en la vida adulta de la nefropatía iga diagnosticada en la edad pediátrica / Long-term prognosis of childhood IgA nephropathy in adult life

Fundamento: Evaluar el pronóstico a largo plazo de la nefropatía IgA en una población de niños y establecer los factores clínicos de riesgo asociados con la progresión a la insuficiencia renal crónica en la vida adulta. Pacientes y método: Estudio retrospectivo. Constituyen la muestra adultos jóvenes diagnosticados de nefropatía IgA a los 10,6 (DE, 2,9) años de edad, con un seguimiento medio de 11,8 (DE, 2,9) años. Resultados: La presentación clínica más frecuente fueron los brotes de macrohematuria-proteinuria (75,9 por ciento), con elevación plasmática de IgA en el 25,9 por ciento de los casos. Casi todos los niños presentaban una afección histológica de grados I (44,8 por ciento) o II (44,8 por ciento) al diagnóstico. Evolutivamente, se observó una remisión clínica completa en 21 casos (36,2 por ciento), mientras que el 50 por ciento de los pacientes continuaban con diversas alteraciones urinarias. Ocho pacientes (13,8 por ciento) progresaron a la insuficiencia renal crónica terminal (IRCT). La supervivencia renal, definida por un filtrado glomerular superior a 50 ml/min/1,73 m2, fue del 100, del 93,3 y del 81,1 por ciento a los 5, 10 y 15 años del diagnóstico, respectivamente. Conclusiones: A largo plazo se observó un pronóstico renal desfavorable en un 14 por ciento de los niños con nefropatía IgA. La hipertensión arterial al inicio, la elevación de la creatinina plasmática y la aparición de proteinuria en la adolescencia fueron las variables clínicas de riesgo. Las lesiones histológicas leves al diagnóstico de la nefropatía IgA en el niño no excluyeron una evolución renal desfavorable (AU)