Present-Day Crustal Velocity Field in Ecuador from cGPS Position Time Series.

The present study analyzes the GNSS time series obtained between the years 2017 and 2022 for the calculation of absolute and residual rates of Ecuador in 10 stations (ABEC, CUEC, ECEC, EPEC, FOEC, GZEC, MUEC, PLEC, RIOP, SEEC, TPC) of the continuous monitoring REGME network. Considering that the latest studies refer to periods 2012-2014 and Ecuador is located in an area of high seismic activity, it is important to update the GNSS rates. The RINEX data were provided by the Military Geographic Institute of Ecuador, the governing institution of geoinformation in that country; for processing, GipsyX scientific software was used with a PPP mode, considering 24 h sessions, and high precision was achieved. For the analysis of time series, the SARI platform was used. The series was modeled using a least-squares adjustment, which delivered the velocities for each station in the three local topocentric components. The results were contrasted with other studies, obtaining interesting conclusions as the presence of abnormal post-seismic rates stands out due to the high rate of seismic occurrence in Ecuador, and reaffirms the idea of a constant update of velocities for the Ecuadorian territory and the inclusion of the stochastic factor in the analysis of GNSS time series, since it can affect the ability to obtain the final GNSS velocities.

Universal approach for full endoscopic decompression and percutaneous transpedicular fixation of the lumbar spine: A medial central approach (ACM).

ABSTRACT: Cohort study.This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the universal approach of full endoscopy and percutaneous transpedicular fixation via a medial central approach (ACM) performed to surgically treat patients with lumbar degenerative surgical pathologies.Alternatives to interventionist treatments available to patients with lumbar degenerative surgical pathologies are related to recovery from minimally invasive surgery. Considering this, full endoscopic spinal decompression (full endoscopy) and percutaneous transpedicular fixation via an ACM represent advances in neurosurgical procedures, in particular, spinal surgery. Thus, the introduction of endoscopic and minimally invasive surgeries for the lumbar region has become 1 of the most important advances in modern surgery.A cohort of 79 patients undergoing full endoscopy and percutaneous transpedicular fixation was evaluated 6 times in 1 year. Pain intensity was measured using the visual analog scale (VAS), and lumbar functionality was measured using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). Six evaluations were performed: before surgery and on discharge after surgery as well as at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery.Before the ACM was applied, the VAS pain score was 8.52. At 11 hours post-surgery, the pain score reduced to 2.59 points (a difference of 5.73 points; P = 0.001). Of the 10 ODI domains evaluated, a difference was found between the period prior to surgery and 1 month later (P < 0.01).The universal approach to full endoscopy and lumbar percutaneous transpedicular fixation via an ACM is highly effective for patients with lumbar surgical degenerative pathologies.

Factores patogénicos del embarazo complicado por hipertensión arterial, en una población de Lima, 1991-2006 / Pregnancy complicated by arterial hypertension pathogenic factors, in Lima, Peru, 1991-2006

OBJETIVOS: Determinar los factores patogénicos del embarazo complicado por hipertensión arterial. DISEÑO: Estudio clínico retrospectivo. LUGAR: Hospital Nacional Docente Madre-Niño San Bartolomé, Lima. PARTICIPANTES: Gestantes con embarazos complicados por hipertensión arterial. INTERVENCIONES: Se empleó la información materno perinatal del Sistema Informático Perinatal (SIP) del hospital, desde enero 1991 hasta diciembre 2006, con el propósito de determinar la prevalencia del embarazo complicado por hipertensión arterial, establecer los factores asociados y describir su historia natural. PRINCIPALES MEDIDAS DE RESULTADOS: Prevalencia y factores condicionantes de la hipertensión arterial en el embarazo. RESULTADOS: La hipertensión arterial en el embarazo ocurrió con una prevalencia de 8,6 por ciento (8 506/98 956). La preeclampsia y eclampsia representaron el 95 por ciento (8 085/8 506), ocurriendo la preeclampsia en 8,5 por ciento y la eclampsia en0,11 por ciento de los embarazos. Fueron factores condicionantes de preeclampsia y eclampsia: 1) vascular(100 por ciento); 2) hereditario (82 por ciento); 3) social (62,9 por ciento); 4) malnutrición (39,4 por ciento); 5) anatómico (33 por ciento); 6) metabólico (30,6 por ciento); 7) emocional (16 por ciento); y, 8) infeccioso (4 por ciento). CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia de la preeclampsia es mayor en la mujer nulípara y en la multípara con más de 3 hijos. La aparición del cuadro clínico de preeclampsia y/o eclampsia depende de la situación social de la mujer y, la severidad, de la edad gestacional en que aparece la enfermedad y de la existencia del daño en un órgano blanco en el compartimiento materno y/o fetal.

OBJECTIVES: To determine pregnancy complicated by arterial hypertension pathogenic factors. DESIGN: Retrospective clinical study. SETTING: Hospital Nacional Docente Madre-Niño San Bartolome, Lima.PARTICIPANTS: Women with pregnancies complicated by arterial hypertension. INTERVENTIONS: The hospital’s perinatal information technology system was reviewed from January 1991 through December 2006 in order to determine the prevalence of pregnancies complicated by arterial hypertension, to establish associated factors and describe its natural history. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Pregnancy arterial hypertension prevalence and conditioning factors. RESULTS: Pregnancy arterial hypertension prevalence was 8,6 per cent (8 506/98 956). Preeclampsia and eclampsia represented 95 per cent (8 085/8 506) of these cases, preeclampsia prevalence was 8,5 per cent and eclampsia, 0,11 per cent. Preeclampsia and eclampsia conditioning factors were: 1) vascular (100 per cent); 2) hereditary (82per cent); 3) social (62,9 per cent); 4) malnutrition (39,4 per cent); 5) anatomical (33 per cent); 6) metabolic (30,6 per cent); 7) emotional (16 per cent); and, 8) infectious (4 per cent). CONCLUSIONS: Preeclampsia prevalence is higher in the nulliparous woman and in the multiparous mother with more than three children. Presence of clinical preeclampsia and/or eclampsia depends on the woman’s social situation, and severity, on gestational age and the existence of target organ harm in either maternal or fetal compartment.

El extracto etanólico de las flores de Laccopetalum giganteum (pacra-pacra) aumenta la fertilidad en ratas / Ethanolic flower extract from Laccopetalum giganteum (pacra-pacra) increases fertility in rats

Objetivos: Determinar si la administración por vía oral del extracto etanólico de flores de Laccopetalum giganteum (Pacra-pacra) en ratas normales aumenta la fertilidad. Diseño: Estudio experimental. Lugar: Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Material biológico: Ratas. Intervenciones: Cuarentiocho animales fueron divididos aleatoriamente en 2 grandes grupos, de 24 cada uno. El primero fue control, con solución salina fisiológica (SSF) 5mL/kg y el segundo con extracto vía oral, 300 mg/kg, durante 15 días. Cada grupo consideró 6 hembras y 6 machos juntos, y 6 hembras y 6 machos separados. Los animales que estuvieron juntos fueron sacrificados, para observar la presencia de fetos en el útero; y a los animales que estuvieron separados, se les extrajo muestra de sangre, para conocer el nivel de testosterona en machos y LH, FSH, estrógenos y progesterona en hembras, expresándose en ug/dL; el dosaje hormonal se realizó por el método de electroquimioluminiscencia. Asimismo, se determinó GOT, GPT, urea y creatinina, según las técnicas utilizadas en el laboratorio clínico. Principales medidas de resultados: Gravidez, FSH, LH, estrógenos y progesterona en ratas hembras; testosterona en ratas machos. Resultados: Los flavonoides, compuestos fenólicos y taninos estuvieron en mayor cantidad en el extracto etanólico. El 100 por ciento de ratas que recibió el extracto etanólico de la planta y estuvo junto a los machos resultó grávida; y, las separadas que recibieron el mismo extracto, presentaron incremento de FSH en las hembras y testosterona en los machos, comparativamente a los controles respectivos. Los niveles de GOT, GPT, urea y creatinina se encontraron dentro de los límites aceptados. Conclusiones: En condiciones experimentales, el extracto etanólico de las flores de Laccopetalum giganteum (pacra pacra) incrementó la fertilidad en ratas normales.

Objective: To determine whether oral administration of the ethanolic flower extract from Laccopetalum giganteum (pacra-pacra) increases fertility in normal rats. Design: Experimental study. Setting: Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Biologic material: Rats. Interventions: Forty-eight rats were randomly distributed into 2 groups of 24 rats each. The first control group received solución salina fisiológica (SSF) 5 mL/kg and the second group 300 mg/kg of the extract, orally, for 15 days. Each group had 6 female rats and 6 male rats living together and 6 female rats and 6 male rats lived separate. The animals living together were sacrificed in order to observe the fetuses in the uterus. The animals that lived separate had blood samples taken in order to determine testosterone levels in male rats and LH, FSH, estrogen and progesterone levels in female rats using electro chemiluminescence. At the same time, liver function tests, urea and creatinine tests were done. Main outcome measures: Pregnancy, FSH, LH, estrogens and progesterone in female rats; testosterone in male rats. Results: Flavonoids, tannins and phenolic compounds were found in higher quantities in the ethanolic extract. All female rats receiving the plant extract and living together with the male rats got pregnant and the ones that lived separate had increased levels of FSH. Male rats had increased levels of testosterone as compared to the control group. Liver function tests, urea and creatinine were within acceptable limits. Conclusions: The ethanolic flower extract from Laccopetalum giganteum (pacra-pacra) increased fertility in normal rats.

Elección y preferencia del parto domiciliario en Callao, Perú / Choice of and preference for home child-birth in Callao, Perú

Objetivo: Identificar los factores personales y de la atención prenatal relacionados con la elección y preferencia domiciliaria del lugar del parto. Material y métodos El estudio incluyó a 52 casos: mujeres en edad fértil (MEF) cuyo último parto fue domiciliario; y 208 controles: MEF con parto institucional residentes en la misma área geográfica. El estudio se realizó en la Micro red Pachacútec (Callao-Perú). El análisis fue bivariado y multivariado. Resultados La edad promedio de los casos fue 28 años (DS=6,5), y de los controles fue 26 años (DS=6,1). El análisis bivariado demostró la asociación significativa de diversos factores pero al aplicar el análisis multivariado éstos no fueron confirmados. Finalmente, los factores de riesgo fueron: el domicilio como lugar previsto de parto w=34,8 (p=0,0); OR=31,7 (IC=10,1-99,8) y el proveedor de la atención prenatal w=7,0 (p=0,0); OR=0,1 (IC=0,0-0,5). Conclusiones El domicilio como lugar previsto de parto y el proveedor de la atención prenatal son los factores que están altamente asociados con el parto domiciliario.

Objective: Identifying the personal factors and prenatal attention associated with choosing the home for giving birth. Material and Methods The study included 52 cases (fertile women whose last childbirth had been at home) and 208 controls (fertile women residing in the same geographical area). The study was carried out in the Pachacútec micro-network. Analysis was both bivariate and multivariate. Results The cases' average age was 28 (6,5 SD) and 26 for controls (6,1 SD). Bivariate analysis demonstrated a significant association for different factors but these they were not confirmed when multivariate analysis was applied. The risk factors were the home as foreseen place for childbirth w=34,8 (p=0,0); OR=31,7 (CI=10,1;99,8) and prenatal attention supplier w=7,0 (p=0,0); OR=0,1 (CI=0,0;0,5). Conclusions The home as foreseen place for childbirth and prenatal attention supplier were the factors which were highly associated with home childbirth.

[Choice of and preference for home child-birth in Callao, Perú]. / Elección y preferencia del parto domiciliario en Callao, Perú.

OBJECTIVE: Identifying the personal factors and prenatal attention associated with choosing the home for giving birth. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 52 cases (fertile women whose last childbirth had been at home) and 208 controls (fertile women residing in the same geographical area). The study was carried out in the Pachacútec micro-network. Analysis was both bivariate and multivariate. RESULTS: The cases' average age was 28 (6,5 SD) and 26 for controls (6,1 SD). Bivariate analysis demonstrated a significant association for different factors but these they were not confirmed when multivariate analysis was applied. The risk factors were the home as foreseen place for childbirth w = 34.8 (p = 0.0); OR = 31.7 (CI = 10.1; 99.8) and prenatal attention supplier w = 7.0 (p = 0.0); OR = 0.1 (CI = 0.0; 0.5). CONCLUSIONS: The home as foreseen place for childbirth and prenatal attention supplier were the factors which were highly associated with home childbirth.

Glicemia en ayunas y pronóstico obstétrico-perinatal: una nueva consideración / Fasting glucose and maternal-fetal prognosis

En condiciones de ayuno, se extrajeron muestras sanguíneas de 1,560 gestantes peruanos no diabéticas residentes a nivel del mar, en semana 26 a 36 de gestación a fin de establecer valores normales para la glicemia en ayunas en la gestación (método o-toluidina) y comprobar si el pronóstico materno-fatal variaba cuando los valores de glicemia en ayunas (GSA) se encontraban fuera de estos límites. Los percentiles 3,50, 90 y 95 para GA fueron 50,67, 80 y 85 mg/dl, respectivamente. Las gestantes con factores de riesgo para diabetes tuvieron GA singificativamente mayores a quellas que no los tenían 68±10 versus 66±9 mg/dl, p<0.02). Se siguió a 1,415 (90.7 por ciento) de las gestantes y a 1,043 (67 por ciento) de los recién nacidos. La GA mostró una asociación positiva con la presencia de factores de riesgo para diabetes, complicaciones obstétrica, cesárea por desproporción fetopélvica, distocia de hombro y morbi-mortalidad perinatal. Un incremento significativo en el riesgo materno-fetal ocurrió cuando la glicemia en ayunas se encontraba fuera de los límites 50 - 79 mg/dl (2.8 - 4.4 mmo/L). Valores de glicemia en ayunas fuera de estos límites debe considerarse como un indicador pronóstico de mayor riesgo obstétrico y perinatal.´

Blood samples in the fasting state were drawn from 1,560 non diabetic Peruvian pregnant women at 26 to 36 weeks of gestation in order to establish a normal range for fasting serum glucose in pregnancy (ortho-tolouidine method) and to examine whether maternal-fetal prognosis differs when maternal fasting blood sugar (FBS) values are beyond this range. The 3rd, 50th and 95th percentiles were 50, 67, 80 and 85mg/dl, respectively. Pregnant women with diabetes risk factors had mean serum glucose values higher than pregnant women without such risk factors significantly. Follow up was completed on 1, 415 (90.7 per cent) of the pregnancies and 1,043 (67 per cent) of the newborns. Maternal FBS showed a positive association to diabetes risk factors, pregnancy complications, feto-pelvic disproportion, shoulder dystocia, operative deliveries and perinatal morbidity and mortality. A significant increase in the maternal-fetal prognosis occurred when maternal FBS was beyond the range 50-79 mg/dl (2.8 - 4.4 mmol/L). Maternal FBS values should be considered a reliable index at predicting maternal and perinatal outcome.

La minilaparotomía en el Hospital Materno Infantil "San Bartolomé" / The minilaparotomy in the Hospital Materno Infantil

Presentamos un primer reporte de Esterilización voluntaria por minilaparotomía en el Hospital Materno Infantil San Bartolomé entre los años 1978 a 1986. Esta casuistica consta de 151 bloqueos tubarios a través de la minilaparotomía y de los cuales 141 (93.38 por ciento) son del tipo puerperal y 10 (6.62 por ciento) del no puerperal. La edad promedio en la que se realizó esta operación fue entre los 30-39 años de edad, 131 casos (86.75 por cinto). La razon principal para realizar la esterilazación voluntaria fue la multiparidad con 138 casos (91.39 por ciento). La intervención quirúrgica se realizó entre los 40-59 horas post-parto 91 casos (60.29 por cinto). Las complicaciones que se presentaron fueron dos infecciones de pared abdominal y un hematoma a epiplon. El tiempo de permenencia en el hospital, después de la operación fue de 1 a 4 días (100 por ciento).