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1.
Environ Res ; 219: 115030, 2023 02 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36509118

ABSTRACT

Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is one of the deadliest malignancy and treatment options are deplorably limited. Better strategies of prevention are urgently needed but knowledge on risk factors remains scarce. Recent data suggested that arsenic (As) may be involved in GBC carcinogenesis but the question remains debated. To date, there are no data on As measurement in GBC samples. This pilot study aimed to measure As concentrations in tissue samples from patients with GBC compared to non-cancerous gallbladder (NCGB). Included patients underwent cholecystectomy at Hospital Clinico Universidad de Chile, Santiago in Chile, a country with high As exposure, between 2001 and 2020. Tissue samples were preserved in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded blocks. Selected samples were retrieved, processed and submitted to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to determine As concentrations. A total of 77 patients were included, including 35 GBC and 42 NCGB. The two groups were comparable, except for age (68 vs. 49 years, p < 0.001). Measured in 11 GBC and 38 NCGB, total As was detected in 5 GBC (14%) compared to 0 NCGB samples (p < 0.001). GBC group also showed higher median values of As compared to NCGB (p < 0.001). This pilot study provided a proof-of-concept to measure As concentrations in gallbladder samples and showed higher level of As in GBC samples compared to NCGB, paving the way for future studies aiming to investigate the impact of As on GBC, which may contribute to the prevention of this deadly disease.


Subject(s)
Arsenic , Gallbladder Neoplasms , Humans , Gallbladder Neoplasms/epidemiology , Gallbladder Neoplasms/etiology , Gallbladder Neoplasms/pathology , Pilot Projects , Carcinogens , Carcinogenesis
2.
Int. j. med. surg. sci. (Print) ; 9(4): 1-12, Dec. 2022. ilus, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1519417

ABSTRACT

For more than 20 years, immunohistochemistry has represented an auxiliary test of great relevance to support pathological work, however, it should be noted that the pillar of diagnosis continues and will continue to be the classic morphological description based on hematoxylin eosin and the trained eye of the specialist. In neoplastic pathologies, whether benign or malignant, it is becoming increasingly necessary to incorporate new tissue biomarkers that help objectify or confirm the diagnosis of each patient, in order to provide better treatment or a more precise diagnosis about the biological nature of their illness. In this line, there has been intense research in relation to the participation of the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway in the development of various types of tumors, including colon adenocarcinoma, some pancreatic neoplasms and even some tumors of mesenchymal origin, as will be seen. in this work. In this context and based on two clinical cases of special interest, we have prepared a brief review of the literature considering the biological aspects of ß-catenin, tumors where there is currently a true relative consensus that its immunolabeling offers a real contribution to the confirmation of the entity and finally a limited exposition regarding the future of this biomarker in the pathology discipline.


Desde hace más de 20 años la inmunohistoquímica ha representado una prueba auxiliar de gran relevancia para apoyar el trabajo anatomopatológico, no obstante, cabe señalar que, aún el pilar del diagnóstico sigue y seguirá siendo la descripción morfológica clásica basada en hematoxilina eosina y el ojo entrenado del especialista. En las patologías neoplásicas, ya sea benignas, como malignas, se hace cada vez más necesario la incorporación de nuevos biomarcadores tisulares que ayuden a objetivar o confirmar el diagnóstico de cada paciente, con objeto de entregar un mejor tratamiento o un diagnóstico más preciso de la naturaleza biológica de su enfermedad. En esta línea, ha habido intensa investigación en relación con la participación de la vía Wnt/ß-catenina en el desarrollo de varios tipos de cáncer, entre ellos el adenocarcinoma de colon, algunas neoplasias pancreáticas e incluso algunos tumores de origen mesenquimal como se verá en este trabajo. En este contexto y partir de dos casos clínicos de especial interés, hemos preparado una breve revisión de la literatura considerando los aspectos biológicos de la ß-catenina, los tumores donde en la actualidad existe verdadero consenso de que su inmunomarcación ofrece un aporte real a la confirmación de la entidad y finalmente una exposición acotada respecto al futuro de este biomarcador en la disciplina de la anatomía patológica.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Young Adult , beta Catenin/metabolism , Neoplasms/diagnosis , Neoplasms/pathology , Immunohistochemistry/methods , Biomarkers, Tumor , Diagnosis, Differential , Neoplasms/metabolism
3.
Medwave ; 16(5): e6473, 2016 Jun 20.
Article in English, Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27391977

ABSTRACT

Bacille Calmette-Guerin intravesical treatment is the most effective treatment for reducing the recurrence of non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinomas. This treatment can sometimes have side effects and serious complications. Granulomatous prostatitis is a common histological finding but it rarely has a clinical presentation. We report a case of a 75-year-old, type 2 diabetic, male patient who was diagnosed with urothelial in situ carcinoma, for which he began treatment with Bacille Calmette-Guerin instillations. Five years later the patient presented nocturia, pollakiuria, severe urgency, and intense and recurrent perineal pain associated with marked elevation of prostatic specific antigen. A prostatic biopsy was performed that showed a moderate to severe granulomatous prostatitis related to bacille Calmette-Guerin. The patient received full antituberculosis combination drugs with a favorable clinical response.


El bacilo de Calmette-Guerin es el tratamiento intravesical más efectivo para disminuir la recurrencia de los carcinomas uroteliales no-músculo-invasivos. La aplicación de este tratamiento en ocasiones puede presentar efectos secundarios y, excepcionalmente, complicaciones graves. La prostatitis granulomatosa es un hallazgo histológico frecuente pero una entidad rara desde el punto de vista clínico. Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 75 años, diabético tipo 2, que fue diagnosticado de carcinoma in situ vesical, para lo cual inició tratamiento con bacilo de Calmette-Guerin intravesical. El paciente consultó cinco años después por presentar cuadro de nicturia, frecuencia miccional aumentada, urgencia miccional grave y dolor perineal intenso y recurrente asociado a una curva de antígeno prostático específico con marcada elevación. Se le realizó biopsia prostática que mostró una prostatitis crónica granulomatosa de grado moderado a grave relacionada a bacilo de Calmette-Guerin. El paciente recibió esquema antituberculoso completo con buena respuesta clínica.


El bacilo de Calmette-Guerin es el tratamiento intravesical más efectivo para disminuir la recurrencia de los carcinomas uroteliales no-músculo-invasivos. La aplicación de este tratamiento en ocasiones puede presentar efectos secundarios y, excepcionalmente, complicaciones graves. La prostatitis granulomatosa es un hallazgo histológico frecuente pero una entidad rara desde el punto de vista clínico. Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 75 años, diabético tipo 2, que fue diagnosticado de carcinoma in situ vesical, para lo cual inició tratamiento con bacilo de Calmette-Guerin intravesical. El paciente consultó cinco años después por presentar cuadro de nicturia, frecuencia miccional aumentada, urgencia miccional grave y dolor perineal intenso y recurrente asociado a una curva de antígeno prostático específico con marcada elevación. Se le realizó biopsia prostática que mostró una prostatitis crónica granulomatosa de grado moderado a grave relacionada a bacilo de Calmette-Guerin. El paciente recibió esquema antituberculoso completo con buena respuesta clínica.


Subject(s)
BCG Vaccine/adverse effects , Granuloma/chemically induced , Prostatitis/chemically induced , Administration, Intravesical , Aged , BCG Vaccine/administration & dosage , Biopsy , Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/drug therapy , Granuloma/diagnosis , Granuloma/pathology , Humans , Male , Prostatitis/diagnosis , Prostatitis/pathology , Time Factors , Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/drug therapy
6.
Arch Esp Urol ; 60(3): 245-54, 2007 Apr.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17601299

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: The best treatment of clinical stage I non-seminomatous germ cell testicular cancer (NSGCTC) is controversial. Lymphadenectomy allows an adequate retroperitoneal staging and cures up to 70% of patients in pathological stage II. The objective of this study is to analyse our experience in the treatment of this patients with radical orchiectomy and reduced retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy (RRL) as the initial treatment. METHODS: Retrospective study of patients with clinical stage I NSGCTC submitted to radical orchiectomy and RRL at the Urology Service of the University of Chile Clinical Hospital, from January 1990 to December 2000. INCLUSION CRITERIA: retroperitoneal staging with computed tomography (CT), normal tumor markers after orchiectomy and testicular and retroperitoneal biopsy informed at our hospital. The following metastatic risk factors in the testicular biopsy were checked: vascular invasion (venous and/or lymphatic), infiltration of tunica albuginea, rete testis, epididymis, and spermatic cord. RESULTS: 36 patients with 37 testicular tumors were analysed (1 bilateral case). Average age 28 years old. Twenty nine mixed tumors (78%); most frequent histology embryonal carcinoma (76%). Average surgery time 2 hr 7 min; average dissected lymph nodes 13. Introoperative complications: 2,8%; postoperative complications: a) early 5,6%; b) late: 5,6%. No mortality, no second surgeries nor blood transfusions. Four cases of positive RRL (11%). Only retroperitoneal relapses in 2 cases (8%), one out of the limits of dissection. Chemotherapy in 7 patients (19%) a total of 18 cycles. Four cases of contralateral tumor during follow-up (11%). Hundred percent survival at 76 months (16-160). We described sensibility, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of metastatic risk factors. Only epididymis infiltration was a significant predictor of metastasis (p=0,04). CONCLUSIONS: In our hands RRL is a safe surgery, with 5,6% mayor complications. The low false negative rate of CT in staging (11%) and the high number of retroperitoneal relapses (8%) in our study contrast with those of other publications. Limited by the size of our study group, the epididymis infiltration was the only statistically significant predictor of metastasis. Clinical stage I NSGCTC initially managed with RRL has a 100% survival.


Subject(s)
Lymph Node Excision/methods , Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal/pathology , Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal/surgery , Testicular Neoplasms/pathology , Testicular Neoplasms/surgery , Adult , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Neoplasm Staging , Retroperitoneal Space , Retrospective Studies
7.
Arch. esp. urol. (Ed. impr.) ; 60(3): 245-254, abr. 2007. tab
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-055381

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Existe controversia sobre el tratamiento óptimo de los cánceres testiculares de células germinales no seminomatosos (CTCGNS) estadio clínico I. La linfadenectomía permite una adecuada estadificación retroperitoneal y cura hasta el 70% de los pacientes en estadio II patológica. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de estos pacientes mediante orquiectomía radical y linfadenectomía retroperitoneal reducida (LRR) como tratamiento inicial. Método: Estudio retrospectivo de pacientes con CTCGNS estadio clínico I sometidos a orquiectomía radical y LRR en el Servicio de Urología del Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile entre Enero de 1990 y Diciembre de 2000. Criterios de inclusión: estadificación retroperitoneal con tomografía computada (TC), marcadores tumorales normales después de la orquiectomía y biopsia testicular y retroperitoneal informada en nuestro hospital. Se revisaron los siguientes factores de riesgo de metástasis: invasión vascular (venosa y/o linfática), infiltración de túnica albugínea, rete testis, epidídimo y cordón espermático. Resultados: Se analizan 36 pacientes con 37 tumores testiculares (1 caso bilateral). Edad promedio 28 años. Veinte y nueve tumores mixtos (78%); histología mas frecuente carcinoma embrionario (76%). Tiempo promedio de la cirugía 2 horas y 7 minuntos ; promedio de ganglios resecados 13. Complicaciones intraoperatorias 2,8%; complicaciones postoperatorias: a) tempranas 5,6%, b) tardías 5,6%. Sin mortalidad, sin reoperaciones ni transfusiones sanguíneas. Cuatro casos de LRR positivas (11%). Sólo recaídas retroperitoneales en 2 casos (8%), una fuera de los límites de disección. Quimioterapia en 7 pacientes (19%), un total de 18 ciclos. Cuatro casos de tumor testicular contralateral durante el seguimiento (11%). Cien por ciento de sobrevida a 76 meses (16-160). Describimos sensibilidad, especificidad y valor predictivo positivo y negativo de los factores de riesgo de metástasis. Sólo la infiltración de epidídimo fue predictor de metástasis (p=0,04). Conclusión: En nuestras manos la LRR es una cirugía segura que presenta complicaciones mayores en el 5,6% de los casos. El bajo porcentaje de falsos negativos de la TC en la estadificación y la alta tasa de recaída retroperitoneal contrasta con los datos de otras publicaciones. La infiltración de epidídimo fue el único predictor de metástasis estadísticamente significativo, lo cual se encuentra limitado por el tamaño del grupo estudiado. Los CTCGNS etapa clínica I tratados inicialmente con LRR tienen un 100% de sobrevida (AU)


Objectives: The best treatment of clinical stage I non-seminomatous germ cell testicular cancer (NSGCTC) is controversial. Lymphadenectomy allows an adequate retroperitoneal staging and cures up to 70% of patients in pathological stage II. The objective of this study is to analyse our experience in the treatment of this patients with radical orchiectomy and reduced retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy (RRL) as the initial treatment. Methods: Retrospective study of patients with clinical stage I NSGCTC submitted to radical orchiectomy and RRL at the Urology Service of the University of Chile Clinical Hospital, from January 1990 to December 2000. Inclusion criteria: retroperitoneal staging with computed tomography (CT), normal tumor markers after orchiectomy and testicular and retroperitoneal biopsy informed at our hospital. The following metastatic risk factors in the testicular biopsy were checked: vascular invasion (venous and/or lymphatic), infiltration of tunica albuginea, rete testis, epididymis, and spermatic cord. Results: 36 patients with 37 testicular tumors were analysed (1 bilateral case). Average age 28 years old. Twenty nine mixed tumors (78%); most frequent histology embryonal carcinoma (76%). Average surgery time 2hr 7min; average dissected lymph nodes 13. Intraoperative complications: 2,8%; postoperative complications: a) early 5,6%; b) late: 5,6%. No mortality, no second surgeries nor blood transfusions. Four cases of positive RRL (11%). Only retroperitoneal relapses in 2 cases (8%), one out of the limits of dissection. Chemotherapy in 7 patients (19%) a total of 18 cycles. Four cases of contralateral tumor during follow-up (11%). Hundred percent survival at 76 months (16-160). We described sensibility, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of metastatic risk factors. Only epididymis infiltration was a significant predictor of metastasis (p=0,04). Conclusions: In our hands RRL is a safe surgery, with 5,6% mayor complications. The low false negative rate of CT in staging (11%) and the high number of retroperitoneal relapses (8%) in our study contrast with those of other publications. Limited by the size of our study group, the epididymis infiltration was the only statistically significant predictor of metastasis. Clinical stage I NSGCTC initially managed with RRL has a 100% survival (AU)


Subject(s)
Male , Adult , Humans , Lymph Node Excision/methods , Orchiectomy/methods , Testicular Neoplasms/diagnosis , Testicular Neoplasms/surgery , Retroperitoneal Neoplasms/complications , Retroperitoneal Neoplasms/epidemiology , Lymph Node Excision/trends , Retrospective Studies , Chile/epidemiology , Biomarkers/analysis , Risk Factors , Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal/complications , Neoplasm Metastasis/pathology
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