Iliopsoas Muscle/Tendon Proportions at Three Levels of Described Arthroscopic Tenotomy: An Anatomic Study in Fresh Cadaveric Specimens.

PURPOSE: To calculate the iliopsoas muscle/tendon ratio at 3 levels of arthroscopic iliopsoas tenotomy sites in fresh cadaveric specimens. METHODS: An anatomic study design was performed using 16 iliopsoas musculotendinous units from the level of the hip joint to their insertion on the lesser trochanter. All specimens came from 16 fresh cadaveric specimens (10 male, 6 female), with a median age of 41 years (range 31-55.25 years). Circumferential measurements of the composite musculotendinous unit and the iliopsoas tendon were then made at the lesser trochanter insertion, the site of transcapsular tenotomy, and the site of tenotomy at the level of the labrum. Anatomical variance of the iliopsoas tendon at the insertion on the lesser trochanter and muscular extension below the lesser trochanter level also were described. The difference between the median circumference of the iliopsoas musculotendinous units or the isolated tendons at the 3 levels was calculated. RESULTS: The median circumference of the iliopsoas musculotendinous unit at the level of the labrum, orbicularis zone (transcapsular tenotomy site), and the lesser trochanter was 140.9 mm (range 137.9-148.9), 136.7 mm (range 132.9-140), and 99.5 mm (range 96.5-104.8), respectively. The median circumference of the iliopsoas tendon at these same levels was 25.6 mm (range 22.7-33.7), 28.9 mm (range 25.1-32.2), and 30.9 mm (range 27.9-36.1), respectively. Accordingly, the proportions of the iliopsoas muscle/tendon at the level of the labrum, the transcapsular tenotomy site, and the lesser trochanter insertion were 18% tendon/82% muscle, 21% tendon/79% muscle, and 31% tendon/69% muscle, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The proportions of the iliopsoas muscle/tendon at the level of the labrum, the transcapsular tenotomy site and the lesser trochanter insertion were 18% tendon/82% muscle, 21% tendon/79% muscle, and 31% tendon/69% muscle, respectively. The distal muscular projection below the tendinous insertion on the lesser trochanter may maintain the functional connection of the iliopsoas between origin and insertion even after releasing the tendon. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This finding may have implications for a new understanding of arthroscopic tenotomy of the iliopsoas around the hip, as previously described muscle/tendon proportions were not calculated in fresh cadavers.

Influence of Aging on Microvascular Supply of the Gluteus Medius Tendon: A Cadaveric and Histologic Study.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this cadaveric study was to assess the relation between age and microvascular supply of 3 areas of the gluteus medius tendon using a previously validated CD31 immunohistochemistry staining technique. METHODS: Twenty-four fresh-frozen gluteus medius specimens were obtained through a posterolateral approach to the hip. Specimens aged 18 years or older, of either sex, and of any race were considered for this study. The average age of donors was 47.3 years (range, 18-68 years). Each sample was divided into 3 portions: musculotendinous, tendinous, and tendon-bone junction. H&E staining was used for qualitative structural analysis, and then all samples underwent staining with CD31 immunohistochemistry for quantitative assessment of vessels per square millimeter. A comparison of the microvessel density between zones according to age was performed by an analysis of variance. To evaluate the relation between microvessel supply and age, a regression model with curvilinear estimation was used. The data were fitted to a quadratic model. RESULTS: Vascular supply in transversal and longitudinal cuts regardless of the zone was, on average, 53.9 ± 32.1 vessels/mm2 and 51.1 ± 19.3 vessels/mm2, respectively. All the areas of the tendon showed a strength of relation (R) ranging from 0.41 to 0.76 between age and vascular supply. In addition, the proportion of vascular supply change explained by age (R2) was significant in most cases (ranging from 0.17 to 0.56, with P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: There is a chronological relation between aging and microvascular supply of the gluteus medius tendon, in which an initial increase occurs from 18 years of age to 30 to 40 years of age, with a progressive decrease after 50 years of age. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The findings of our study may have implications for increased vulnerability of the gluteus medius tendon and decreased healing potential.

Relación de la edad cronológica y la maduración sexual con la maduración ósea por resonancia magnética nuclear de la epífisis del radio distal en futbolistas adolescentes / Relationship of chronological age and sexual maturity with skeletal maturity by magnetic resonance imaging of the distal radial epiphysis in adolescent football players

Introducción: Aunque el grado de fusión de la epífisis del radio distal izquierdo (ERDI) por resonancia magnética nuclear (RMN) se ha relacionado con la edad cronológica (EC), se desconoce su relación con el Tanner genital en población latinoamericana. Objetivo: Evaluar la relación de la EC y la maduración sexual con la maduración ósea (MO) por RMN de la ERDI en futbolistas adolescentes de la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal que incluyó 60 futbolistas hombres con edad legal certificada entre 12 y 18 años. Se realizó una evaluación médica y una RMN de la ERDI con un resonador de 1.5 T según un protocolo descrito. La lectura de la imagen fue realizada por 3 evaluadores cegados. Se determinó la MO en tres estadios (A: inmaduros; B: en desarrollo; C: maduros) y se evaluó la variabilidad inter e intra-observador. Resultados: Entre los futbolistas incluidos, se encontró un promedio de índice de masa corporal y porcentaje de grasa corporal de 19,6 ± 2,0 Kg/m2 y 1,1 ± 1,2%, respectivamente. Se encontró correlación de la EC y el estadio de maduración por Tanner genital con la MO (Tau_b de Kendall 0,686 y 0,693, respectivamente; p < 0,001). Todos los jugadores clasificados en el grado C tenían 17 o más años y Tanner estadio V. La concordancia inter-observador e intra-observador, mostró un índice kappa de 0,36 (p < 0,001) y 0,60 (p < 0,001), respectivamente. Conclusión: Se encontró relación de la EC y la maduración sexual con la MO por RMN de la ERDI en futbolistas adolescentes. La clasificación por grados de MO en 3 categorías, podría ser más práctica y tener implicaciones para la competencia

Introduction: Although the grade of fusion of the left distal radial epiphysis (LDRE) observed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been linked to chronological age (CA), its relationship to Tanner stage of the genitals in the Latin American population is unknown. Objective: To evaluate the relationship of CA and sexual maturity with skeletal maturity (SM) determined by MRI of the LDRE in adolescent football players from Medellin, Colombia. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study that included 60 male football players with certified legal age between 12 and 18 years. Medical evaluation and MRI of the LDRE using a 1.5 T scanner was performed according to a described protocol. The image reading was performed by 3 blinded evaluators. SM was classified as: A: immature; B: developing; C: mature, and interand intra-observer variability was assessed. Results: Among the football players included in the study, the average body mass index and body fat were 19.6 ± 2.0 kg/m2 and 11.1 ± 1.2%, respectively. A correlation of CA and the Tanner stage of genital maturity with SM (Kendall’s Tau b 0.686 and 0.693, respectively; P < .001) was found. All players classified as stage C were 17 or older and Tanner stage V. The inter-observer and intraobserver agreement showed a kappa index of 0.36 (P < .001) and 0.60 (P < .001), respectively

Effect of a comprehensive ambulatory care model on outcomes of patients with acute coronary syndrome in Colombia / Efecto de un modelo integral de atención ambulatoria sobre los resultados en pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo en Colombia

Objective. To evaluate the effect of a care program designed according to a comprehensive ambulatory care model (CACM) on the appearance of new cardiovascular/coronary events in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Methods. Participants in this quasi-experimental intervention study included acute coronary syndrome patients 30–70 years old. The intervention group (n = 165) received care under the CACM, guided by an interdisciplinary team. The CACM included transitional care, risk stratification by severity, physiological profiling (impedance cardiography), and a treatment plan in accordance with current guidelines. The control group (n = 277) received conventional, recommended care in an ambulatory cardiac rehabilitation program. During one year of follow-up, the use of emergency and hospital services related to new cardiovascular and coronary events was evaluated. Results. Differences in the numbers of cardiovascular events (P = 0.003) and coronary events (P = 0.006) experienced by patients were found between the control group and the intervention group. The instantaneous risk of a cardiovascular event (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.80; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.17–2.75; P = 0.007) and of a coronary event (HR = 1.81; 95% CI: 1.13–2.90; P = 0.013), after adjusting for age, sex, smoking, and compromised coronary arteries, was higher in the control group than the intervention group. Conclusions. Provision of care under the CACM to patients who had experienced an acute coronary event reduced emergency room visits and rehospitalizations related to new cardiovascular and coronary events by 40%. The average “number needed to treat” (NNT) under the CACM to have an impact on one person (in this case, the prevention of one cardiovascular or coronary event), was 9 and 11 respectively, indicating it is cost-effective.

Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de un programa de atención diseñado según un modelo integral de atención ambulatoria (MIAA) en la aparición de nuevos episodios cardiovasculares o coronarios en pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo. Métodos. Como participantes en este estudio de intervención cuasiexperimental se incluyó a pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo de 30 a 70 años de edad. El grupo de intervención (n = 165) recibió atención mediante el MIAA, guiada por un equipo interdisciplinario. El MIAA incluyó la atención transitoria, la estratificación del riesgo según la gravedad, la realización de pruebas fisiológicas (cardiografía de impedancia) y un plan de tratamiento conforme con las directrices actuales. El grupo de referencia (n = 277) recibió la atención convencional recomendada en un programa ambulatorio de rehabilitación cardíaca. Durante el año en que se llevó a cabo el seguimiento, se evaluó el uso de los servicios de urgencia y hospitalarios relacionados con nuevos episodios cardiovasculares y coronarios. Resultados. Se observaron diferencias en el número de episodios cardiovasculares (P = 0,003) y episodios coronarios (P = 0,006) experimentados por los pacientes del grupo de referencia y el grupo de intervención. El cociente de riesgo instantáneo de un episodio cardiovascular (HR = 1,80; IC de 95%: 1,17–2,75; P = 0,007) y de un episodio coronario (HR = 1,81; IC de 95%: 1,13–2,90; P = 0,013), tras ajustar para la edad, el sexo, el tabaquismo y las arterias coronarias afectadas, fue mayor en el grupo de referencia que en el grupo de intervención. Conclusiones. La prestación de atención mediante el MIAA a los pacientes que habían experimentado un episodio coronario agudo redujo en 40% las visitas a servicios de urgencia y las rehospitalizaciones relacionadas con nuevos episodios cardiovasculares y coronarios. El número promedio de pacientes “que es necesario tratar” mediante el MIAA para que tenga repercusión en uno de ellos (en este caso, la prevención de un episodio cardiovascular o coronario), fue de 9 y 11 respectivamente, lo que indica que la intervención es eficaz en función de los costos.

Effect of a comprehensive ambulatory care model on outcomes of patients with acute coronary syndrome in Colombia / Efecto de un modelo integral de atención ambulatoria sobre los resultados en pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo en Colombia

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of a care program designed according to a comprehensive ambulatory care model (CACM) on the appearance of new cardiovascular/coronary events in patients with acute coronary syndrome. METHODS: Participants in this quasi-experimental intervention study included acute coronary syndrome patients 30-70 years old. The intervention group (n = 165) received care under the CACM, guided by an interdisciplinary team. The CACM included transitional care, risk stratification by severity, physiological profiling (impedance cardiography), and a treatment plan in accordance with current guidelines. The control group (n = 277) received conventional, recommended care in an ambulatory cardiac rehabilitation program. During one year of follow-up, the use of emergency and hospital services related to new cardiovascular and coronary events was evaluated. RESULTS: Differences in the numbers of cardiovascular events (P = 0.003) and coronary events (P = 0.006) experienced by patients were found between the control group and the intervention group. The instantaneous risk of a cardiovascular event (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.80; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.17-2.75; P = 0.007) and of a coronary event (HR = 1.81; 95% CI: 1.13-2.90; P = 0.013), after adjusting for age, sex, smoking, and compromised coronary arteries, was higher in the control group than the intervention group. CONCLUSIONS: Provision of care under the CACM to patients who had experienced an acute coronary event reduced emergency room visits and rehospitalizations related to new cardiovascular and coronary events by 40%. The average "number needed to treat" (NNT) under the CACM to have an impact on one person (in this case, the prevention of one cardiovascular or coronary event), was 9 and 11 respectively, indicating it is cost-effective.

OBJETIVO:Evaluar el efecto de un programa de atención diseñado según un modelo integral de atención ambulatoria (MIAA) en la aparición de nuevos episodios cardiovasculares o coronarios en pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo. MÉTODOS: Como participantes en este estudio de intervención cuasiexperimental se incluyó a pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo de 30 a 70 años de edad. El grupo de intervención (n = 165) recibió atención mediante el MIAA, guiada por un equipo interdisciplinario. El MIAA incluyó la atención transitoria, la estratificación del riesgo según la gravedad, la realización de pruebas fisiológicas (cardiografía de impedancia) y un plan de tratamiento conforme con las directrices actuales. El grupo de referencia (n = 277) recibió la atención convencional recomendada en un programa ambulatorio de rehabilitación cardíaca. Durante el año en que se llevó a cabo el seguimiento, se evaluó el uso de los servicios de urgencia y hospitalarios relacionados con nuevos episodios cardiovasculares y coronarios. RESULTADOS: Se observaron diferencias en el número de episodios cardiovasculares (P = 0,003) y episodios coronarios (P = 0,006) experimentados por los pacientes del grupo de referencia y el grupo de intervención. El cociente de riesgo instantáneo de un episodio cardiovascular (HR = 1,80; IC de 95%: 1,17-2,75; P = 0,007) y de un episodio coronario (HR = 1,81; IC de 95%: 1,13-2,90; P = 0,013), tras ajustar para la edad, el sexo, el tabaquismo y las arterias coronarias afectadas, fue mayor en el grupo de referencia que en el grupo de intervención. CONCLUSIONES: La prestación de atención mediante el MIAA a los pacientes que habían experimentado un episodio coronario agudo redujo en 40% las visitas a servicios de urgencia y las rehospitalizaciones relacionadas con nuevos episodios cardiovasculares y coronarios. El número promedio de pacientes "que es necesario tratar" mediante el MIAA para que tenga repercusión en uno de ellos (en este caso, la prevención de un episodio cardiovascular o coronario), fue de 9 y 11 respectivamente, lo que indica que la intervención es eficaz en función de los costos.

La preactivación neuromuscular durante la maniobra evasiva de salto lateral no se asocia con alteraciones posturales en atletas de ultimate: un estudio transversal / Neuromuscular pre-activation during side-cutting maneuver is not associated with postural changes in ultimate athletes: A cross-sectional study

Introducción: Un patrón de preactivación neuromuscular anormal durante la maniobra evasiva de salto lateral (MESL) ha sido relacionado con la lesión del ligamento cruzado anterior. Sin embargo, se desconoce si dicho patrón neuromuscular está asociado con alteraciones posturales y anatómicas. Objetivo: Describir la frecuencia del patrón neuromuscular anormal durante la MESL y explorar su asociación con características posturales y anatómicas en deportistas de ultimate. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio tipo transversal, que incluyó atletas de ultimate a quienes se les realizó una evaluación de las características posturales, anatómicas y la actividad neuromuscular del muslo durante la MESL con electromiografía de superficie. Resultados: La frecuencia del patrón neuromuscular anormal durante la MESL fue del 22,6%. Se encontraron diferencias entre aquellos con y sin el patrón neuromuscular anormal en el cociente entre la preactivación del músculo vasto lateral (VL) y el músculo semitendinoso (ST) (0,46; IC 95%: 0,36 a 0,56; p < 0,001) y la diferencia entre la preactivación del músculo VL y el músculo ST (30,39%; IC 95%: 20,85 a 39,92; p < 0,001). No se encontró asociación de las características posturales y anatómicas con el patrón neuromuscular anormal luego de ajustar por edad, sexo, porcentaje de grasa e índice de masa corporal (p > 0,05). Conclusiones: Se encontró una frecuencia de preactivación neuromuscular anormal del 22,6%, la cual fue mayor en hombres que en mujeres. La preactivación neuromuscular anormal durante la MESL es independiente de las características posturales estáticas y anatómicas de los miembros inferiores en deportistas de ultimate

Introduction: An abnormal pattern of neuromuscular pre-activation during side-cutting maneuvers has been associated with anterior cruciate ligament injuries. However, it is not known if this neuromuscular pattern is associated with postural and anatomical alterations. Objective: To describe the frequency of abnormal neuromuscular patterns during side-cutting maneuvers and explore its association with postural and anatomical characteristics in ultimate sportsmen. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out on ultimate athletes who underwent a postural and anatomic assessment and neuromuscular activity by surface electromyography of the thigh during the side-cutting maneuvers. Results: The frequency of abnormal neuromuscular pattern during side-cutting maneuver was 22.6%. Differences were found between those with and without abnormal neuromuscular pattern in the ratio of pre-activation of the vastus lateralis (VL) muscle and semitendinosus (ST) muscle (0.46; 95% CI: 0.36 to 0.56; P < .001) and the difference between pre-activation of the VL muscle and ST muscle (30.39%; 95% CI: 20.85 to 39.92; P < .001). There was no association between postural and anatomical characteristics and abnormal neuromuscular pattern after adjusting for age, sex, body fat percentage and body mass index (P > .05). Conclusions: A frequency of 22.6% abnormal neuromuscular pre-activation was found, which was higher in men than women. Abnormal neuromuscular pre-activation during side-cutting maneuver is independent of postural and anatomical characteristics of lower limb in ultimate athletes

The regional microvascular density of the gluteus medius tendon determined by immunohistochemistry with CD31 staining: a cadaveric study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: There are no studies to date about the vascularisation into the gluteus medius tendon. The purpose of this study was to define the microvessel density of the gluteus medius in 3 zones through a special staining with CD31 and to identify regional differences in microvascular density that may have implications for the healing. METHODS: We obtained 12 complete gluteus medius tendons from cadavers who had been an average age of 30.3 years old (range 18 to 55). All the donors were males with no known history of hip abnormalities.Following a rigorous protocol, each gluteus medius tendon was divided in 3 portions. Each gluteus medius tendon was divided in 3 portions (I: musculotendinous, II: Tendon, III: Tendon-Bone junction). RESULTS: There were regional differences between all anatomic zones in both the transverse section (p<0.001) and the longitudinal section (p = 0.007). Furthermore, a significant difference was found between zones II and I (mean difference -23.45 IC95% -38.77 to -8.13, p<0.001) and between zones II and III (mean difference -26.08 IC95% -41.39 to -10.76, p<0.001) in transverse section. In longitudinal sections, this difference was found as well between zones II and I (mean difference -29.48 IC95% -51.54 to -7.43, p = 0.01), but not between zones II and III (mean difference -10.87 IC95% -32.93 to 11.18, p = 0.67). CONCLUSIONS: The microvessel density was significantly lower in the length of the tendon (central portion) compared to the other 2 regions.

Effect of a comprehensive ambulatory care model on outcomes of patients with acute coronary syndrome in Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of a care program designed according to a comprehensive ambulatory care model (CACM) on the appearance of new cardiovascular/coronary events in patients with acute coronary syndrome. METHODS: Participants in this quasi-experimental intervention study included acute coronary syndrome patients 30-70 years old. The intervention group (n = 165) received care under the CACM, guided by an interdisciplinary team. The CACM included transitional care, risk stratification by severity, physiological profiling (impedance cardiography), and a treatment plan in accordance with current guidelines. The control group (n = 277) received conventional, recommended care in an ambulatory cardiac rehabilitation program. During one year of follow-up, the use of emergency and hospital services related to new cardiovascular and coronary events was evaluated. RESULTS: Differences in the numbers of cardiovascular events (P = 0.003) and coronary events (P = 0.006) experienced by patients were found between the control group and the intervention group. The instantaneous risk of a cardiovascular event (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.80; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.17-2.75; P = 0.007) and of a coronary event (HR = 1.81; 95% CI: 1.13-2.90; P = 0.013), after adjusting for age, sex, smoking, and compromised coronary arteries, was higher in the control group than the intervention group. CONCLUSIONS: Provision of care under the CACM to patients who had experienced an acute coronary event reduced emergency room visits and rehospitalizations related to new cardiovascular and coronary events by 40%. The average "number needed to treat" (NNT) under the CACM to have an impact on one person (in this case, the prevention of one cardiovascular or coronary event), was 9 and 11 respectively, indicating it is cost-effective.

Insulin resistance and beat-to-beat cardiovascular dynamics: a constant relationship across different body mass index and blood pressure categories.

CONTEXT: Epidemiological studies have shown a progressive increase in insulin resistance (IR) accompanying body weight gain and blood pressure (BP) increase. This has led to the consideration that hemodynamic effects of IR might depend on its relationship with body mass index (BMI) and BP. OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to determine whether IR is associated with changes in hemodynamic indices of cardiovascular function across different categories of BMI (normal weight, overweight, and obese), and BP levels (normal, high normal, and hypertension). DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in a population sample of nondiabetic individuals (n = 731). MEASURES: Insulin resistance was evaluated with the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA) and subjects were classified into quartiles according to HOMA index values. Synchronized beat-to-beat recordings of stroke volume (impedance cardiography) and R-R interval, along with repeated auscultatory BP measurements were performed. Derived hemodynamic parameters were computed and averaged. RESULTS: Analysis of covariance adjusting for confounders showed significant differences for most hemodynamic parameters among different quartiles of HOMA index both in the general population and within each BMI and BP category. Overall, increasing values of HOMA index were associated with significantly higher BP; and reduced R-R interval, stroke index, cardiac index, pre-ejection period and left ventricular ejection time (P < .01) across different categories of BMI and BP. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that even small increases in HOMA index (not necessarily in the range to define IR) may induce significant changes on indices of cardiovascular function even in normal-weight and normotensive subjects, emphasizing the importance of IR at an early stage of the cardiovascular risk continuum.

Puntos de corte del perímetro de la cintura para identificar sujetos con resistencia a la insulina en una población colombiana / Cut points of waist circumference to identify subjects with insulin resistance in a colombian population

Resumen Introducción: el síndrome metabólico (SM) es una condición clínica que aumenta el riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular y se relaciona con resistencia a la insulina (RI). Aunque los consensos establecen la necesidad de puntos de corte específicos del perímetro de la cintura (PC) para cada país, con el fin de identificar sujetos con SM, en Colombia no han sido definidos. Objetivo: definir los puntos de corte del PC en hombres y en mujeres que mejor discriminan la presencia de RI, establecer la prevalencia de SM y verificar la relación entre el PC y RI. Material y métodos: en el contexto del estudio Diagnóstico del Riesgo Cardiovascular Global, Medellín 2007-2008, se realizó una evaluación clínica, antropométrica y de laboratorio. Con el índice de resistencia a la insulina HOMA (IR-HOMA) se definió la presencia de RI a partir del percentil 75. Se construyeron curvas de las características operativas del receptor (COR), se obtuvo el área bajo la curva (AUC) para cada sexo y se usó el índice de Youden para establecer el PC que mejor discriminaba la presencia de RI. Resultados: se incluyeron 800 sujetos, de los cuales 44.8% fueron hombres, con un promedio de edad de 50.3±12.1 e índice de masa corporal (IMC) de 26.1±4.7. Los sujetos con RI tuvieron mayor PC, triglicéridos y presión arterial, además, menor colesterol HDL que aquellos sin RI. Los valores que mejor discriminan la presencia de RI fueron 92 cm en hombres (sensibilidad 82.28%; especificidad 70.14%) y 84 cm en mujeres (sensibilidad 78.15%; especificidad 73.98%) (índice de Youden de 0.52 en ambos sexos). Para los hombres y mujeres el AUC fue 0.828 (IC 95% 0.780-0.876) y 0.815 (IC 95% 0.770-0.859), respectivamente, valor de p< 0.001. Se encontró correlación entre el PC e IR-HOMA (ρ=0.65 en los hombres y ρ=0.62 en las mujeres) y una prevalencia del SM del 44.9%. Conclusión: los valores de PC que mejor discriminaron la presencia de RI son 92 cm para hombres y 84 cm para mujeres. Este criterio podría ser utilizado para identificar sujetos con SM a nivel poblacional. (Acta Med Colomb 2013; 38: 118-126).

Abstract Introduction: the metabolic syndrome (MS) is a clinical condition that increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and is associated with insulin resistance (IR). Although consensus establish the need of specific cut points of waist circumference (WC) for each country in order to identify subjects with MS, these have not been defined in Colombia. Objective: to define the WC cut points in men and women that best discriminate the presence of IR, to establish the prevalence of MS and verify the relation between WC and IR. Material and methods: in the context of the Diagnosis of the Global Cardiovascular Risk study, Medellin 2007-2008, we conducted an anthropometric and laboratory clinical evaluation. With the HOMA insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index, we defined the presence of IR starting from the 75th percentile. Curves of the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) were made and the area under the curve (AUC) for each sex was obtained and the Youden index was used to establish the WC that best discriminated the presence of IR. Results: 800 subjects were included, of whom 44.8% were male, with a mean age of 50.3 ± 12.1 years and body mass index (BMI) of 26.1 ± 4.7. Subjects with IR had higher WC, triglycerides and blood pressure and also lower HDL cholesterol than those without IR. The values that best discriminate the presence of IR were 92 cm in men (sensitivity 82.28%, specificity 70.14%) and 84 cm in women (sensitivity 78.15%, specificity 73.98%) (Youden index of 0, 52 in both sexes). For men and women, the AUC was 0.828 (95% CI 0.780-0.876) and 0.815 (95% CI 0.770 to 0.859), respectively, p <0.001. A correlation between the WC and IR-HOMA ( ρ= 0.65 in men and ρ= 0.62 in women) as well as MS prevalence of 44.9% was found. Conclusion: WC values that best discriminated the presence of IR are 92 cm for men and 84 cm for women. This criterion could be used to identify subjects with MS at the population level. (ActaMed Colomb 2013; 38: 118-126).

Association between thigh muscle development and the metabolic syndrome in adults.

BACKGROUND: Previous research has demonstrated an association between the metabolic syndrome (MS) and muscle mass; however, no studies have shown any relationship with a particular segment of the body, which would be more useful in clinical settings. AIMS: To investigate the association between muscle development of different segments of the body and presence of the MS in adults. METHODS: We used fractionation of body mass to calculate the development of muscle mass and correlated this with presence of the MS in a cross-sectional study in adults. RESULTS: The mean age and body mass index were 42.7 ± 6.6 years and 25.3 ± 3.7 kg/m(2), respectively. 23.1% of adults suffered from the MS. After adjusting for multiple variables, the Z score of both thigh and chest muscle girths were significantly associated with the MS. There were significant differences between adults with or without the MS in the Z score of thigh [-0.686; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) -1.020 to -0.351], mid-thigh (-0.566; 95% CI -0.931 to -0.200) and chest (0.611; 95% CI 0.260-0.962) girths. CONCLUSIONS: There is an association between muscle development and the MS; moreover, muscle thigh perimeter was larger in those without the MS. The use of muscle development of the thigh as an indicator of cardiovascular health-related metabolic alterations is proposed.

Revisión de conceptos actuales: cadera en resorte interno: revisión de tema y anotaciones sobre la técnica quirúrgica de la tenotomía artroscópica transcapsular con radiofrecuencia / Current concepts: internal snapping hip

La cadera en resorte interno es un síndrome que se produce por un resalto anormal del tendón del iliopsoas sobre la cabeza femoral. Este fenómeno se presenta asintomático en el 5 % a 10 % de la población, pero en algunos casos puede haber limitación funcional por dolor. El diagnóstico es clínico, aunque las imágenes radiológicas ayudan a descartar otras causas de dolor. El tratamiento inicial es conservador, pero ante la persistencia de los síntomas debe considerarse la cirugía. La tenotomía artroscópica ha demostrado buenos resultados clínicos sin diferencias significativas con respecto al nivel del corte del tendón, presentando un menor riesgo de complicaciones que la vía abierta, por lo que actualmente se considera una buena alternativa. En este artículo se describe la técnica artroscópica de la tenotomía transcapsular del iliopsoas con radiofrecuencia.

Evaluación hemodinámica no invasiva con cardiografía de impedancia: aplicaciones en falla cardíaca y en hipertensión arterial / Non-invasive hemodynamic evaluation with impedance cardiography: applications in heart failure and hypertension

La cardiografía de impendancia (CGI) representa un método no invasivo para la evaluación del estado hemodinámico latido a latido. Aunque se introdujo por primera vez hace más de 40 años, la CGI ha mostrado un resurgimiento en la última década, a partir de una serie de estudios clínicos que han demostrado su precisión en la estimación del volumen latido, tanto contra el "gold-standard" invasivo (termodilución), como contra los métodos de referencia no invasivos (ecocardiografía). Diversos estudios demuestran la utilidad de esta técnica en el manejo del paciente con falla cardíaca y en el enfoque diagnóstico y terapéutico de la hipertensión arterial, por lo cual constituyen actualmente dos de las aplicaciones clínicas más importantes de la CGI. En falla cardiaca, los cambios en el volumen de líquido del tórax y del gasto cardíaco evaluados por CGI, han demostrado ser predictores de descompensación aguda, incluso semanas antes del inicio de la sintomatología respiratoria; además, permiten identificar el origen cardiogénico o respiratorio de la disnea cuando el examen físico y los demás paraclínicos no son concluyentes. En los pacientes con hipertensión arterial no controlada o resistente, la CGI permite realizar una mejor caracterización del fenotipo hipertensivo y elegir la estrategia farmacológica más específica para intervenir la alteración hemodinámica predominante (resistencia vascular vs. gasto cardiaco elevado). En este artículo se realiza una revisión de los principios biofísicos de la CGI y su utilidad en la evaluación no invasiva del estado hemodinámico, así como una evaluación crítica de la literatura que da soporte a su aplicación clínica en el tratamiento de la falla cardíaca y la hipertensión arterial.

Impedance cardiography (ICG) represents a non-invasive method for hemodynamic assessment in a beat-to-beat basis. Since its introduction more than forty years ago, a renewed interest in the use of this technique during the last decade has been noticed, mainly as a result of a series of clinical studies showing its precision in the estimation of stroke volume either against invasive gold standard (i.e. thermodilution) or against non-invasive reference methods (i.e. echocardiography). On the other hand, ICG has demonstrated to be useful for the management of heart failure patients and for the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to hypertension, which currently constitute two of the major applications of ICG. In heart failure patients, changes in thoracic fluid content and cardiac output tracked by ICG have shown to be predictors of acute decompensation even weeks before respiratory symptoms appear; also allowing identification of a cardiac vs. respiratory origin of dyspnea when physical examination and laboratory tests are not conclusive. In the particular case of patients with uncontrolled or severe hypertension, ICG makes possible a better characterization of hypertensive phenotype leading to a more specific choice of pharmacological agents to treat the primary hemodynamic alteration (i.e elevated peripheral resistance vs. elevated cardiac output). The present review, provides a review of the biophysical principles of ICG and its precision in measuring stroke volume and present a critical assessment of the literature supporting its clinical application in the management of heart failure and arterial hypertension.

The insulin gradient phenomenon: a manifestation of the effects of body weight on blood pressure and insulin resistance.

The relationship between hyperinsulinemia and hypertension is frequently observed in overweight patients; however, population studies have not confirmed an independent association. A population study was conducted to assess whether differences in body mass index and levels of insulinemia modify cardiovascular hemodynamics and arterial pressure. In all, 322 healthy adults underwent a medical evaluation including insulin sensitivity and cardiac performance assessment with echocardiography. A direct relationship between body mass index and blood pressure (r=0.36; P<.01) was shown along with increments in fasting insulin levels. The underlying and progressive rise in insulin levels during blood pressure increase is named the insulin gradient. Left ventricular systolic indexes were significantly greater in the higher-insulin quartile. These findings suggest that body weight increases accompany a rise in systolic pressure and a drop in insulin sensitivity related to the insulin gradient. Increments in ejection fraction and cardiac output with normal total peripheral resistance are related to the blood pressure shift in these persons.

Relación de la resistencia a la insulina con la estructura, la función cardiaca y el metabolismo en adultos jóvenes no obesos / Relationship of insulin resistance with heart structure, function, and metabolism in young, nonobese adults

Introducción: aunque en diabéticos tipo 2 y obesos la resistencia a la insulina se relaciona con alteraciones en la estructura, la función cardiaca, el metabolismo de los lípidos y la glucosa, no se sabe si estos cambios ocurren en adultos jóvenes no obesos sin diabetes.Objetivo: evaluar la relación de la resistencia a la insulina con la estructura, la función cardiaca y el metabolismo en adultos jóvenes no obesos.Material y métodos: es un estudio epidemiológico de corte transversal, en adultos jóvenes entre 17 y 44 años a quienes se les realizó una evaluación de riesgo cardiovascular.Resultados: se incluyeron 249 individuos con una edad promedio de 24,7 ± 6,7 años y un índice de masa corporal (IMC) de 22,2 ± 2,9 kg/m2. Los individuos con resistencia a la insulina presentaron un mayor promedio en el IMC, la presión arterial sistólica (PAS) y cambios desfavorables en el metabolismo de los lípidos y la glucosa (valor p < 0,05). En el quintil 5 del índice de resistencia a la insulina HOMA (IR-HOMA) se encontró un mayor promedio en el grosor de la pared posterior en sístole del ventrículo izquierdo, la fracción de eyección y la fracción de acortamiento endocárdico (valor p < 0,05). Entre el quintil 1 y 5 del IR-HOMA no se encontraron diferencias en la masa miocárdica ni en la función diastólica. Se presentó correlación entre el IR-HOMA y algunas mediciones ecocardiográficas durante la sístole ventricular.Conclusión: los adultos jóvenes no obesos con resistencia a la insulina, presentan cambios desfavorables en el metabolismo de los lípidos y la glucosa, aumento del acortamiento miocárdico y la función sistólica del ventrículo izquierdo, que sugieren una mayor estimulación cardiaca y contractilidad por activación del tono simpático.

Prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with mild hypertension in primary care: impact of echocardiography on cardiovascular risk stratification.

BACKGROUND: Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is an important predictor of cardiovascular risk, and its detection contributes to risk stratification. The aims of the present study were to estimate the prevalence of echocardiographic LVH and to evaluate the influence of echocardiography (ECHO) on cardiovascular risk stratification in hypertensive patients presenting in primary care. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 250 patients recently diagnosed with mild hypertension underwent clinical evaluation including electrocardiography (ECG), microalbuminuria measurement, 24-h blood pressure monitoring and ECHO. Level of cardiovascular risk was stratified, initially using routine procedures including ECG to assess target organ damage and then again after detection of LVH by ECHO. RESULTS: The frequency of echocardiographic LVH was 32%, substantially higher than that detected by ECG (9%). Initial cardiovascular risk stratification yielded the following results: 30% low risk, 49% medium risk, 16% high risk, and 5% very high risk subjects. The detection of LVH by ECHO provoked a significant change in the risk strata distribution, particularly in those patients initially classified as being at medium risk. In this group, 40% of subjects were reclassified as high risk subjects according to ECHO information. The new classification was as follows: 23% low risk, 30% medium risk, 42% high risk, and 5% very high risk subjects. CONCLUSIONS: A substantial proportion of mildly hypertensive patients presenting in primary care have LVH determined by ECHO. Our results suggest that this procedure could significantly improve cardiovascular risk stratification in those patients with multiple risk factors, but no evidence of target organ damage by routine investigations.

Analisis en tiempo y frecuencia de la variabilidad R-R en deportistas y sedentarios / Analysis of time and frecuency of H-R variability in athletes and sedentary people

Objetivo. Comparar el comportamiento de la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca (VFC) en registros de corta duración en reposo entre pesistas, atletas de resistencia aeróbica y personas sedentarias, utilizando métodos del dominio de la frecuencia y el tiempo. Métodos. Después de un período de reposo de 15 minutos en decúbito supino, se realizaron registros de la frecuencia cardíaca a un grupo de 17 atletas de resistencia aeróbica, 15 pesistas y 19 personas sedentarias, utilizando un monitor telemétrico de latidos cardíacos, durante ocho minutos y bajo respiración controlada. Con un software en plataforma Matlab®, se acondicionó la señal y se tomaron 235 datos para la construcción de los tacogramas y su posterior análisis en el dominio de la frecuencia y el tiempo. Resultados. Se encontró una frecuencia cardíaca promedio menor en los atletas de resistencia aeróbica. Todas las mediciones en el dominio del tiempo fueron mayores en los atletas de resistencia aeróbica. No hubo diferencias entre los grupos en los componentes espectrales de alta frecuencia (HF) y baja frecuencia (LF) en unidades normalizadas y en la relación LF/HF. Conclusiones. En los atletas de resistencia aeróbica se encuentra una marcada bradicardia. Las diferencias encontradas en el dominio del tiempo no se evidenciaron en el dominio de la frecuencia. Las adaptaciones producidas por el entrenamiento de larga duración, en los mecanismos centrales que modulan la frecuencia respiratoria o en las células del nodo sinusal, pueden ser las responsables de las diferencias encontradas en la modulación de la frecuencia cardíaca en los deportistas.