Treatment of ionized hypercalcemia in 12 cats (2006-2008) using PO-administered alendronate.

BACKGROUND: Long-term treatment of cats with ionized hypercalcemia using alendronate has not been evaluated. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: Alendronate is well tolerated in treatment of ionized hypercalcemia in cats. ANIMALS: A total of 12 cats with ionized hypercalcemia. METHODS: Prospective study of 12 cats with ionized hypercalcemia of idiopathic origin was identified by telephone and email communication with a convenience sample of consulting veterinarians. Cats were treated with alendronate at a dose of 5-20 mg per feline PO q7d. Serum ionized calcium concentration (iCa) was measured before beginning treatment with alendronate, and after 1, 3, and 6 months of treatment. Alendronate dosage was adjusted according to iCa. Evaluation included physical examination, CBC, biochemistry profile, and diagnostic imaging. The owners and referring veterinarians were questioned about any observed adverse effects. The Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test was used to compare baseline iCa to iCa at different time periods. RESULTS: Alendronate treatment resulted in a decrease in iCa in all 12 cats. The median percentage change in iCa was -13.2%, -15.9%, and -18.1% (range, -29.6 to +7.6; -30.5 to -1.9; -45.8 to +1.5%) at the 1, 3, and 6 month time points, respectively. Baseline iCa was significantly different from 1 month (P = .0042), 3 months (P = .0005), and 6 months (P = .0015). No adverse effects were reported for any of the cats. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Alendronate was well tolerated and decreased iCa in most cats for the 6-month period of observation.

Comparison of signalment, clinicopathologic findings, histologic diagnosis, and prognosis in dogs with glomerular disease with or without nephrotic syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Nephrotic syndrome (NS) develops most commonly in people with glomerular diseases associated with marked albuminuria. Hypernatremia, hypertension, and progressive renal failure are more prevalent in nephrotic than nonnephrotic human patients. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: Dogs with NS have higher serum cholesterol, triglyceride, and sodium concentrations, higher urine protein:creatinine ratios (UPC) and systolic blood pressure, and lower serum albumin concentrations than dogs with nonnephrotic glomerular disease (NNGD). NS is associated with membranous glomerulopathy and amyloidosis. Affected dogs are more likely to be azotemic and have shorter survival times. ANIMALS: Two hundred and thirty-four pet dogs (78 NS dogs, 156 NNGD dogs). METHODS: Multicenter retrospective case-control study comparing time-matched NS and NNGD dogs. NS was defined as the concurrent presence of hypoalbuminemia, hypercholesterolemia, proteinuria, and extravascular fluid accumulation. Signalment, clinicopathologic variables, histopathologic diagnoses, and survival time were compared between groups. RESULTS: Age, serum albumin, chloride, calcium, phosphate, creatinine, and cholesterol concentrations, and UPC differed significantly between NS and NNGD dogs. Both groups were equally likely to be azotemic at time of diagnosis, and NS was not associated with histologic diagnosis. Median survival was significantly shorter for NS (12.5 days) versus NNGD dogs (104.5 days). When subgrouped based on serum creatinine (< or ≥1.5 mg/dL), survival of NS versus NNGD dogs was only significantly different in nonazotemic dogs (51 versus 605 days, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Presence of NS is associated with poorer prognosis in dogs with nonazotemic glomerular disease. Preventing development of NS is warranted; however, specific interventions were not evaluated in this study.

Risk of hemolytic anemia with intravenous administration of famotidine to hospitalized cats.

BACKGROUND: Famotidine administered IV has been associated anecdotally with hemolysis in cats, and some veterinarians recommend using injectable famotidine only by the subcutaneous (SC) route for cats. However, the actual risk of such a reaction is not known. HYPOTHESIS: We hypothesized that famotidine, when given IV slowly, would not be associated with a clinically significant drop in packed cell volume (PCV) in hospitalized cats. ANIMALS: One hundred and forty-two hospitalized cats. METHODS: A retrospective medical record review was performed for hospitalized cats prescribed famotidine IV (n = 56), famotidine SC (n = 48), or no famotidine (n = 38) at a veterinary medical teaching hospital over the period from January 2004 through December 2006. RESULTS: Baseline signalment, observation times, and famotidine dosage (in treated cats) were similar among groups. Median baseline PCVs were significantly lower in the IV (31.5%) and SC (32.0%) groups compared with the control group (35.0%; P= .04). The median percent drop in PCV (3-4%), however, was no different in cats that received famotidine by either route compared with the control group (P= .90), and no cats in either famotidine group were observed to have any clinical signs of hemolysis. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: We conclude from this retrospective study that famotidine IV was given to 56 hospitalized cats without evidence of hemolysis, and that the IV route appeared safe when famotidine was administered over 5 minutes. We could not document a safety advantage of SC versus IV administration in this group of cats.

Effect of praseodymium chloride on liver microsomal enzymes of rats.

A single i.v. dose (5 mg/kg) of a light lanthanon, praseodymium, prolonged the duration of hexobarbital-induced sleep and zoxazolamine-induced paralysis, as well as it modified pharmacokinetic parameters of hexobarbital and zoxazolamine, in rats. Half-lives (t1/2) and area under the curve (AUC) were increased, while elimination coefficient (beta) and clearance (Cl) were decreased. However, in daily doses of 1 mg/kg i.p. for 15 days, praseodymium did not alter pharmacological effects and pharmacokinetic parameters. The in vitro hydroxylation of hexobarbital and zoxazolamine by liver microsomes was inhibited when the animals were treated previously with a single i.v. dose (5 mg/kg) of praseodymium chloride. In these animals, the amount of cytochromes P-450 and b5 were reduced significantly, whereas that of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase remained unchanged. The pretreatment of animals with phenobarbital normalized the microsomal enzyme impairment caused by praseodymium.

Determinacao de diazepam em sangue. / Diazepam determination in blood

Propoe-se um esquema analitico para determinacao de niveis de diazepam em sangue humano com vistas ao controle terapeutico. Apos uma extracao inicial com eter etilico em pH 7,2 e varias fases de purificacao, a determinacao dos niveis de diazepam foi realizada utilizando a tecnica por cromatografia em fase gasosa com detector de captura de eletrons (DCE)