A comparison and methodological proposal for hybrid approaches to quantify environmental impacts: A case study for renewable energies.

The transition towards a more sustainable and decarbonised energy system is mandatory for achieving global climate objectives, and counting on proper tools to evaluate sustainability is essential. Among sustainability assessment methodologies, hybrid approaches integrating Input-Output analysis (IOA) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) are often proposed to overcome limitations and take advantage of strengths of both methodologies. In this paper we propose a new hybrid tiered approach, named Identification and Subtraction Method (ISM). Through a case study of Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) technology, we test the proposed method assessing seven environmental indicators and compare the results obtained by different methodological approaches: Environmental Extended Multiregional Input-Output (EMRIO), LCA and two hybrid approaches. Results showed that, in general, LCA and EMRIO provide the lowest and uppest impact values, respectively. The ISM method expands the LCA boundaries by including indirect impacts, avoiding double-counting and retaining the technological detail and representativeness of the LCA. The main advantage is the ability to establish with high accuracy the impact coming from the LCA system boundaries. Furthermore, ISM is easy to undertake for LCA practitioners, is a low time-consuming hybrid approach once the LCA and EMRIO models are run, and it does not require the alteration of the IO matrix as other hybrid methods. However, the need to perform the EMRIO and LCA analysis could imply high detailed data needs. An additional limitation of the model is that it is not be able to include partial contributions from EMRIO sectors. The highest differences between results obtained by the different methods are found in the assessment of local impacts and the resources depletion, while the methods tend to agree more on global and regional impacts quantification. However, there are limitations to the implementation of the impact characterization methods that should be borne in mind when comparing the results of the different methods.

Estimates of population exposure to atmospheric pollution and health-related externalities in a real city: The impact of spatial resolution on the accuracy of results.

Health impacts of atmospheric pollution is an important issue in urban environments. Its magnitude depends on population exposure which have been frequently estimated by considering different approaches relating pollutant concentration and population exposed to it. However, the uncertainties due to the spatial resolution of the model used to estimate the pollutant concentration or due to the lack of representativeness of urban air quality monitoring station (AQMS) have not been evaluated in detail. In this context, NO2 annual average concentration at pedestrian level in the whole city of Pamplona (Spain) modelled at high spatial resolution (~1 m) by Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) simulations is used to estimate the total population exposure and health-related externalities by using different approaches. Air pollutant concentration and population are aggregated at different spatial resolutions ranging from a horizontal grid cell size of 100 m × 100 m to a coarser resolution where the whole city is covered by only one cell (6 km × 5 km). In addition, concentrations at AQMS locations are also extracted to assess the representativeness of those AQMS. The case with a spatial resolution of 100 m × 100 m for both pollutant-concentration distribution and population data is used as a reference (Base case) and compared with those obtained with the other approaches. This study indicates that the spatial resolution of concentration and population distribution in the city should be 1 km × 1 km or finer to obtain appropriate estimates of total population exposure (underestimations <13%) and health-related externalities (underestimations <37%). For the cases with coarser resolutions, a strong underestimation of total population exposure (>31%) and health-related externalities (>76%) was found. On the other hand, the use of AQMS concentrations can induce important errors due to the limited spatial representativeness, in particular in terms of population exposure.

Assessing sustainability performance in the educational sector. A high school case study.

This paper provides a detailed assessment of the environmental performance of a High school student in the city of Madrid, as well as the associated external costs. Life Cycle Assessment was used to evaluate the potential environmental impacts. Environmental external costs were also estimated using a simplified application of the impact pathway approach. The inventory of environmental loads included the consumption of resources in the school building operation and maintenance (O&M) activities, in the educational activities and in the transport activities. The activity of one student in one school year is the functional unit. The results showed that the emissions contributing to Climate Change are quantified in 461 kg CO2 eq·year-1·student-1, being the transport responsible for the 69% of the total impact, the O&M of the school building for the 20% and the educational activities for the remaining 11%. According to the results, the O&M of the facilities is the largest contributor to ozone depletion and water resource depletion. The educational activity is the main contributor to human toxicity, freshwater eutrophication and ecotoxicity, land use and resource depletion. Transport activities are responsible for most of the impacts related to the exposure to particular matter, ionizing radiation, and those impacts related to photochemical ozone formation, acidification, and terrestrial and marine eutrophication. Furthermore, the quantification of the external costs showed that these costs could reach a value of 34 euro·year-1·student-1 being transport the main contributor with a 52% of the external costs.

Predictive factors of flares in systemic lupus erythematosus patients: data from a multiethnic Latin American cohort.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to determine the factors predictive of flares in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. Methods A case-control study nested within the Grupo Latino Americano De Estudio de Lupus (GLADEL) cohort was conducted. Flare was defined as an increase ≥4 points in the SLEDAI. Cases were defined as patients with at least one flare. Controls were selected by matching cases by length of follow-up. Demographic and clinical manifestations were systematically recorded by a common protocol. Glucocorticoid use was recorded as average daily dose of prednisone and antimalarial use as percentage of time on antimalarial and categorized as never (0%), rarely (>0-25%), occasionally (>25%-50%), commonly (˃50%-75%) and frequently (˃75%). Immunosuppressive drugs were recorded as used or not used. The association between demographic, clinical manifestations, therapy and flares was examined using univariable and multivariable conditional logistic regression models. Results A total of 465 cases and controls were included. Mean age at diagnosis among cases and controls was 27.5 vs 29.9 years, p = 0.003; gender and ethnic distributions were comparable among both groups and so was the baseline SLEDAI. Independent factors protective of flares identified by multivariable analysis were older age at diagnosis (OR = 0.929 per every five years, 95% CI 0.869-0.975; p = 0.004) and antimalarial use (frequently vs never, OR = 0.722, 95% CI 0.522-0.998; p = 0.049) whereas azathioprine use (OR = 1.820, 95% CI 1.309-2.531; p < 0.001) and SLEDAI post-baseline were predictive of them (OR = 1.034, 95% CI 1.005-1.064; p = 0.022). Conclusions In this large, longitudinal Latin American cohort, older age at diagnosis and more frequent antimalarial use were protective whereas azathioprine use and higher disease activity were predictive of flares.

Relación entre la grasa corporal y la expresión de ira en personas que realizan ejercicio regularmente / Relacionamento entre gordura corporal e expressão de raiva em pessoas que se exercitam regularmente / Relationship between body fat mass and the expression of anger in people who practice exercise customarily

La actividad física proporciona beneficios, tanto a la población sana como enferma, pero también puede derivar en problemas psicológicos y emocionales como respuesta al estrés. Además, aquellos atletas con menor peso corporal presentan indicadores más elevados de depresión e ira. Se plantea determinar la relación de la grasa corporal sobre la expresión de ira y entender la relación entre distintos comportamientos psicológicos, en personas físicamente activas. 264 sujetos cumplimentaron el Inventario de Expresión de Ira Estado-Rasgo, versión 2, para el estudio sobre las características de la ira y sus efectos en la salud mental y física. Se tomaron medidas antropométricas (peso, talla, IMC, porcentaje de grasa corporal, masa libre de grasa). Se calcularon distintos percentiles en función del género y edad, clasificando a los participantes en tres grupos: percentil 55 de grasa corporal. Se analizaron distintos comportamientos en relación al STAXI-2 y a los distintos percentiles, pero sin encontrar diferencias significativas entre la ira y los tres grupos (AU)

Physical activity provides benefits, both to healthy as to ill population, but can also lead to psychological and emotional problems in response to stress. Furthermore, those athletes with lower body weight have higher indicators of depression and anger. We propose to relate body fat on the expression of anger and to understand the relationship between different psychological behaviors in physically active people. 264 subjects completed the Anger Expression Inventory State Trait version 2 (STAXI-2), which studies the characteristics of anger and its effects on mental and physical health. Anthropometric measurements (weight, height, BMI, percent body fat, fat-free mass) were taken. Various body fat percentiles, 55 were calculated according to gender and age, classifying participants into three percentile groups. Different behaviors were recorded in relation to STAXI-2 and percentiles, but with no significant differences between anger and those groups (AU)

A atividade física proporciona benefícios tanto para pessoas saudáveis como doentes, mas também pode levar a problemas psicológicos e emocionais, como resposta ao estresse. Além disso, os atletas com menor peso corporal têm indicadores mais altos de depressão e raiva. Prevê-se a determinar a influência da gordura corporal sobre a modulação do comportamento e entender a relação entre os vários comportamentos psicológicos entre as pessoas fisicamente ativas. 264 pessoas preencheram um questionário ad hoc, que incluiu Anger Expression Inventory State Trait version 2 (STAXI-2). Medidas antropométricas (peso, altura, IMC, percentual de gordura corporal, massa livre de gordura) foram tomadas. Vários percentis foram calculados por sexo e idade, classificando os participantes em três grupos: percentil 55 de gordura corporal. Diferentes comportamentos foram registrados em relação ao STAXI-2 e os vários percentis, mas sem diferenças significativas entre a raiva e os três grupos (AU)

Pleuropulmonary involvement in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus from a Latin American inception cohort (GLADEL).

Objectives The objectives of this study were to examine the demographic and clinical features associated with the occurrence of pleuropulmonary manifestations, the predictive factors of their occurrence and their impact on mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. Materials and methods The association of pleuropulmonary manifestations with demographic and clinical features, the predictive factors of their occurrence and their impact on mortality were examined in GLADEL patients by appropriate univariable and multivariable analyses. Results At least one pleuropulmonary manifestation occurred in 421 of the 1480 SLE patients (28.4%), pleurisy being the most frequent (24.0%). Age at SLE onset ≥30 years (OR 1.42; 95% CI 1.10-1.83), the presence of lower respiratory tract infection (OR 3.19; 95% CI 2.05-4.96), non-ischemic heart disease (OR 3.17; 95% CI 2.41-4.18), ischemic heart disease (OR 3.39; 95% CI 2.08-5.54), systemic (OR 2.00; 95% CI 1.37-2.91), ocular (OR 1.58; 95% CI 1.16-2.14) and renal manifestations (OR 1.44; 95% CI 1.09-1.83) were associated with pleuropulmonary manifestations, whereas cutaneous manifestations were negatively associated (OR 0.47; 95% CI 0.29-0.76). Non-ischemic heart disease (HR 2.24; 95% CI 1.63-3.09), SDI scores ≥1 (OR 1.54; 95% CI 1.10-2.17) and anti-La antibody positivity (OR 2.51; 95% CI 1.39-4.57) independently predicted their subsequent occurrence. Cutaneous manifestations were protective of the subsequent occurrence of pleuropulmonary manifestations (HR 0.62; 95% CI 0.43-0.90). Pleuropulmonary manifestations independently contributed a decreased survival (HR: 2.79 95% CI 1.80-4.31). Conclusion Pleuropulmonary manifestations are frequent in SLE, particularly pleuritis. Older age, respiratory tract infection, cardiac, systemic and renal involvement were associated with them, whereas cutaneous manifestations were negatively associated. Cardiac compromise, SDI scores ≥1 and anti-La positivity at disease onset were predictive of their subsequent occurrence, whereas cutaneous manifestations were protective. They independently contributed to a decreased survival in these patients.

Early discoid lupus erythematosus protects against renal disease in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: longitudinal data from a large Latin American cohort.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to examine whether early discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) would be a protective factor for further lupus nephritis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS: We studied SLE patients from GLADEL, an inception longitudinal cohort from nine Latin American countries. The main predictor was DLE onset, which was defined as physician-documented DLE at SLE diagnosis. The outcome was time from the diagnosis of SLE to new lupus nephritis. Univariate and multivariate survival analyses were conducted to examine the association of DLE onset with time to lupus nephritis. RESULTS: Among 845 GLADEL patients, 204 (24.1%) developed lupus nephritis after SLE diagnosis. Of them, 10 (4.9%) had DLE onset, compared to 83 (12.9%) in the group of 641 patients that remained free of lupus nephritis (hazard ratio 0.39; P = 0.0033). The cumulative proportion of lupus nephritis at 1 and 5 years since SLE diagnosis was 6% and 14%, respectively, in the DLE onset group, compared to 14% and 29% in those without DLE (P = 0.0023). DLE onset was independently associated with a lower risk of lupus nephritis, after controlling for sociodemographic factors and disease severity at diagnosis (hazard ratio 0.38; 95% confidence interval 0.20-0.71). CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that DLE onset reduces the risk of further lupus nephritis in patients with SLE, independently of other factors such as age, ethnicity, disease activity, and organ damage. These findings have relevant prognosis implications for SLE patients and their clinicians. Further studies are warranted to unravel the biological and environmental pathways associated with the protective role of DLE against renal disease in patients with SLE.

Predictors of remission, erosive disease and radiographic progression in a Colombian cohort of early onset rheumatoid arthritis: a 3-year follow-up study.

The objective of the study is to find predictors of remission, radiographic progression (RP), and erosive disease in a cohort of patients with early onset rheumatoid arthritis (EORA) that followed a therapeutic protocol aiming at remission, in a real world tight-control setting. EORA patients were enrolled in a 3-year follow-up study. Clinical, biological, immunogenetic, and radiographical data were analyzed. Radiographs were scored according to Sharp-van der Heijde (SvdH) method. RP was defined by an increase of 3 units in 36 months. Remission was defined as DAS28 <2.6. A stepwise multiple logistic regression model was used to identify independent predictors of the three target outcomes. One hundred twenty-nine patients were included. Baseline disease activity was high. Significant overall improvement was observed, but only 33.3 % achieved remission. At 36 month, 50.4 % (65) of patients showed erosions. RP was observed in 62.7 % (81) of cases. Statistical analysis showed that baseline SvdH score was the only predictive factor associated with the three outcomes evaluated. Lower HAQ-DI and absence of autoantibodies were predictive of remission. Higher levels of ESR and presence of erosions at entry were predictive of RP. Independent baseline predictors of incident erosive disease were anti-CCP and RF positivity, symptom duration at baseline >3 months, and presence of HLA-DRB1 shared epitope. Radiographic damage at baseline was the main predictor of outcomes. Autoantibodies, HAQ and ESR at baseline, symptom duration before diagnosis, and HLA-DRB1 status had influence on clinical course and development of structural joint damage in Colombian RA patients.

Clinical, serologic, and immunogenetic characterization (HLA-DRB1) of late-onset lupus erythematosus in a Colombian population.

INTRODUCTION: Late-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) represents a specific subgroup that is defined as onset after 50 years of age. Late-onset lupus may have a different clinical course and serological findings, which may delay diagnosis and timely treatment. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this paper is to determine the clinical, serologic, and immunogenetic differences among Colombian patients with late-onset SLE versus conventional SLE patients. METHODOLOGY: This was a cross-sectional study in a Colombian population. Patients and their medical records were analyzed from the services of Rheumatology in Bogotá and met the criteria for SLE, according to the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) revised criteria for the classification of SLE.In a reference group of late-onset SLE patients (98 participants, with an onset after 50 years of age) and a group of conventional SLE patients (72 participants, with an onset of age of 49 years or less), multiple clinical variables (age, clinical criteria for lupus, alopecia, weight loss, fever, Raynaud's phenomenon) and multiple serological variables (blood count, blood chemistry profile, autoantibodies) were analyzed. Additionally, the HLA class II (DRB1) of all the patients was genotyped, including an additional group of patients without the autoimmune disease. Statistical analysis was performed using the STATA 10.0 package. RESULTS: In the group of late-onset lupus, there was a higher frequency of pleurisy (p = 0.002), pericarditis (p = 0.026), dry symptoms (p = 0.029), lymphopenia (p = 0.007), and higher titers of rheumatoid factor (p = 0.001) compared with the group of conventional SLE. Late-onset SLE patients had a lower seizure frequency (p = 0.019), weight loss (p = 0.009), alopecia (p < 0.001), and Raynaud's phenomenon (p = 0.013) compared to the conventional SLE group. In late-onset SLE, HLA DR17 (DR3) was found more frequently compared with individuals without autoimmune disease (OR 3.81, 95% CI 1.47 to 10.59) (p = 0.0016). CONCLUSION: In the Colombian SLE population analyzed, there may be a probable association of several clinical and serologic variants, which would allow the differentiation of variables in the presentation of the disease among patients with late-onset SLE vs. conventional SLE.

A home telehealth program for patients with severe COPD: the PROMETE study.

BACKGROUND: Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOP) are key events in the natural history of the disease. Patients with more AECOPD have worse prognosis. There is a need of innovative models of care for patients with severe COPD and frequent AECOPD, and Telehealth (TH) is part of these programs. METHODS: In a cluster assignment, controlled trial study design, we recruited 60 patients, 30 in home telehealth (HT) and 30 in conventional care (CC). All participants had a prior diagnosis of COPD with a post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume (FEV1)% predicted <50%, age ≥ 50 years, were on long-term home oxygen therapy, and non-smokers. Patients in the HT group measured their vital signs on a daily bases, and data were transmitted automatically to a Clinical Monitoring Center for followed-up, and who escalated clinical alerts to a Pneumologist. RESULTS: After 7-month of monitoring and follow-up, there was a significant reduction in ER visits (20 in HT vs. 57 in CC), hospitalizations (12 vs. 33), length of hospital stay in (105 vs. 276 days), and even need for non-invasive mechanical ventilation (0 vs. 8), all p < 0.05. Time to the first severe AECOPD increased from 77 days in CC to 141 days in HT (K-M p < 0.05). There was no study withdrawals associated with technology. All patients showed a high level of satisfaction with the HT program. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that HT in elderly, severe COPD patients with multiple comorbidities is safe and efficacious in reducing healthcare resources utilization.

Mestizos with systemic lupus erythematosus develop renal disease early while antimalarials retard its appearance: data from a Latin American cohort.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this paper is to assess the predictors of time-to-lupus renal disease in Latin American patients. METHODS: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients (n = 1480) from Grupo Latino Americano De Estudio de Lupus (GLADEL's) longitudinal inception cohort were studied. Endpoint was ACR renal criterion development after SLE diagnosis (prevalent cases excluded). Renal disease predictors were examined by univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analyses. Antimalarials were considered time dependent in alternative analyses. RESULTS: Of the entire cohort, 265 patients (17.9%) developed renal disease after entering the cohort. Of them, 88 (33.2%) developed persistent proteinuria, 44 (16.6%) cellular casts and 133 (50.2%) both; 233 patients (87.9%) were women; mean (± SD) age at diagnosis was 28.0 (11.9) years; 12.2% were African-Latin Americans, 42.5% Mestizos, and 45.3% Caucasians (p = 0.0016). Mestizo ethnicity (HR 1.61, 95% CI 1.19-2.17), hypertension (HR 3.99, 95% CI 3.02-5.26) and SLEDAI at diagnosis (HR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01-1.06) were associated with a shorter time-to-renal disease occurrence; antimalarial use (HR 0.57, 95% CI 0.43-0.77), older age at onset (HR 0.90, 95% CI 0.85-0.95, for every five years) and photosensitivity (HR 0.74, 95% CI 0.56-0.98) were associated with a longer time. Alternative model results were consistent with the antimalarial protective effect (HR 0.70, 95% CI 0.50-0.99). CONCLUSIONS: Our data strongly support the fact that Mestizo patients are at increased risk of developing renal disease early while antimalarials seem to delay the appearance of this SLE manifestation. These data have important implications for the treatment of these patients regardless of their geographic location.

Patients with relapsing polychondritis and previous cartilage trauma present more autoimmunity phenomena.

Relapsing polychondritis (RP) is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation and destruction of all type of body cartilage, and the cartilage trauma may be a trigger of the disease in a susceptible person. We describe the clinical and laboratory findings in a group of 18 patients with RP with (7 cases) or without (11 cases) anteceding cartilage trauma. The mean age was 41 years in the group with cartilage trauma and 55 years in the group without cartilage trauma. For both groups, female gender was predominant. All patients presented with auricular chondritis. Systemic manifestations and autoimmunity were more common in patients with anteceding trauma.

Validation of the Spanish, Portuguese and French versions of the Lupus Damage Index questionnaire: data from North and South America, Spain and Portugal.

We have previously developed and validated a self-administered questionnaire, modelled after the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics Damage Index (SDI), the Lupus Damage Index Questionnaire (LDIQ), which may allow the ascertainment of this construct in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients followed in the community and thus expand observations made about damage. We have now translated, back-translated and adapted the LDIQ to Spanish, Portuguese and French and applied it to patients followed at academic and non-academic centres in North and South America, Portugal and Spain while their physicians scored the SDI. A total of 887 patients (659 Spanish-speaking, 140 Portuguese-speaking and 80 French-speaking patients) and 40 physicians participated. Overall, patients scored all LDIQ versions higher than their physicians (total score and all domains). Infrequent manifestations had less optimal clinimetric properties but overall agreement was more than 95% for the majority of items. Higher correlations were observed among the Spanish-speaking patients than the Portuguese-speaking and French-speaking patients; further adjustments may be needed before the Portuguese and French versions of the LDIQ are applied in community-based studies. The relationship between the LDIQ and other outcome parameters is currently being investigated in a different patient sample.

Epidemiología de las vasculitis primarias en Colombia y su relación con lo informado para Latinoamérica / Epidemiology of primary vasculitis in Colombia and its relation with reported for latin america

Propuesta: las vasculitis primarias se expresan de forma variable entre pacientes y entre regiones, con frecuencias variables a través del mundo. Su incidencia promedio está calculada en 0,3 a 20 casos por millón de habitantes. Nosotros describimos la frecuencia de las vasculitis primarias en Colombia y la comparamos con lo informado en otros países de Latinoamérica (LA). Métodos: se revisó lo publicado en la literatura de vasculitis primaria en Colombia y en LA desde 1945 hasta 2007 en OLD Medline, Pub Med, BIREME, SciELO Colombia, LILACS. FEPAFEN, incluyendo publicaciones en inglés, español y portugués. La literatura incluye la información publicada del Hospital San Juan de Dios, Bogotá, Colombia y casos sin publicación enviados directamente por los autores. Nosotros calculamos el porcentaje para todos los casos que fueron informados para Colombia. Resultados: se identificaron 857 casos de vasculitis primaria en Colombia. La arteritis de Takayasu fue la vasculitis más frecuente en un 13,3% (114 casos) seguida de la enfermedad de Buerger en 11,2% (96 casos), las vasculitis cutáneas primarias y la poliarteritis nodosa en un 10% (86 casos) cada una. En niños, la vasculitis más frecuente fue la púrpura de Henoch Schönlein en un 24% (206 casos). En Latinoamérica se publicaron 177 artículos con 1605 casos informados. Se evidenció mayor presencia de arteritis de Takayasu en México y Brasil, y de poliangeítis microscópica en Chile y Perú. Conclusión: la mayoría de publicaciones sobre vasculitis primarias provienen de Europa, Norteamérica, Japón, Kuwait y Nueva Zelanda. Existen una serie de publicaciones y experiencia con estas patologías en LA. Un número considerable de publicaciones y casos con vasculitis primarias se han informado en Colombia en los recientes años, incluyendo la reciente descripción de la variante nodular de la vasculitis cutánea. La arteritis de Takayasu fue la variante más reportada del promedio de vasculitis, al igual que en Brasil y México. En contraposición a los hallazgos realizados en Brasil, Colombia y Mexico, las vasculitis asociadas a ANCA fueron la forma más informada en países como Chile y Perú. La mayoría de casos informados en LA provienen de México, siendo Colombia el segundo país en frecuencia. Es posible que exista más información pero no la conocemos, por no estar publicada. No existen estudios de incidencia y prevalencia. A escala mundial solo existen estudios de incidencia de las vasculitis primarias, y solo se han realizado estudios de incidencia y prevalencia en la granulomatosis de Wegener.

Purpose: primary vasculitis occurs with variable expression in individual patients and regions, and variable frequency throughout the world. Their overall incidence has been calculated to be 40 cases per million populations. We sought to describe the frequency of vasculitis in Colombia and compare it with vasculitis reported from other countries of Latin America (LA). Methods: review of available published literature on vasculitis in LA from 1945 to 2007 in OLD Medline, Pub Med, BIREME, SciELO Colombia, LILACS, FEPAFEN, including publications in English, Spanish and Portuguese. The literature included published information from San Juan de Dios hospital, Bogota, Colombia, and unpublished cases submitted directly to the authors. We calculated the percentage of all cases which are reported from Colombia. Results: we identified 857 cases of primary vasculitis in Colombia. Takayasu arteritis was the most common vasculitis in 13.3% (114 cases) followed by Buerger's disease in 11.2% (96 cases), primary cutaneous vasculitis and polyarteritis nodosa in a 10% (86 cases) each. In children, the vasculitis was more frequent in Henoch Schonlein purpura in 24% (206 cases). In Latin America, 177 articles were published in 1605 reported cases. It showed increased presence of Takayasu's arteritis in Mexico and Brazil, and microscopic poliangeiitis in Peru and Chile. Conclusion: while the majority of publications on primary vasculitis are from Europe and North America, there is a substantial literature and experience with these disorders in LA. A considerable number of publications and cases have emerged from Colombia in recent years, including case descriptions of a recently described variant of nodular cutaneous vasculitis. Takayasu arteritis was the most frequently reported form of primary vasculitis overall, and also from Brazil and Mexico. However, ANCA related vasculitis were the most commonly reported forms in Chile and Peru instead. The greatest numbers of cases were reported from Mexico, the LA's most populous country, with Colombia a close second.

Erosive arthropathy: clinical variance in lupus erythematosus and association with anti-CCP case series and review of the literature.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the occurrence of erosive arthropathy in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and its relationship to anti-CCP antibodies. METHODS: Retrospective medical record review of a case series of five female patients with SLE and erosive arthropathies. RESULTS: The initial disease presentation in all patients was a polyarthritis. Anti-CCP antibodies were detected in 4 out of 5 (80%) patients, 2 of whom had a positive rheumatoid factor. CONCLUSION: Erosive arthritis was strongly associated with the presence of anti-CCP antibodies in these patients with SLE, who presented with polyarthritis. Anti-CCP in patients with SLE may be a marker of a more severe joint disease.