ABSTRACT
Abstract This is the first report on analysis of habitat complexity and heterogeneity of the Pantanal wetland. The Pantanal encompasses a peculiar mosaic of environments, being important to evaluate and monitor this area concerning conservation of biodiversity. Our objective was to indirectly measure the habitat complexity and heterogeneity of the mosaic forming the sub-regions of the Pantanal, by means of remote sensing. We obtained free images of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from the sensor MODIS and calculated the mean value (complexity) and standard deviation (heterogeneity) for each sub-region in the years 2000, 2008 and 2015. The sub-regions of Poconé, Canoeira, Paraguai and Aquidauana presented the highest values of complexity (mean NDVI), between 0.69 and 0.64 in the evaluated years. The highest horizontal heterogeneity (NDVI standard deviation) was observed in the sub-region of Tuiuiú, with values of 0.19 in the years 2000 and 2015, and 0.21 in the year 2008. We concluded that the use of NDVI to estimate landscape parameters is an efficient tool for assessment and monitoring of the complexity and heterogeneity of the Pantanal habitats, applicable in other regions.
Resumo Este é o primeiro trabalho sobre análise da complexidade e heterogeneidade de habitats do Pantanal. O Pantanal é constituído por um mosaico de ambientes com características peculiares, sendo importante a avaliação e o monitoramento dessa área voltado para a conservação da biodiversidade. O objetivo do estudo é mensurar de forma indireta a complexidade e a heterogeneidade do mosaico de habitats os quais formam as sub-regiões do Pantanal, por meio do sensoriamento remoto. Foram obtidas, gratuitamente, imagens de índice de vegetação por diferença normalizada (NDVI) do sensor MODIS e calculado o valor de média (complexidade) e desvio padrão (heterogeneidade) para cada sub-região do Pantanal, para os anos de 2000, 2008 e 2015. Os pantanais de Poconé, Canoeira, Paraguai e Aquidauana são as regiões que apresentaram os maiores valores de complexidade (NDVI médio), variando entre 0.69 a 0.64 para os anos avaliados. Maior heterogeneidade (NDVI desvio padrão) foi observada na sub-região pantaneira do Tuiuiú, sendo o valor para os anos de 2000 e 2015 igual a 0.19 e para o ano de 2008 o valor de 0.21, o que implica que a região tem a maior heterogeneidade horizontal quando comparada com as demais sub-regiões. Constata-se que o uso de NDVI na estimativa de parâmetros da paisagem é uma ferramenta eficiente para o reconhecimento e monitoramento da complexidade e heterogeneidade de habitats do Pantanal, replicável em outras regiões.
Subject(s)
Environmental Monitoring/methods , Ecosystem , Biodiversity , Wetlands , Remote Sensing Technology , BrazilABSTRACT
This is the first report on analysis of habitat complexity and heterogeneity of the Pantanal wetland. The Pantanal encompasses a peculiar mosaic of environments, being important to evaluate and monitor this area concerning conservation of biodiversity. Our objective was to indirectly measure the habitat complexity and heterogeneity of the mosaic forming the sub-regions of the Pantanal, by means of remote sensing. We obtained free images of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from the sensor MODIS and calculated the mean value (complexity) and standard deviation (heterogeneity) for each sub-region in the years 2000, 2008 and 2015. The sub-regions of Poconé, Canoeira, Paraguai and Aquidauana presented the highest values of complexity (mean NDVI), between 0.69 and 0.64 in the evaluated years. The highest horizontal heterogeneity (NDVI standard deviation) was observed in the sub-region of Tuiuiú, with values of 0.19 in the years 2000 and 2015, and 0.21 in the year 2008. We concluded that the use of NDVI to estimate landscape parameters is an efficient tool for assessment and monitoring of the complexity and heterogeneity of the Pantanal habitats, applicable in other regions.
Subject(s)
Biodiversity , Ecosystem , Environmental Monitoring/methods , Wetlands , Brazil , Remote Sensing TechnologyABSTRACT
AIM: Double balloon enteroscopy (DBE) has been extensively used in tertiary referral centers but little literature exists on the efficacy, complications and outcomes of patients undergoing DBE in the community setting. We present our findings regarding the use of DBE in a community hospital. METHODS: From March 2007 to January 2011, 88 DBE procedures were performed on 66 patients. Indications included evaluation anemia/gastrointestinal bleed, small bowel IBD and dilation of strictures. Video-capsule endoscopy (VCE) was used prior to DBE in 43 of the 66 patients prior to DBE evaluation. RESULTS: The mean age was 62 years. Thirty-two patients were female, 15 were African-American; 44 antegrade and 44 retrograde DBEs were performed. The mean time per antegrade DBE was 107.4±30.0 minutes with a distance of 318.4±152.9 cm reached past the pylorus. The mean time per lower DBE was 100.7±27.3 minutes with 168.9±109.1 cm meters past the ileocecal valve reached. Endoscopic therapy in the form of electrocautery to ablate bleeding sources was performed in 20 patients (30.3%), biopsy in 17 patients (25.8%) and dilation of Crohn's-related small bowel strictures in 4 (6.1%). 43 VCEs with pathology noted were performed prior to DBE, with findings endoscopically confirmed in 32 cases (74.4%). In 3 cases the DBE showed findings not noted on VCE. CONCLUSION: DBE appears to be equally safe and effective when performed in the community setting as compared to a tertiary referral center with a comparable yield, efficacy, and complication rate.
Subject(s)
Double-Balloon Enteroscopy , Community Health Centers , Double-Balloon Enteroscopy/adverse effects , Female , Humans , Intestinal Diseases/diagnosis , Intestinal Diseases/surgery , Male , Middle AgedABSTRACT
The study of some of the behavioral aspects of the main vector of Leishmania infantum chagasi Cunha & Chagas in the Americas, Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva), such as dispersion, population size, and vector survival rates, is important for the elucidation of the mechanisms of visceral leishmaniasis transmission. These parameters were studied by means of capture-mark-release-recapture experiments in an urban area of Campo Grande municipality, an endemic area of visceral leishmaniasis, situated in Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil. Six capture-mark-release-recapture experiments were undertaken between November 2009 and November 2010 and once in January 2012 with a view to assessing the population size and survival rate of Lu. longipalpis. The insects were released in a peridomicile surrounded by 13 residences. The recaptures were undertaken with automatic light traps for four consecutive weeks after release in the surrounding area. In total, 3,354 sand flies were captured, marked, and released. The overall recapture rate during the capture-mark-release-recapture experiments was 4.23%, of which 92.45% were recaptured at the release site, indicating limited dispersal. The greatest distance recorded from the release site was 165 m for males and 241 m for females. The male daily survival rate, calculated on the basis of regressions from the numbers of marked recaptured insects during the 15 successive days after release was 0.897. The estimated male population size measured by the Lincoln Index was 10,947.127. Though Lu. longipalpis presented a limited dispersion the physical barriers typical of urban environments did not prevent the sand flies from flying long distances.
