ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: An (18)F-labeled positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for amyloid plaque is desirable for early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, particularly to enable preventative treatment once effective therapeutics are available. Similarly, such a tracer would be useful as a biomarker for enrollment of patients in clinical trials for evaluation of antiamyloid therapeutics. Furthermore, changes in the level of plaque burden as quantified by an amyloid plaque PET tracer may provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of amyloid-targeted therapeutics. This work describes our approach to evaluate and select a candidate PET tracer for in vivo quantification of human amyloid plaque. METHODS: Ligands were evaluated for their in vitro binding to human amyloid plaques, lipophilicity and predicted blood-brain barrier permeability. Candidates with favorable in vitro properties were radiolabeled with (18)F and evaluated in vivo. Baseline PET scans in rhesus monkey were conducted to evaluate the regional distribution and kinetics of each tracer using tracer kinetic modeling methods. High binding potential in cerebral white matter and cortical grey matter was considered an unfavorable feature of the candidate tracers. RESULTS: [(18)F]MK-3328 showed the most favorable combination of low in vivo binding potential in white matter and cortical grey matter in rhesus monkeys, low lipophilicity (Log D=2.91) and high affinity for human amyloid plaques (IC(50)=10.5±1.3 nM). CONCLUSIONS: [(18)F]MK-3328 was identified as a promising PET tracer for in vivo quantification of amyloid plaques, and further evaluation in humans is warranted.
Subject(s)
Brain/metabolism , Fluorine Radioisotopes/pharmacokinetics , Oxazoles/pharmacokinetics , Plaque, Amyloid/metabolism , Pyridines/pharmacokinetics , Radiopharmaceuticals , Alzheimer Disease/diagnostic imaging , Animals , Autoradiography , Brain/diagnostic imaging , Brain/pathology , Humans , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Macaca mulatta , Plaque, Amyloid/diagnostic imaging , Positron-Emission Tomography/methods , Radiopharmaceuticals/chemical synthesis , Radiopharmaceuticals/pharmacokinetics , Tissue DistributionABSTRACT
5-Fluoro-2-aryloxazolo[5,4-b]pyridines were synthesized and investigated as potential (18)F containing ß-amyloid PET ligands. In competition binding assays using human AD brain homogenates, compounds 14b, 16b, and 17b were identified as having favorable potency versus human ß-amyloid plaque and were radiolabeled for further evaluation in in vitro binding and in vivo PET imaging experiments. These studies led to the identification of 17b (MK-3328) as a candidate PET ligand for the clinical assessment of ß-amyloid plaque load.
