Subject(s)
Authorship , Industry/organization & administration , Research Personnel/organization & administration , Research/organization & administration , Universities/organization & administration , Animals , Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/therapeutic use , Cell Engineering , Humans , Nanotechnology , Sulfonamides/therapeutic useSubject(s)
Federal Government , Politics , Research Personnel/psychology , Research Support as Topic/legislation & jurisprudence , Research/economics , Budgets/legislation & jurisprudence , California , Emigration and Immigration/legislation & jurisprudence , Personnel Selection , Research/standards , Research/statistics & numerical data , Research Personnel/economics , Research Personnel/standards , Universities/economics , WorkforceSubject(s)
Anemia, Sickle Cell/genetics , Anemia, Sickle Cell/therapy , Genetic Therapy/methods , Anemia, Sickle Cell/pathology , CRISPR-Cas Systems , Clinical Trials as Topic , DNA Repair , Endodeoxyribonucleases/metabolism , Genetic Engineering/methods , Genetic Therapy/adverse effects , Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism , Hematopoietic Stem Cells/pathology , HumansSubject(s)
Alzheimer Disease , Biomedical Research/trends , Parkinson Disease , Age Distribution , Aging , Alzheimer Disease/epidemiology , Alzheimer Disease/therapy , Animals , Humans , Parkinson Disease/epidemiology , Parkinson Disease/therapy , Public-Private Sector Partnerships , Translational Research, Biomedical/trends , WorkforceSubject(s)
Hemophilia A/complications , Hemophilia B/complications , Joint Diseases/etiology , Orthopedics/trends , Animals , Biomarkers/blood , Blood Coagulation Factors/administration & dosage , Hemophilia A/drug therapy , Hemophilia B/drug therapy , Humans , Joint Diseases/drug therapy , Joint Diseases/physiopathology , Synovitis/drug therapy , Synovitis/etiology , Synovitis/physiopathologySubject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Drug Discovery/methods , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry , Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/immunology , Bacteria/drug effects , Bacteria/immunology , Bacteria/metabolism , Bacterial Infections/drug therapy , Bacterial Infections/microbiology , Bacterial Infections/prevention & control , Bacterial Toxins/antagonists & inhibitors , Bacterial Vaccines , Bacteriocins/pharmacology , Bacteriocins/therapeutic use , Drug Design , Escherichia coli/drug effects , Escherichia coli/metabolism , Humans , Mice , Microbial Viability/drug effects , Nanomedicine , Porifera/genetics , Porifera/microbiology , Secondary Prevention , Species Specificity , Spectinomycin/chemistry , Spectinomycin/pharmacologySubject(s)
Inflammasomes/immunology , Inflammasomes/metabolism , Inflammation/pathology , Animals , Disease , Humans , Immunity, Innate/immunology , Inflammasomes/antagonists & inhibitors , Inflammasomes/chemistry , Inflammation/drug therapy , Inflammation/immunology , Interleukin-18/immunology , Interleukin-1beta/immunologySubject(s)
Mathematics/methods , Models, Biological , Neoplasms , Animals , Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage , Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use , Biological Evolution , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Resistance, Neoplasm , Game Theory , Humans , Medical Oncology/methods , Molecular Targeted Therapy , Neoplasm Invasiveness , Neoplasms/drug therapy , Neoplasms/genetics , Neoplasms/pathologySubject(s)
Epidemiologic Methods , Medical Informatics/methods , Medical Informatics/trends , Medical Records , Confidentiality/legislation & jurisprudence , Confidentiality/standards , Databases, Genetic , Humans , Lactones/adverse effects , Medical Informatics/ethics , National Health Programs/standards , Sulfones/adverse effects , United Kingdom , United StatesABSTRACT
Antibiotic resistance in aquatic bacteria has increased steadily as a consequence of the widespread use of antibiotics, but practice and international treaty should have limited antibiotic contamination in Antarctica. We estimated antibiotic resistance in microorganisms isolated from the Antarctic marine waters and a penguin rookery, for 2 reasons: (i) as a measure of human impact and (ii) as a potential "snapshot" of the preantibiotic world. Samples were taken at 4 established sampling sites near Palmer Station, which is situated at the southern end of the Palmer Archipelago (64 degrees 10'S, 61 degrees 50'W). Sites were chosen to provide different potentials for human contamination. Forty 50 mL samples of seawater were collected and colony-forming units (CFU)/mL were determined at 6 and 20 degrees C. For this study, presumed psychrophiles (growth at 6 degrees C) were assumed to be native to Antarctic waters, whereas presumed mesophiles (growth at 20 degrees C but not at 6 degrees C) were taken to represent introduced organisms. The 20-6 degrees C CFU/mL ratio was used as a measure of the relative impact to the ecosystem of presumably introduced organisms. This ratio was highest at the site nearest to Palmer Station and decreased with distance from it, suggesting that human presence has impacted the natural microbial flora of the site. The frequency of resistance to 5 common antibiotics was determined in each group of isolates. Overall drug resistance was higher among the presumed mesophiles than the presumed psychrophiles and increased with proximity to Palmer Station, with the presumed mesophiles showing higher frequencies of single and multiple drug resistance than the psychrophile population. The frequency of multidrug resistance followed the same pattern. It appears that multidrug resistance is low among native Antarctic bacteria but is increased by human habitation.