Fecal microbiota transplant by push enteroscopy to treat diarrhea caused by Clostridium difficile.

Clostridium difficile is the major etiological agent of pseudomembranous colitis and is found in up to 20% of adult inpatients. The recommended treatment is antibiotic therapy with metronidazole and/or vancomycin. However, the recurrence rate may reach up to 25% and it increases in each episode. The newest alternative to treat diarrhea due to recurrent Clostridium difficile is fecal microbiota transplantation. The procedure was performed in 12 patients, with a 6-month follow-up on 10 of them. Of the ten cases, bacterial recurrence was diagnosed in only one patient, after a course of antibiotic to treat urinary tract infection, without presenting with diarrhea. The particularity of our study, besides being an unprecedented event in South America, is the way to perform the infusion of fecal microbiota by enteroscopy.

Vitamin D intoxication: case report.

Hypervitaminosis D is a rarely reported condition. In general it is only perceived when hypercalcemia is not resolved. The use of vitamin D has increased in recent years because of its benefits, but as a result, intoxication cases have occurred more frequently. This report describes a patient who presented worsening of renal function and hypercalcemia. After investigation, vitamin D intoxication was confirmed and it was due to an error in compounding.

Vitamin D intoxication: case report / Intoxicação por vitamina D: relato de caso

Hypervitaminosis D is a rarely reported condition. In general it is only perceived when hypercalcemia is not resolved. The use of vitamin D has increased in recent years because of its benefits, but as a result, intoxication cases have occurred more frequently. This report describes a patient who presented worsening of renal function and hypercalcemia. After investigation, vitamin D intoxication was confirmed and it was due to an error in compounding.

A hipervitaminose D é pouco relatada. Geralmente, só é percebida quando o quadro de hipercalcemia não se resolve. Em razão de seus benefícios, o uso de vitamina D aumentou nos últimos anos; consequentemente, os casos de intoxicação também tiveram aumento. Este relato destacou um caso em que o paciente apresentava piora da função renal e hipercalcemia. Após investigação, ficou confirmada a intoxicação por vitamina D devido a um erro de manipulação da droga.

Allergic proctocolitis: the clinical evolution of a transitory disease with a familial trend. Case reports.

Allergic colitis is a clinical manifestation of food allergy during the first months of life. It is estimated that genetic factors play a role in the expression of this allergic disease. This case report described the clinical progress of infants who were cousins from two distinct family groups with allergic colitis. Five infants under six months of age and of both sexes were studied, with a diagnosis of allergic colitis characterized clinically and histologically by (1) rectal bleeding; (2) exclusion of infectious causes of colitis; (3) disappearance of symptoms after elimination of cow's milk and dairy products from the child's and/or the mother's diet. Patients were submitted to the following diagnostic investigation: complete blood count; stool culture; parasitologic examination of stools; rectoscopy or colonoscopy; and rectal biopsy. Patient age varied from 40 days to six months; three were males. All patients presented with complaints of intense colic and rectal bleeding. The colonoscopy showed presence of hyperemia of the mucosa with microerosions and spontaneous bleeding upon the procedure. Microscopy revealed the existence of colitis with eosinophilia > 20 e/HPF. Patients were treated with a hypoallergenic formula and showed remission of symptoms. After one year of age, all were submitted to an oral challenge with a milk formula and presented food tolerance. Allergic colitis is a disease with evident genetic inheritance and a temporary character.

Proctocolite alérgica: a evolução clínica de uma enfermidade de caráter transitório e de tendência familiar. Relato de casos / Allergic proctocolitis: the clinical evolution of a transitory disease with a familial trend. Case reports

Allergic colitis is a clinical manifestation of food allergy during the first months of life. It is estimated that genetic factors play a role in the expression of this allergic disease. This case report described the clinical progress of infants who were cousins from two distinct family groups with allergic colitis. Five infants under six months of age and of both sexes were studied, with a diagnosis of allergic colitis characterized clinically and histologically by (1) rectal bleeding; (2) exclusion of infectious causes of colitis; (3) disappearance of symptoms after elimination of cow's milk and dairy products from the child's and/or the mother's diet. Patients were submitted to the following diagnostic investigation: complete blood count; stool culture; parasitologic examination of stools; rectoscopy or colonoscopy; and rectal biopsy. Patient age varied from 40 days to six months; three were males. All patients presented with complaints of intense colic and rectal bleeding. The colonoscopy showed presence of hyperemia of the mucosa with microerosions and spontaneous bleeding upon the procedure. Microscopy revealed the existence of colitis with eosinophilia >20 e/HPF. Patients were treated with a hypoallergenic formula and showed remission of symptoms. After one year of age, all were submitted to an oral challenge with a milk formula and presented food tolerance. Allergic colitis is a disease with evident genetic inheritance and a temporary character.

Colite alérgica é manifestação clínica de alergia alimentar durante os primeiros meses de vida. Estima-se que fatores genéticos exerçam papel na expressão dessa doença alérgica. Neste relato de casos, foi descrita a evolução clínica de lactentes primos entre si, pertencentes a dois grupos familiares distintos com colite alérgica. Foram estudados 5 lactentes, menores de 6 meses de idade, de ambos os gêneros, com diagnóstico de colite alérgica caracterizada clínica e histologicamente por: (1) sangramento retal; (2) exclusão de causas infecciosas de colite; (3) desaparecimento dos sintomas após eliminação do leite de vaca e derivados da dieta da criança e/ou da mãe. Os pacientes foram submetidos à seguinte investigação diagnóstica: hemograma; cultura de fezes; parasitológico de fezes; retoscopia ou colonoscopia; e biópsia retal. A idade dos pacientes variou de 40 dias a 6 meses; 3 eram do gênero masculino. Todos os pacientes apresentavam queixa de cólicas intensas e sangramento retal. A colonoscopia revelou presença de hiperemia da mucosa com microerosões e sangramento espontâneo à passagem do colonoscópio. A microscopia revelou a existência de colite com eosinofilia >20 e/CGA. Os pacientes foram tratados com fórmula hipoalergênica e apresentaram remissão dos sintomas. Após 1 ano de idade, todos foram submetidos a teste de provocação oral com fórmula láctea e apresentaram tolerância alimentar. A colite alérgica é enfermidade com evidente herança genética e de caráter temporário.

Small-bowel lesions caused by portal hypertension of schistosomal origin: a capsule endoscopy pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Schistosomiasis is a highly prevalent disease. It can evolve to its hepatosplenic form in up to 10% of the cases. The small-bowel lesions developed during the hepatosplenic stage of the disease have not been described in vivo. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe, for the first time, in a pilot study, the endoscopic aspects of the lesions in the small bowel of patients with portal hypertension due to schistosomiasis, using the PillCam SB, and to determine the usefulness of the method for the diagnosis of esophageal varices. DESIGN: Case series. SETTING: Tertiary-care medical center. PATIENTS: Nine nonrandomized patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis and esophageal varices without previous GI bleeding were selected based on findings from the PillCam SB. Patients using medications that could alter the coagulation, with history of abdominal surgery, who were undergoing treatment of the portal hypertension other than beta-blocker, and with symptoms suggesting bowel obstruction were excluded. The findings were interpreted by a single endoscopist. RESULTS: Capsule endoscopy was able to diagnose esophageal varices in all 9 patients. All of the patients presented angioectasias and venectasias in the small bowel. Small-bowel varices were present in 22.2% of the patients; edema and erosions were found in 66.7% and 88.9%, respectively. Lesions of so-called "scarred mucosa" were found in 55.5% of the patients. LIMITATIONS: Small number of patients; case series. CONCLUSION: The PillCam SB was effective, giving a significant contribution to the description of the esophageal varices and small-bowel lesions of the patients with portal hypertension caused by Schistosoma mansoni.

Microlithiasis of the gallbladder: role of endoscopic ultrasonography in patients with idiopathic acute pancreatitis.

OBJECTIVES: Causes may be found in most cases of acute pancreatitis, however no etiology is found by clinical, biological and imaging investigations in 30% of these cases. Our objective was to evaluate results from endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) for diagnosis of gallbladder microlithiasis in patients with unexplained (idiopathic) acute pancreatitis. METHODS: Thirty-six consecutive non-alcoholic patients with diagnoses of acute pancreatitis were studied over a five-year period. None of them showed signs of gallstones on transabdominal ultrasound or tomography. We performed EUS within one week of diagnosing acute pancreatitis. Diagnosis of gallbladder microlithiasis on EUS was based upon findings of hyperechoic signals of 0.5-3.0 mm, with or without acoustic shadowing. All patients (36 cases) underwent cholecystectomy, in accordance with indication from the attending physician or based upon EUS diagnosis. RESULTS: Twenty-seven patients (75%) had microlithiasis confirmed by histology and nine did not (25%). EUS findings were positive in twenty-five. Two patients had acute cholecystitis diagnosed at EUS that was confirmed by surgical and histological findings. In two patients, EUS showed cholesterolosis and pathological analysis disclosed stones not detected by EUS. EUS diagnosed microlithiasis in four cases not confirmed by surgical treatment. In our study, sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values to identify gallbladder microlithiasis (with 95% confidence interval) were 92.6% (74.2-98.7%), 55.6% (22.7-84.7%), 86.2% (67.4-95.5%) and 71.4% (30.3-94.9%), respectively. Overall EUS accuracy was 83.2%. CONCLUSIONS: EUS is a very reliable procedure to diagnose gallbladder microlithiasis and should be used for the management of patients with unexplained acute pancreatitis. This procedure should be part of advanced endoscopic evaluation.

Microlithiasis of the gallbladder: role of endoscopic ultrasonography in patients with idiopathic acute pancreatitis / Microcolecistolitíase: papel da ecoendoscopia em pacientes com pancreatite aguda sem causa aparente

OBJECTIVES: Causes may be found in most cases of acute pancreatitis, however no etiology is found by clinical, biological and imaging investigations in 30 percent of these cases. Our objective was to evaluate results from endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) for diagnosis of gallbladder microlithiasis in patients with unexplained (idiopathic) acute pancreatitis. METHODS: Thirty-six consecutive non-alcoholic patients with diagnoses of acute pancreatitis were studied over a five-year period. None of them showed signs of gallstones on transabdominal ultrasound or tomography. We performed EUS within one week of diagnosing acute pancreatitis. Diagnosis of gallbladder microlithiasis on EUS was based upon findings of hyperechoic signals of 0.5-3.0 mm, with or without acoustic shadowing. All patients (36 cases) underwent cholecystectomy, in accordance with indication from the attending physician or based upon EUS diagnosis. RESULTS: Twenty-seven patients (75 percent) had microlithiasis confirmed by histology and nine did not (25 percent). EUS findings were positive in twenty-five. Two patients had acute cholecystitis diagnosed at EUS that was confirmed by surgical and histological findings. In two patients, EUS showed cholesterolosis and pathological analysis disclosed stones not detected by EUS. EUS diagnosed microlithiasis in four cases not confirmed by surgical treatment. In our study, sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values to identify gallbladder microlithiasis (with 95 percent confidence interval) were 92.6 percent (74.2-98.7 percent), 55.6 percent (22.7-84.7 percent), 86.2 percent (67.4-95.5 percent) and 71.4 percent (30.3-94.9 percent), respectively. Overall EUS accuracy was 83.2 percent. CONCLUSIONS: EUS is a very reliable procedure to diagnose gallbladder microlithiasis and should be used for the management of patients with unexplained acute pancreatitis. This procedure should be part of advanced endoscopic evaluation.

OBJETIVOS: Cerca de 30 por cento dos doentes com PA rotulada como sem causa aparente apresentam colecistomicrolitíase (cálculos com até 3 mm). Não há, no momento, consenso quanto ao melhor método propedêutico para diagnosticá-lo e, entre os propostos, nenhum apresenta alta sensibilidade. A ecoendoscopia (EE) é excelente no diagnóstico da pancreatite crônica incipiente e microcálculos da vesícula biliar (MCV) ou colédoco. São poucas as referências na literatura internacional e nenhuma na nacional a respeito do emprego da EE na PA. O objetivo deste trabalho é o de estabelecer o valor da EE no diagnóstico da colecistomicrolitíase em doentes com PA sem causa aparente. MÉTODOS: Trinta e seis pacientes com o diagnóstico de PA sem causa aparente foram consecutivamente estudados durante cinco anos. Dos enviados para exame ecoendoscópico, 21 mulheres e 15 homens com média de idade de 41,6 anos. Todos haviam sido submetidos antes a pelo menos um US e uma TC, que não revelaram alterações na via bílio-pancreática e 63,9 por cento deles tinham apresentado mais de um episódio de PA. O diagnóstico da colecistomicrolitíase pela EE realizada até uma semana durante o surto de PA baseou-se no tamanho do cálculo (até 3 mm, inclusive) e hiperecogeneicidade com ou sem sombra acústica. Todos os doentes foram colecistectomizados, após o exame ecoendoscópico. RESULTADO: O exame das peças cirúrgicas mostrou que 27 (75 por cento) doentes apresentavam MCV e nove (25 por cento) não. A EE levou a erro no diagnóstico da microlitíase em seis (16,8 por cento) casos, quatro casos de falsos-positivos e dois casos de falsos-negativos. Em 30 casos (83,2 por cento) houve confirmação dos seus resultados. A sensibilidade, a especificidade, os valores preditivos positivo, negativo e a acurácia (com intervalo de confiança de 95 por cento) para a EE no diagnóstico dos MCV foram: 92,6 por cento (74,2 a 98,7 por cento), 55,6 por cento (22,7 a 84,7 por cento), 86,2 por cento (67,4 ...

[Helicobacter pylori and peptic disease: comparative study of the diagnostic methods]. / Helicobacter pylori e doença péptica: estudo comparativo de métodos diagnósticos.

Prospective endoscopic study of 150 patients revealed chronic gastritis in 109 (72.6%), gastric ulcer in 6 (4%), chronic duodenitis in 9 (6%) and duodenal ulcer in 26 (17.4%). Searching for Helicobacter pylori, positive urease test was observed in 103 (68.67%), histologic evidence in 104 (69.33%) and positive serologic test in 98 (65.33%), without statistical difference. The urease test is recommended in the diary medical practice, for the patients who also will benefit themselves with the endoscopic diagnosis. On the other hand, the serologic test is useful when the endoscopy of the upper digestive tract cannot or must not be realized.

Helicobacter pylori e doença péptica: estudo comparativo de métodos diagnósticos / Helicobacter pylori and peptic disease: comparative study of the diagnostic methods

Foram estudados, prospectivamente, 150 pacientes. Estudo endoscópico revelou gastrite crônica em 109 pacientes (72,6 por cento), úlcera gástrica em 6 (4 por cento), duodenite crônica em 9 (6 por cento) e úlcera duodenal em 26 (17,4 por cento). Quanto à avaliação metodológica para pesquisa do Helicobacter pylori, 103 (68,67 por cento) apresentaram teste da urease positivo, 104 (69,33 por cento), positividade histopatológica e 98 (65,33 por cento), positividade sorológica. Não houve diferença estatística entre os métodos. Pela facilidade de realização, o teste da urease credencia-se como o de melhor indicação nos pacientes que também se beneficiarão com o diagnóstico endoscópico. Caso a endoscopia digestiva alta não possa ou não deva ser realizada, está recomendado o teste sorológico.

Prospective endoscopic study of 150 patients revealed chronic gastritis in 109 (72.6 percent), gastric ulcer in 6 (4 percent), chronic duodenitis in 9 (6 percent) and duodenal ulcer in 26 (17.4 percent). Searching for Helicobacter pylori, positive urease test was observed in 103 (68.67 percent), histologic evidence in 104 (69.33 percent) and positive serologic test in 98 (65.33 percent), without statistical difference. The urease test is recommended in the diary medical practice, for the patients who also will benefit themselves with the endoscopic diagnosis. On the other hand, the serologic test is useful when the endoscopy of the upper digestive tract cannot or must not be realized.

Intussuscepção do apêndice cecal / Intussusception of cecal appendix

Os autores relatam o caso de uma criança com diagnóstico de intussuscepção do apêndice cecal e descrevem os aspectos clínicos, a ultra-sonografia, colonoscopia e intra-operatório. Os autores discutem estes aspectos baseados na revisão da literatura recente.

Um caso de infestação de orofaringe por cochiliomya hominovorax / A case of throat Cochiliomya hominovorax infstation

As características epidemiológicas das miíases ainda não estão bemdefinidas. Tem sido descrita em pessoas que lidam com animais que habitualmente atraem moscas, ou em indivíduos de baixa classe socioeconômica, com comprometimento de seu estado de saúde. No Brasil, as miíases têm sido descritas com características epidemiológicas semelhantes a essas. Assim, os autores foram levadosa apresentar um caso de miíase em um paciente previamente sadio,de bom nível socioeconômico e a discutir seu tratamento.

Pseudo-outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens related to bronchoscopes.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate an apparent outbreak involving simultaneous isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples. DESIGN: Retrospective and prospective cohort studies using chart review, environmental sampling, and ribotyping of all available isolates. Cleaning and disinfection procedures for the bronchoscopes were also evaluated. SETTING: A 380-bed private hospital in São Paulo, Brazil PATIENTS: Forty-one patients who underwent bronchoscopic procedures between December 1994 and October 1996 and from whom P. aeruginosa and S. marcescens were concomitantly isolated. Bronchoscopes and related items were microbiologically assessed. RESULTS: P. aeruginosa and S. marcescens were simultaneously isolated from BAL samples 12.6% of the time (41 of 324) during the epidemic period versus 1.8% of the time (1 of 54) in the pre-epidemic period (P = .035). Ribotyping revealed two strains of P. aeruginosa and one of S. marcescens that were isolated from BAL samples of patients with no signs of respiratory tract infection, suggesting a pseudo-outbreak. Evaluation of bronchoscope disinfection revealed that inappropriate methods were being used. Implementation of simple control measures resulted in a significant decrease in simultaneous isolation of these species. CONCLUSION: Prevention of pseudo-outbreaks requires meticulous use of preventive measures for infection-prone medical procedures.

O valor da sedação e da bomba peristáltica elétrica para a infusão dos meios de contraste no tempo de realização da enteróclise bifásica com carboximetilcelulose / Enteroclysis: the value of sedation and electric pump for the infusion of the contrast media to decrease the time of examination: analysis of 55 cases

Enteróclise bifásica é método radiológico para o estudo morfológico do intestino delgado, no qual se utiliza sonda intestinal, posicionada na junção duodeno-jejunal, para a infusão de solução de sulfato de bário seguida de carboximetilcelulose a 0,5 por cento. Apesar de esse método radiológico se constituir em excelente alternativa para o exame morfológico do intestino delgado, não conseguiu despertar o devido interesse na comunidade científica, particularmente na brasileira. Esse fato pode decorrer da difilculdade técnica para a sua execução, do tempo necessário para a sua realização ou da obrigatoriedade da presença do radiologista durante todo o exame. Com o objetivo de avaliar a influência da sedação e da utilização da bomba peristáltica elétrica no tempo de realização da enteróclise bifásica, comparamos o tempo total de exame, tempo de intubação intestinal e tempo radiológico em 17 exames realizados sob sedação e com a utilização da bomba peristáltica elétrica para a infusão dos meios de contraste, com 29 exames realizados sem sedação e com seringas de 50 ml. Foram excluídos da análise dois casos nos quais não se obteve sucesso na intubação intestinal e sete casos que não tinham registro do tempo de exame. Observamos que a associação da sedação com a utilização da bomba peristáltica elétrica representou redução significante do tempo total de realização do exame. No entanto, essa redução foi decorrência exclusivamente da diminuição significante no tempo de intubação intestinal. Não se observou diferença significante no tempo radiológico com a utilização da bomba peristáltica elétrica ou com seringas de 50 ml para a infusão dos meios de contraste.

Papilite na síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida / Papilitis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Os autores apresentam caso de papilite na síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida. Discutem os aspectos etiológicos, fisiopatológicos, o quadro clínico, o diagnóstico e, em especial, o tratamento, além de analisarem a evoluçäo da doença