Smart and emerging point of care electrochemical sensors based on nanomaterials for SARS-CoV-2 virus detection: Towards designing a future rapid diagnostic tool.

In the recent years, researchers from all over the world have become interested in the fabrication of advanced and innovative electrochemical and/or biosensors for respiratory virus detection with the use of nanotechnology. These fabricated sensors demonstrated a number of benefits, including precision, affordability, accessibility, and miniaturization which makes them a promising test method for point-of-care (PoC) screening for SARS-CoV-2 viral infection. In order to comprehend the principles of electrochemical sensing and the role of various types of sensing interfaces, we comprehensively explored the underlying principles of electroanalytical methods and terminologies related to it in this review. In addition, it is addressed how to fabricate electrochemical sensing devices incorporating nanomaterials as graphene, metal/metal oxides, metal organic frameworks (MOFs), MXenes, quantum dots, and polymers. We took an effort to carefully compile current developments, advantages, drawbacks, possible solutions in nanomaterials based electrochemical sensors.

Synergetic effects of Mo2C sphere/SCN nanocatalysts interface for nanomolar detection of uric acid and folic acid in presence of interferences.

Till to date, the application of sulfur-doped graphitic carbon nitride supported transition metal carbide interface for electrochemical sensor fabrication was less explored. In this work, we designed a simple synthesis of molybdenum carbide sphere embedded sulfur doped graphitic carbon nitride (Mo2C/SCN) catalyst for the nanomolar electrochemical sensor application. The synthesized Mo2C/SCN nanocatalyst was systematically characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with elemental mapping. The SEM images show that the porous SCN network adhered uniformly on Mo2C, causing a loss of crystallinity in the diffractogram. The corresponding elemental mapping of Mo2C/SCN shows distinct peaks for carbon (41.47%), nitrogen (32.54%), sulfur (1.37%), and molybdenum (24.62%) with no additional impurity peaks, reflecting the successful synthesis. Later, the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was modified by Mo2C/SCN nanocatalyst for simultaneous sensing of uric acid (UA) and folic acid (FA). The fabricated Mo2C/SCN/GCE is capable of simultaneous and interference free electrochemical detection of UA and FA in a binary mixture. The limit of detection (LOD) calculated at Mo2C/SCN/GCE for UA and FA was 21.5 nM (0.09 - 47.0 µM) and 14.7 nM (0.09 - 167.25 µM) respectively by differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) technique. The presence of interferons has no significant effect on the sensor's performance, making it suitable for real sample analysis. The present method can be extended to fabricate an electrochemical sensor for various molecules.

Lanthanum nickelate spheres embedded acid functionalized carbon nanofiber composite: An efficient electrocatalyst for electrochemical detection of food additive vanillin.

Contemporary food marketing is ruined by flavor enhancers rather than emphasizing the nutritional value of food. Vanillin is an overexploited flavor enhancer added to food items, thereby necessitating its detection. In this study, an electrochemical sensor was designed using a modified electrode made up of La2NiO4 functionalized carbon nanofiber (f-CNF) to effectively detect vanillin in food samples. To confirm the successful formation of La2NiO4/f-CNF, structural and morphological studies were performed using X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Further electrochemical analysis was performed using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry techniques, which resulted in high sensitivity (0.2899 µA·µM-1·cm-2) and low limit of detection (LOD) (6 nM). This modified electrode material was tested in food samples, which showed an excellent response with recovery percentage and is a promising electrocatalyst for vanillin detection.

A comparison of conventional and advanced electroanalytical methods to detect SARS-CoV-2 virus: A concise review.

Respiratory viruses are a serious threat to human wellbeing that can cause pandemic disease. As a result, it is critical to identify virus in a timely, sensitive, and precise manner. The present novel coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) disease outbreak has increased these concerns. The research of developing various methods for COVID-19 virus identification is one of the most rapidly growing research areas. This review article compares and addresses recent improvements in conventional and advanced electroanalytical approaches for detecting COVID-19 virus. The popular conventional methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), serology test, and computed tomography (CT) scan with artificial intelligence require specialized equipment, hours of processing, and specially trained staff. Many researchers, on the other hand, focused on the invention and expansion of electrochemical and/or bio sensors to detect SARS-CoV-2, demonstrating that they could show a significant role in COVID-19 disease control. We attempted to meticulously summarize recent advancements, compare conventional and electroanalytical approaches, and ultimately discuss future prospective in the field. We hope that this review will be helpful to researchers who are interested in this interdisciplinary field and desire to develop more innovative virus detection methods.

An experimental and theoretical approach to electrochemical sensing of environmentally hazardous dihydroxy benzene isomers at polysorbate modified carbon paste electrode.

It is well known that, surfactants provide a neutral, positive and/or negative charge on the electrode surface by forming a monolayer, which in turn affects the charge transfer and redox potential during the electroanalysis process. However, the molecular level understanding of these surfactant-modified electrodes is worth investigating because the interaction of the analyte with the electrode surface is still unclear. In this report, we used quantum chemical models based on computational density functional theory (DFT) to investigate the polysorbate 80 structure as well as the locations of energy levels and electron transfer sites. Later, the bare carbon paste electrode (bare/CPE) was modified with polysorbate 80 and used to resolve the overlapped oxidation signals of dihydroxy benzene isomers. The m/n values obtained at polysorbate/CPE was approximately equal to 1, signifying the transfer of same number of protons and electrons. Moreover, the analytical applicability of the modified electrode for the determination of catechol (CC) and hydroquinone (HQ) in tap water samples gave an acceptable recovery result. Overall, the application of DFT to understand the molecular level interaction of modifiers for sensing applications laid a new foundation for fabricating electrochemical sensors.