Analysis on urinary iodine level of school-age children aged 8 - 10 in Shaanxi Province from 2017 to 2020 / 中华地方病学杂志

Objective:To learn about the iodine nutrition level of school-age children aged 8 - 10 in Shaanxi Province.Methods:From 2017 to 2020, in counties (cities, districts) under the jurisdiction of Shaanxi Province, one township (street) was selected from five directions: East, West, South, North and Middle, one primary school was selected from each township (street), and 42 non-boarding school-age children aged 8 - 10 (age balanced, half male and half female) were selected from each primary school. Random urine samples of children were collected once, and urinary iodine was detected by arsenic-cerium catalytic spectrophotometry.Results:A total of 91 766 children's urine samples were tested from 2017 to 2020, and the median urinary iodine was 221.7 μg/L. Urinary iodine < 100 μg/L accounted for 10.4% (9 554/91 766), 100 - < 200 μg/L accounted for 32.3% (29 602/91 766), 200 - < 300 μg/L accounted for 30.6% (28 065/91 766), and ≥300 μg/L accounted for 26.7% (24 545/91 766). The median of children's urinary iodine in each year was 228.5, 218.0, 211.7, and 230.1 μg/L, respectively, the difference between years was statistically significant ( H = 278.66, P < 0.001). Conclusion:From 2017 to 2020, the iodine nutrition of school-age children aged 8 - 10 in Shaanxi Province is generally in an ultra-suitable state.

Management system and development strategy of quality Chinese medicine / 中国中药杂志

The development of quality Chinese medicine is an important way to improve the quality of Chinese medicine, and ensure the safety and effectiveness of Chinese medicine. This article systematically elaborates the definition, classification, standard and mana-gement certification strategy of quality Chinese medicine. We present the quality Chinese medicine which is higher quality than that of eligible Chinese medicine based on quality control standards. Quality Chinese medicine is strictly in accordance with management procedures, likely GAP and GMP et al, during the productive process, which quality indicators is higher than that of the current relevant national quality standards, such as Chinese Pharmacopoeia(ChP) et al; its limited indicators such as exogenous pollutants and endogenous toxic substances are lower than that of the current relevant national quality standards, likely ChP et al; meanwhile these Chinese herbal medicine, medicinal pieces, patent medicines, and health products and foods with Chinese medicine raw materials are been certificated by quality Chinese medicine. At the same time, this article systematically expounds the five major management systems of quality Chinese medicine, including technical training management for practitioners, productive process management, standard mana-gement, quality inspection and certification management, and product traceability management. And we put forward strategies to improve the supervision and management system, and promote the standardization and development of quality Chinese medicine by improving the technical management system of quality Chinese medicine, strengthening the quality management system and six sigma(6σ) management in the company. These strategies will provide a reliable basis and effective way to improve the quality of Chinese medicine.

Epidemic characteristics and associated factors of pulmonary tuberculosis aggregation in school in Wuhan during 2017-2020 / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and assoicated factors of tuberculosis (TB) aggregation in schools in Wuhan from 2017 to 2020, and to provide scientific basis for school based TB prevention and control strategies.@*Methods@#Questionnaire star was used to collect data on tuberculosis prevention and control in various schools in Wuhan. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors of tuberculosis aggregation in schools.@*Results@#A total of 37 outbreaks of tuberculosis aggregation in schools were reported in Wuhan from 2017 to 2020, which involved 28 different schools, including 24 colleges and universities and 4 senior high schools, 176 cases were reported, among which 39 were positive for pathogens and 17 cases of rifampicin resistant, and the median duration of single cluster epidemic was 48 (28, 368) days, universities were more prone to cluster outbreaks than middle schools ( χ 2=75.27, P <0.01), the incidence in male was higher than that of in female in cluster outbreak ( χ 2=22.82, P =0.00). The results of multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that boarding school ( OR =5.12), TB screening at school entry ( OR =3.27), etiology tracking and registrationin school ( OR =7.28), treatment and isolation of sick students on time ( OR =9.12), whether the dormitories and classrooms were often ventilated ( OR =4.97), and whether the management of school suspension and return was strictly implemented ( OR =4.68) were associated with the occurrence of TB cluster outbreak( P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#Schools should actively strive for policies and funding, strictly implement TB screening and physical examination for freshmen, as well as the management of contact tracing and registeration, targeted TB health education, guidance for teachers and students for cleaning, disinfection and hand hygiene, timely treatment and reporting of suspected symptoms, to prevent the occurrence of TB clustering outbreaks.

Initial Study of Human Genetic Contribution to COVID-19 Severity and Susceptibility

The COVID-19 pandemic has accounted for more than five million infections and hundreds of thousand deaths worldwide in the past six months. The patients demonstrate a great diversity in clinical and laboratory manifestations and disease severity. Nonetheless, little is known about the host genetic contribution to the observed inter-individual phenotypic variability. Here, we report the first host genetic study in China by deeply sequencing and analyzing 332 COVID-19 patients categorized by varying levels of severity from the Shenzhen Third Peoples Hospital. Upon a total of 22.2 million genetic variants, we conducted both single-variant and gene-based association tests among five severity groups including asymptomatic, mild, moderate, severe and critical ill patients after the correction of potential confounding factors. The most significant gene locus associated with severity is located in TMEM189-UBE2V1 involved in the IL-1 signaling pathway. The p.Val197Met missense variant that affects the stability of the TMPRSS2 protein displays a decreasing allele frequency among the severe patients compared to the mild and the general population. We also identified that the HLA-A*11:01, B*51:01 and C*14:02 alleles significantly predispose the worst outcome of the patients. This initial study of Chinese patients provides a comprehensive view of the genetic difference among the COVID-19 patient groups and highlighted genes and variants that may help guide targeted efforts in containing the outbreak. Limitations and advantages of the study were also reviewed to guide future international efforts on elucidating the genetic architecture of host-pathogen interaction for COVID-19 and other infectious and complex diseases.

Analysis of the iodine nutrition level of children aged 8 - 10 and pregnant women in Shaanxi Province in 2019 / 中华地方病学杂志

Objective:This study aims to provide scientific evidence for prevention and treatment of iodine deficiency disorders through monitoring the iodine nutrition status of children and pregnant women in Shaanxi Province.Methods:Totally 110 counties (cities, districts) in Shaanxi Province in 2019 were surveyed. Each of the counties (cities, districts) was further divided into five sampled regions along five different geographic directions: east, west, south, north and middle. From each region, one town was selected and then one primary school was selected from each town. Finally, there were a total of 42 non-boarding students aged 8 - 10 years old (age and gender balanced) selected from each school, who would be tested household salt iodine's level and urinary iodine's level. Also, we did the same test for 21 pregnant women who were selected from each town randomly. Additionally, we examined the children's thyroid by B-scan ultrasonograph in 39 counties (cities, districts).Results:A total of 23 101 salt and urine samples were collected from children aged 8 - 10 years old, the average of salt iodine content of the children' family was (24.07 ± 3.71) mg/kg; the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt was 97.55% (22 536/23 101); the median urinary iodine was 211.68 μg/L; and the thyroid goiter rate (TGR) was 1.50% (123/8 191). A total of 11 555 salt and urine samples from pregnant women were collected, the salt iodine content was (24.05 ± 3.66) mg/kg; and the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt was 97.57% (11 274/11 555); the median urinary iodine was 182.74 μg/L.Conclusions:In 2019, the iodine nutrition of children in Shaanxi Province is in the super appropriate level, and the iodine nutrition of pregnant women is appropriate. The iodine content of edible salt can be adjusted. It is suggested that pregnant women should be supplied special iodized salt.

Analysis of iodine nutrition levels of children and pregnant women in Shaanxi Province in 2018 / 中华地方病学杂志

Objective:To master the iodine nutrition status of children and pregnant women after adjustment of salt iodization content in Shaanxi Province, and provide scientific basis for preventing and treating iodine deficiency disorders.Methods:In 2018, 107 counties (cities, districts) in Shaanxi Province were divided into three districts in Guanzhong, northern Shaanxi and southern Shaanxi for studying iodine nutrition based on terrain distribution. Among them, each monitoring county (city, district) was further divided into 5 sampling areas according to east, west, south, north, and middle locations. One township (street) was selected in each location, and forty-two 8 - 10 years old non-boarding children (age and sex balanced) and 21 pregnant women were selected in each township (street), edible salt samples and random urine samples were collected for salt iodine, urinary iodine testing, and goiter of children was examined.Results:A total of 34 264 edible salt samples from 8 - 10 years old children and pregnant women were collected, the median salt iodine was 23.80 mg/kg, and the qualified iodized salt consumption rate was 96.98% (33 229/34 264). The median salt iodine and the qualified iodized salt consumption rate were statistically significantly different among the three regions in Guanzhong, northern Shaanxi, and southern Shaanxi ( H = 26.471, χ 2 = 32.371, P < 0.05). A total of 22 895 urine samples were collected from children, with a median urinary iodine of 218.00 μg/L, which was at an ultra-suitable level of iodine nutrition; and 11 369 urine samples from pregnant women were collected, with a median urinary iodine of 181.03 μg/L, which was at an appropriate level of iodine nutrition. The median urinary iodine of pregnant women in Guanzhong, northern Shaanxi, and southern Shaanxi was 186.39, 177.52, and 176.00 μg/L, respectively. A total of 22 895 children aged 8 to 10 years old were examined, the goiter rate was 1.35% (309/22 895), and there was no significant difference between different regions (χ 2 = 3.395, P > 0.05). Conclusions:Shaanxi Province has reached the standard for elimination of persistent iodine deficiency, children's iodine nutrition is at a ultra-suitable level, and pregnant women is at an appropriate level.

Analysis on Safety of Polysorbate 80 as a Solubilizing Excipient in Traditional Chinese Medicine Injections / 中国实验方剂学杂志

There are safety problems in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) injections. Most of the adverse reactions of TCM injections are very similar to those of hypersensitivity reactions. The hypersensitivity reaction of macromolecular substances in TCM injections has also been confirmed by experiments. Polysorbate 80 (trade name of tween-80) is a solubilizing excipient commonly used in TCM injections. Polysorbate 80 contains macromolecular impurities and the material basic research is not clear enough, and its quality problems need to be solved urgently. Based on this, the authors concluded that the macromolecular impurities in polysorbate 80 were the important material basis for the safety of TCM injections contained polysorbate 80. In this paper, the research progress of application of polysorbate 80 as a solubilizing excipient in TCM injections was reviewed and analyzed, so as to provide ideas for improving the safety of TCM injections contained polysorbate 80 and to promote the healthy development of TCM injections.

Clinical features and prognosis of patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction comorbid with diabetes mellitus / 中国介入心脏病学杂志

Objective To investigate the clinical features of patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) comorbid with diabetes mellitus (DM) and to analyze the prognosis within 12 months after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pre-PCI). Methods A total of 375 STEMI patients were divided into the diabetes group (n=140) and the normal blood glucose group(n=235) according to whether they met the diagnostic criteria of DH. The clinical data,characteristics of coronary artery lesions,type of stent implant,rate of coronary slow flow or no-reflow after pre-PCI, and the prognosis within 12 months after PCI of the two groups were investigated.Results Patient in the diabetes group presented with higher mean age ,higher comorbid rates of hypertension , hyperlipidemia and heart function of Killip class Ш and above than patients in the normal blood glucose group (all P<0.05). patients in the diabetes group had higher rates of slow reflow /no-reflow after PCI(12.9% vs.5.5%,P=0.013),higher percentages of 3-ressel disease(40.7% vs. 28.9%,P=0.019)and lef t main lesions(13.6% vs. 7.2%,P=0.044). The in-hospital mortality rates(6.4% vs.1.7%,P=0.020),revascularization rates within 12 months(7.9% vs.0.9%,P=0.001)and incidence of heart failure(7.9% vs. 2.6%,P=0.017)were all higher in the diabetes group. Conclusions STEMI patients comorbid with DM were relatively older, had higher comorbidities of hypertension,hyperlipidemia, three-vessel disease, left main coronary lesions and higher mortality during hospitalization. No significant increase in cardiac death and recurrent myocardial infarction were deserved during the follow-up period. These patients may benefit more from early intervention.

An analysis on the correlation between anti - diarrhea drugs sales volume in over - the - counter pharmacy and diarrhea cases in sentinel hospitals in shanghai / 预防医学

Objective To learn the relationship between the sale volume of anti - diarrhea drugs and diarrhea cases,and to evaluate the possibility of using the sale volume of anti - diarrhea drugs as an indirect indicator of foodborne disease surveillance. Methods Collect data of sale volume of 10 kinds of anti - diarrhea drugs in Shanghai Pharmacy Company Limited and diarrhea cases of 23 sentinel hospitals in Shanghai in 2015,and correlation analysis was conducted. Results The variation trend of sale volume of anti - diarrhea drugs and diarrhea cases in sentinel hospitals were similar,and there were same peaks in summer and winter. Sale volume of 10 kinds of anti - diarrhea drugs correlated with diarrhea cases,and the Spearman correlation coefficient of compound ancklandia and berberine tablets was the highest and it reached 0. 695. The coefficient of the sum of ten kinds of anti - diarrhea drugs one or two days before diarrhea cases in sentinel hospitals was higher and reached 0. 630 and 0. 597. Conclusion Anti - diarrhea drugs sale volume were correlatd with diarrhea cases in sentinel hospitals in Shanghai . The sale volume of anti - diarrhea drugs one or two days before diarrhea cases in sentinel hospitals could be used as an indirect indicator of surveillance.

Effect of inhibiting TIM-4 function in Kupffer cells on liver graft rejection in mice / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effects of inhibiting TIM-4 function in Kupffer cells (KCs) on liver graft rejection in mice and explore the underlying mechanism.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Mouse models of orthotopic liver transplantation were treated with a control mAb group and TIM-4 mAb. The activated KCs were assayed with immunohistochemistry after operation. The expression of TIM-4 in KCs were assayed with Western blotting and RT-PCR and the levels of AST, ALT, TBIL, TNF-α, IFN-γ and CCL2 were assayed detected. The expression of TIM-4 in KCs was observed with laser confocal microscopy. HE staining was used to observe the microstructure of the liver tissues, and the number of CD25Foxp3T cells was determined using with flow cytometry; the proteins levels of p-P65and p-P38 were assayed with Western blotting. The donor mice were treated with clodronate liposomes to destroy the KCs in the liver before transplantation, and the liver grafts were examined for graft rejection.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The number of activated KCs in the liver graft increased progressively over time. Compared with the sham-operated group, the liver graft showed significantly increased TIM-4 protein and mRNA levels at 1, 3, and 7 days after transplantation (P<0.05) and increased levels of AST, ALT, TBIL, TNF-α, IFN-γ and CCL2 at 7 days (P<0.05). The graft in TIM-4 mAb group showed mild pathological changes with a mean RAI score of 2.67∓0.75, which was significantly lower than that in control mAb group (P<0.05). The mean survival time of the recipient mice was 53.8∓6.4 days in TIM-4 mAb group, significantly longer than that in the control mAB group (14.5∓2.9 days, P<0.05). Donor treatment with clodronate liposomes resulted in comparable RAI scores in TIM-4 mAb and control mAb groups (8.01∓0.64 vs 7.93∓0.56, P>0.05). The protein levels of p-P65 and p-P38 in TIM-4 mAb group were significantly lower than those in control mAb group (P<0.05), and CD25Foxp3T cells in the liver graft increased significantly in TIM-4 mAb group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Inhibition of TIM-4 function in KCs reduces the production of inflammatory factors after liver transplantation possibly by inhibiting the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways and promoting the proliferation of Foxp3Treg cells to induce allograft tolerance.</p>

Flavonoid glycosides from callus cultures of Dysosma versipellis / 中国中药杂志

Various chromatographic techniques, including silica gel column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20, preparative thin-layer chromatography, and preparative HPLC, were employed to isolate the chemical constituents from callus cultures of Dysosma versipellis. Structures of the compounds were elucidated based on UV, IR, MS and NMR spectroscopic data analysis. Totally, seven flavonoid glycosides were isolated from the 95% ethanol extract of the callus cultures and identified as kaempferol-3-O-[6″-(3″'-methoxy)-malonyl]-β-D-glucopyranoside(1), kaempferol-3-O-(6″-O-acetyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside(2), kaempferide-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(3), kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(4), isoquercitrin(5), quercetin-4'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(6) and kaempferol-3-(6″-malonyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside(7), respectively.All these compounds were isolated from callus cultures of D. versipellis for the first time.Compounds 1, 2, 3, 6 and 7 were firstly obtained from plant materials of D. versipellis, and compound 1 was a new compound.

Antibody microarray profiling of osteosarcoma cell serum for identifying potential biomarkers.

The aim of the present study was to identify biomarkers in osteosarcoma (OS) cell serum by antibody microarray profiling, which may be used for OS diagnosis and therapy. An antibody microarray was used to detect the expression levels of cytokines in serum samples from 20 patients with OS and 20 healthy individuals. Significantly expressed cytokines in OS serum were selected when P<0.05 and fold change >2. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to validate the antibody microarray results. Finally, classification accuracy was calculated by cluster analysis. Twenty one cytokines were significantly upregulated in OS cell serum samples compared with control samples. Expression of interleukin-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, tumor growth factor-ß, growth-related oncogene, hepatocyte growth factor, chemokine ligand 16, Endoglin, matrix metalloproteinase-9 and platelet-derived growth factor-AA was validated by ELISAs. OS serum samples and control samples were distinguished by significantly expressed cytokines with an accuracy of 95%. The results demonstrated that expressed cytokines identified by antibody microarray may be used as biomarkers for OS diagnosis and therapy.

Meroterpenoids and isoberkedienolactone from endophytic fungus Penicillium sp. associated with Dysosma versipellis / 药学学报

Seven meroterpenoids and five small-molecular precursors were isolated from Penicillium sp., an endophytic fungus from Dysosma versipellis. The structures of new compounds, 11beta-acetoxyisoaustinone (1) and isoberkedienolactone (2) were elucidated based on analysis of the spectral data, and the absolute configuration of 2 was established by TDDFT ECD calculation with satisfactory match to its experimental ECD data. Meroterpenoids originated tetraketide and pentaketide precursors, resepectively, were found to be simultaneously produced in specific fungus of Penicillium species. These compounds showed weak cytotoxicity in vitro against HCT-116, HepG2, BGC-823, NCI-H1650, and A2780 cell lines with IC 50 > 10 micromol x L(-1).

Dimethyl Sulfoxide Suppresses Mouse 4T1 Breast Cancer Growth by Modulating Tumor-Associated Macrophage Differentiation / 한국유방암학회지

PURPOSE: The universal organic solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) can be used as a differentiation inducer of many cancer cells and has been widely used as a solvent in laboratories. However, its effects on breast cancer cells are not well understood. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect and associated mechanisms of DMSO on mouse breast cancer. METHODS: We applied DMSO to observe the effect on tumors in a mouse breast cancer model. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) were tested by flow cytometry. Ex vivo tumor microenvironment was imitated by 4T1 cultured cell conditioned medium. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were performed to detect interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-12 expression in medium. To investigate the cytotoxicity of DMSO on TAMs, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays were performed. RESULTS: We found that DMSO produced tumor retardation when injected into mouse peritoneal cavities in a certain concentration range (0.5-1.0 mg/g). Furthermore, as detected by flow cytometry, TAM subtypes were found to be transformed. We further imitated a tumor microenvironment in vitro by using 4T1 cultured cell conditioned medium. Similarly, by using low concentration DMSO (1.0%-2.0% v/v), TAMs were induced to polarize to the classically activated macrophage (M1-type) and inhibited from polarizing into the alternatively activated macrophage (M2-type) in the conditioned medium. IL-10 expression in tumors was reduced, while IL-12 was increased compared with the control. Furthermore, we reported that 2.0% (v/v) DMSO could lead to cytotoxicity in peritoneal macrophages after 48 hours in MTT assays. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that DMSO could exert antitumor effects in 4T1 cancer-bearing mice by reversing TAM orientation and polarization from M2- to M1-type TAMs. These data may provide novel insight into studying breast cancer immunotherapy.

Lignans constituents from callus culture of Dysosma versipellis / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To study the lignans constituents from callus culture of Dysosma versipellis (Hance) M. cheng ex Ying.

Surgery and proton pump inhibitors for treatment of vocal process granulomas.

The aim of this study was to analyze the outcomes of vocal process granulomas treated with surgery and proton pump inhibitors and to specify related factors of recurrence. The medical records of patients with diagnosis of vocal process granuloma between 2000 and 2012 were reviewed. All patients were treated with surgery and proton pump inhibitors for at least 1 month. Forty-one patients were reviewed; mean follow-up time was 45 months. There was no recurrence among the patients who had a recent history of intubation. The recurrence rates of contact granuloma was 38.7 %, and significantly related to the frequency of surgery (P = 0.042), but was not significantly associated with the history of acid reflux (P = 0.676) and vocal abuse (P = 0.447), lesion size (P = 0.203) or surgical techniques (P = 0.331). Surgery combined with proton pump inhibitors was partially effective for the vocal process granulomas, especially with intubated patients. However, repeat surgery for recurrent contact granuloma should be preceded with caution due to high recurrence rates.

Assessment of healthy related quality of life in patients with HBV induced liver cirrhosis / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To assess healthy related quality of life in patients with HBV induced liver cirrhosis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 103 cases of patients with HBV induced liver cirrhosis were recruited from shenzhen Third People's Hospital during January 2009 to January 2012. The health related quality of life were assess using the most commonly used SF-36 scale questionnaire in all 103 patiemts. Sixty patients were further chosen for health related quality assessment using qualitive research method.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The quality of life of chronic hepatitis B patients with cirrhosis Child classification, four score of each group general health, vitality, social functioning, mental health was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Depth interviews found that the disease affects the psychological burden of the social needs of the three major affect quality of life factors.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Qualitative research with the SF-36 scale associated to a better understanding of the needs of life of patients with chronic hepatitis B cirrhosis, provide a reference for subsequent targeted medical services.</p>

Effect of temperature on the no cook, very high gravity ethanol fermentation process / 生物工程学报

The effect of temperature on a very high gravity ethanol fermentation using no cook process was investigated. We found that a gradient temperature control strategy could improve the fermentation efficiency significantly, With the assistance of a new raw starch hydrolyzing enzyme and a gradient temperature control strategy, the ethanol concentration could reach up to 20% (V/V) within 90 h using commercially available dry yeast, when sorghum was used as the raw material and the dry substrate concentration was controlled at 35%.

Mammography and magnetic resonance imaging for diagnosis of the intraductal papilloma of the breast / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the features of intraductal papilloma of the breast in mammography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and assess the diagnostic values of the two imaging modalities.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Fifteen patients with intraductal papilloma of the breast confirmed surgically and pathologically underwent X-ray examination of the breast, and 11 of them also received enhanced MRI. The imaging findings by mammography and MRI were compared.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Enhanced MRI clearly displayed the location and morphology of the intraductal papilloma, and 7 patients showed smooth tumor margins and 2 showed irregular margins. On T(1)WI, the lesions were isointense or slightly hypointense, and appeared isointense or slightly hyperintense on T(2)WI. Some of the intraductal papillomas were seen encapsulated in the dilated ductal. The varying enhancement features of the lesions increased the difficulty in distinguishing from carcinoma. Mammography identified intraductal papillomas only in 2 of the 15 cases (13%) with lesion feature similar to that found by MRI. Fine cluster calcification was found in 1 case.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>MRI can more accurately define the location of the lesion than X-ray. In spite of some resemblance in the MRI findings between intraductal papillomas and breast carcinoma, MRI still serves as a useful diagnostic modality for intraductal papilloma that shows some characteristic findings.</p>

An outcome analysis of health education on prevention program of coal-type endemic fluorine, arsenic poisoning in Shaanxi in 2004 and 2006 / 中国地方病学杂志

Objective To evaluate the effect of health education on controlling endemic fluorosis in Shaanxi Province between 2004 and 2006. Methods Hanbin, Pingli, Ziyang and Hanyin were selected for the investigation in 2004;in addition to the four areas, Zhengping, Shiquan and Langao were also for the investigation in 2006. Two schools were selected in each area, and 2 villages as the investigation spots. Fifty pupils in the fifth grade in each school, and 30 housewives between 25 - 50 years old in each village were chosen as the research subjects. Referring to the health education questionnaire in Technique Scheme of Endemic Disease Prevention Granted by Central Government of 2004, the degree of health education of endemic fluorine, arsenic poisoning in pupils and housewives were investigated. Results In 2004 and 2006, the average mark of pupils in school was 54.7 and 83.6, the pass rate was 57.5% (230/400) and 90.2% (629/697), respectively;the average mark of housewives was 59.7 and 83.9, the passing rate was 59.6% (143/240), 87.6%(338/386) respectively, indicating that the outcome was improved obviously in 2006 compared to that in 2004. Conclusions In the past three years, health knowledge of endemic arsenic and fluorosis has been improved among pupils and housewives in these areas.