Physician-approved protocols increase naloxone dispensing rates.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the impact of the implementation of a law that allows pharmacists to provide naloxone under a physician-approved protocol on naloxone dispensing rates in an all-payer population across the United States. METHODS: Prescription claims from a national grocery chain for 31 states and Area Heath Resource File were used for this retrospective study. The study sample included all patients who filled at least one naloxone prescription during the study period from July 16, 2014 to January 16, 2017. A stepwise autoregression was performed for 30 consecutive months to evaluate the change in naloxone prescription dispensing rate. The primary independent variable was "implementation of the physician-approved protocol." The primary outcome measure was the rate of naloxone prescriptions dispensed per month per state. Secondary outcome measures were naloxone dispensing rates by each payer. RESULTS: Number of patients who received naloxone prescriptions in the states with physician-approved protocol was 423% higher compared to states without the protocol. The overall model showed that the naloxone dispensing rate was 6 times higher in the states with a physician-approved protocol. In the payer-based models, comparing states with and without protocol, the dispensing rate was highest for Medicare (9.0 times) followed by Private (4.6 times), Medicaid (3.2 times), and Cash (3.1 times). The number of prescriptions dispensed in the low-employment states with the protocol was 17.59 times higher compared to states without the protocol. CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of physician-approved protocol was strongly associated with an increase in naloxone dispensing rates, especially in the low-employment states.

Association Between a State Law Allowing Pharmacists to Dispense Naloxone Without a Prescription and Naloxone Dispensing Rates.

Importance: Between 2015 and 2017, Ohio had the second highest number of opioid-related deaths. In July 2015, the Ohio General Assembly approved a law allowing pharmacists to dispense naloxone without a prescription in accordance with a physician-approved protocol. This change in the law allowed pharmacists to have more opportunity to participate in the management of patients who were addicted to opioids. Objective: To determine the association between the implementation of an Ohio law allowing pharmacists to dispense naloxone without a prescription in accordance with a physician-approved protocol and naloxone dispensing rates. Design, Setting, and Participants: A segmented regression analysis of an interrupted time series was performed for 30 consecutive months to evaluate the change in the naloxone dispensing rate before and after the implementation of the state law. Ohio Medicaid naloxone claims and Kroger Pharmacy naloxone claims for all 88 counties in Ohio were examined. Any patient 18 years or older with at least 1 naloxone order dispensed through Ohio Medicaid or by a Kroger Pharmacy in Ohio during the study period of July 16, 2014, to January 15, 2017, was included in the study. Data were analyzed from April 23, 2018, to July 7, 2019. Exposures: The primary independent variable was implementation of an Ohio law allowing pharmacists to dispense naloxone without a prescription in accordance with a physician-approved protocol, which took effect in July 2015. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome measure was the naloxone dispensing rate per month per county. Results: In the Ohio Medicaid population, the number of naloxone orders dispensed after the policy was implemented increased by 2328%, from 191 in the prepolicy period to 4637 in the postpolicy period. The rate of naloxone orders dispensed per month per county after the policy was implemented increased by 4% in the Ohio Medicaid population and 3% in the Kroger Pharmacy population compared with the prepolicy period. The rate of naloxone orders dispensed after the policy was implemented increased by 18% per month in low-employment counties compared with high-employment counties in the Ohio Medicaid population. Conclusions and Relevance: The implementation of a state law allowing pharmacists to dispense naloxone without a prescription in accordance with a physician-approved protocol was associated with an increase in the number of naloxone orders dispensed in the Ohio Medicaid and Kroger Pharmacy populations. Moreover, a significant increase was observed in the naloxone dispensing rate among the Ohio Medicaid population in counties with low employment and high poverty.

Trends in Smoking Status and Utilization of Smoking Cessation Agents Among Females with Cardiovascular Diseases.

BACKGROUND: In the United States, cigarette smoking accounts for almost 20% of all deaths attributed to heart disease. More women than men die each year of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Women who smoke have shown to be at a higher risk of cardiac deaths. The current study aims to determine the trend in smoking prevalence among women with CVD and their utilization of smoking cessation agents from 2004 to 2011. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective exploratory study using Medical Expenditure Panel Survey data from 2004 to 2011. All female respondents with any one cardiovascular condition were identified. Descriptive statistics were carried out to obtain the number of female patients with CVD, their smoking status, and their use of smoking cessation agents. Furthermore, disparities in smoking status and smoking cessation agent utilization with respect to race and ethnicity were studied. RESULTS: Among total CVD patients, 53% were females, which corresponded to 25.3 million females in the United States. Around 12.3% among them were current smokers. Only 6.9% among these females used smoking cessation agents. Smoking trends in females were inconsistent throughout the 8 years. Overall, the trend showed a decrease in the percentage of female smokers, while use of smoking cessation agents remained low from 2004 to 2011. Whites and non-Hispanics had more current smokers and women using smoking cessation agents. CONCLUSION: The eight-year trend shows that the use of smoking cessation agents among females is very low, particularly among non-whites and Hispanics. This is of great concern and future efforts could focus on increasing the utilization of smoking cessation agents and collectively decreasing the risk of smoking in CVD by healthcare professionals.