ABSTRACT
A series of dual-targeting, alcohol-containing benzothiazoles has been identified with superior antibacterial activity and drug-like properties. Early lead benzothiazoles containing carboxylic acid moieties showed efficacy in a well-established in vivo model, but inferior drug-like properties demanded modifications of functionality capable of demonstrating superior efficacy. Eliminating the acid group in favor of hydrophilic alcohol moieties at C(5), as well as incorporating solubilizing groups at the C(7) position of the core ring provided potent, broad-spectrum Gram-positive antibacterial activity, lower protein binding, and markedly improved efficacy in vivo.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Benzothiazoles/chemistry , Benzothiazoles/pharmacology , DNA, Bacterial/chemistry , DNA, Bacterial/drug effects , DNA, Superhelical/drug effects , Haemophilus influenzae/drug effects , Alcohols/chemistry , Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemical synthesis , Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry , Benzothiazoles/chemical synthesis , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Discovery , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Molecular Structure , Staphylococcus , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
The discovery and optimisation of a new class of benzothiazole small molecules that inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV are described. Antibacterial properties have been demonstrated by activity against DNA gyrase ATPase and potent activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pyogenes and Haemophilus influenzae. Further refinements to the scaffold designed to enhance drug-likeness included analogues bearing an α-substituent to the carboxylic acid group, resulting in excellent solubility and favourable pharmacokinetic properties.
Subject(s)
Benzothiazoles/chemistry , Benzothiazoles/pharmacology , DNA Topoisomerase IV/antagonists & inhibitors , Drug Design , Isonipecotic Acids/chemistry , Topoisomerase II Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Topoisomerase II Inhibitors/pharmacology , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemical synthesis , Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacokinetics , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Benzothiazoles/chemical synthesis , DNA Gyrase/chemistry , DNA Gyrase/metabolism , DNA Topoisomerase IV/metabolism , Enterococcus faecalis/drug effects , Enterococcus faecalis/enzymology , Enzyme Activation/drug effects , Haemophilus influenzae/drug effects , Haemophilus influenzae/enzymology , Half-Life , Mice , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Rats , Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects , Staphylococcus aureus/enzymology , Streptococcus pyogenes/drug effects , Streptococcus pyogenes/enzymology , Topoisomerase II Inhibitors/chemistry , Topoisomerase II Inhibitors/pharmacokineticsABSTRACT
Galactose-based phosphonate analogues of myo-inositol-1-phosphate and phosphatidylinositol have been synthesized from methyl beta-d-galactopyranoside. Michaelis-Arbuzov reaction of isopropyl diphenyl phosphite or triisopropyl phosphite with a 6-iodo-3,4-isopropylidene galactoside afforded the corresponding phosphonates. Deprotection of the diphenyl phosphonate afforded methyl beta-d-galactoside 6-phosphonate, an analogue of myo-inositol-1-phosphate. The diisopropyl esters of the diisopropyl phosphonate were selectively deprotected and the corresponding anion was coupled with 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol using dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. Deprotection afforded a methyl beta-d-galactoside-derived analogue of phosphatidylinositol. The galactose-derived analogues of phosphatidylinositol and myo-inositol-1-phosphate were not substrates for mycobacterial mannosyltransferases (at concentrations up to 1 mM) involved in phosphatidylinositol mannoside biosynthesis in a cell-free extract of Mycobacterium smegmatis. The galactose-derived phosphonate analogue of phosphatidylinositol was shown to be an inhibitor at 0.01 mM of PimA mannosyltransferase involved in the synthesis of phosphatidylinositol mannoside from phosphatidylinositol, and a weaker inhibitor of the next mannosyltransferase(s), which catalyzes the mannosylation of phosphatidylinositol mannoside.
Subject(s)
Galactose/analogs & derivatives , Galactose/pharmacology , Mycobacterium smegmatis/drug effects , Mycobacterium smegmatis/metabolism , Organophosphonates/pharmacology , Phosphatidylinositols/biosynthesis , Chromatography, Thin Layer , Inositol Phosphates/chemistry , Inositol Phosphates/metabolism , Mannosyltransferases/antagonists & inhibitors , Mycobacterium smegmatis/enzymology , Organophosphonates/metabolism , Phosphatidylinositols/chemistry , TemperatureABSTRACT
Leishmania spp. are human pathogens that utilize a novel beta-1,2-mannan as their major carbohydrate reserve material. We describe a new approach that combines traditional substrate-modification methods and "click chemistry" to assemble a library of modified substrates that were used to qualitatively define the substrate tolerance of the Leishmania beta-1,2-mannosyltransferases responsible for beta-1,2-mannan biosynthesis. The library was assembled by using the highly selective copper(I)-catalysed cycloaddition reaction of azides and alkynes to couple an assortment of azide- and alkyne-functionalized small molecules with complementary alkyne- and azide-functionalized mannose derivatives. All mannose derivatives with alpha-orientated substituents on the anomeric carbon were found to act as substrates when incubated with a Leishmania mexicana particulate fraction containing GDP-mannose. In contrast, 6-substituted mannose derivatives were not substrates. Representative products formed from the library compounds were analysed by mass spectrometry, methylation linkage analysis and beta-mannosidase digestions and showed extension with up to four beta-1,2-linked mannosyl residues. This work provides insights into the substrate specificity of this new class of glycosyltransferases that can be applied to the development of highly specific tools and inhibitors for their study.
