[(INTRODUCTION OF RESEARCH RESULTS INTO THE TRAINING OF PHYSICIANS IN THE SPECIALTY OF PARASITOLOGY)].

The paper presents the results of theoretical and practical studies into parasitology, which were conducted at the E.I.Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases and then used for the training of specialists with higher medical education at the Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitic Diseases, I.M.Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University. The need to develop professional skills is related to the increasing learning require- ments due to socioeconomic conditions and the epidemiological situation in the country.

[(ASSESSMENT OF RISK FOR ARBOVIRUS INFECTIONS IN RUSSIA)].

The sharply increased incidence and geographical expansion of arbovirus diseases in recent years suggest that some Russian areas are vulnerable to vector-borne diseases and that it is important to elaborate control programs to ensure bio- logical safety in our country. Moreover, the main vectors of the pathogens of arbovirus infections (Zika fever, dengue fever, chikungunya fevers), such as Aedes aegypti and Ae.albopictus, have been registered on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. The programs must be effective, by taking into account the biological features of each kind of a vector.

[(EXPERIENCE WITH GEOGRAPHIC INFORRMATION SYSTEMS USED IN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES (AS AN EXAMPLE OF MALARIA AND DIROFILARIASIS)].

The effective application of GIS against parasitic diseases requires the patterns of spread of parasitic diseases in certain natural, climatic, and socioeconomic conditions of different regions where there are epidemically effective carriers. The epidemiological parameters defining a high risk of an epidemiological process after P.vivax importation into Russia were calculated using the developed HealthMapper controlled module with a database. Analysis of the average long-term air temperatures in the administrative territories of Russia over 78 years, namely July, the warmest month of the year when there are the largest numbers of all types of mosquito vectors and high levels of microfilaria in the peripheral blood of in- fected dogs (definitive hosts), has shown that the northern border of the maximum possible area of dirofilariasis in Russia is most fully described by the +14C July isotherm.

[(THE FAUNA OF BLOODSUCKING MOSQUITOES IN THE NIZHNY NOVGOROD REGION, THEIR INFECTION WITH DIROFILARIA AND ENDOSYMBIOTIC BACTERIA)].

The fauna of bloodsucking mosquitoes in the Nizhny Novgorod Region is represented by 11 species from 5 genera of the family Culicidae. During 2014-2015, the predominant species were Ochlerotatus cantans and Aedes cinereus mosqui- toes in both a population aggregate and woodland. The infected mosquitoes accounted for 1.3% of their total number and were registered only in the village of Fokino. The investigators identified two human pathogenic nematode species: Diro- filaria immits and Dirofilaria repens (0.9% and 0.4% respectively). The effective carriers of Dirofilaria in the examined area can be Ae.cinereus and Och.cantans as only these species were found to have an invasive stage of the parasite. The symbiotic bacterium Wolbachia was detected in the mosquitoes that were not infected with dirofilariasis. This is the first study in Russia to investigate the effects of Wolbachia on the susceptibility of dirofilariasis vectors to infection.

[INFECTION OF BLOOD-SUCKING MOSQUITOES (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) WITH DIROFILARIAE (SPIRURIDA, ONCHOCERCIDAE) IN THE TULA REGION].

Blood-sucking mosquitoes (n = 2277) collected in Tula and its Region in 2013-2014 were examined using a PCR assay for dirofilariae. A total of 12 species from 4 genera (Culiseta, Aedes, Ochlerotatus [foreign character] Culex) out of 18 found mosquito species were infected with Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens. The proportion of the infected mosquitoes was 2.5% (D. immitis, 1.5%; D.repens, 1%). According to preliminary data, the most efficient Dirofilaria vectors, in the Tula Region may be Ae. vexans, Ae. geniculatus, Och. cantans, and Cx. pipiens.

[BLOODSUCKING MOSQUITOES (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) IN, THE TULA REGION ARE POTENTIAL VECTORS OF DIROFILARIAS].

Bloodsucking mosquitoes were collected in Tula and its Region in May to August 2013-2014. The fauna included 17 species from 5 genera in the subfamily Culicinae and Anopheles maculipennis complex in the subsystem Anophelinae. Ochlerotatus cantans was a dominant species in the collections. The dominant species also included Aedes einereus, Ae. vexans, Ae. geniculatus, Och. diantaeus, Och. intrudens, Och. Cataphylla, and Culex pipiens. The possible value of different mosquito species Dirofilaria repens and D. immitis as vectors of dirofilarasis was discussed.

[The species and karyotype composition of malaria mosquito larvae in different water reservoirs of the city of Moscow].

The species and karyotype composition of malaria mosquito larvae was investigated in different water reservoirs of the city of Moscow. Cytogenetic analysis identified 2 malaria mosquito species: An. maculipennis Mg and An. messeae Fall. An. messeae was predominant in all the biotopes studied. The proportion of An. maculipennis varied from 0 to 23.8% and averaged 6.27%. An. messeae larvae were found to have chromosomal polymorphism. Individual local An. messeae populations having a definite, historically established, time and space resistant karyotype structure were shown to form in Moscow. The resistance of the karyotype structure of the populations was provided by reversible fluctuations in the rate of chromosomal inversions.

[Results of studies of human dirofilariasis in Russia].

Human dirofilariasis is a pressing health problem in Russia. By 2014, there have been as many as 850 Dirofilaria repens-infested people living in 42 subjects of the Russian Federation. One of the favorable factors for circulation and spread of invasion is a temperature of above +20-24 degrees C; when the latter is maintained during at least 20 days there may be 1.-1.5 circulations of invasion in the carrier and a 2.8-fold increase in transmission intensity. The border ofa dirofilariasis area with a temperate climate is southward to 58 degrees N in European Russia and West Siberia and southward to 50 degrees N in the Far East. The conditions in the human body have been found to be more favorable for the development of Dirofilaria than considered before and allow the helminth to achieve sexual maturity and to propagate. If man has microfilaremia, he may be a source of invasion. It is necessary to examine venous blood by the enrichment method and, if possible, polymerase chain reaction and enzyme immunoassay, which make it possible to establish a diagnosis in occult invasion and to identify a pathogen species.

[Entomological monitoring of an area to assess Dirofilaria transmission risk].

As the basis for entomological monitoring, the authors first propose to investigate the structure of a season of D. repens invasion transmission in the carrier in relation to the ambient temperature, such as onset of a transmission season, terminaton of mosquito infection, the number of invasion circulations. A calculating procedure has been developed. It is shown that there is a need for entomological monitoring of each specific area irrespective of the latitude to study a risk for local dirofilariasis cases.

[The first finding of invasive species Aedes (Finlaya) koreicus (Edwards, 1917) in European Russia].

For the first time mosquito Aedes koreicus were identified by morphology and molecular genetics in the south of European Russia (Sochi city) in 2013.

[Assessment of the risk of expansion of the habitats of the mosquitoes AEDES aegypti L. and Aedes albopictus Skus. in Russia].

Based on climatic characteristics, the authors show that an invasive Aedes albopictus species is likely to emerge in new areas of the Russian Federation.

[Distribution of aedes (stegomyia) aegypti l. and aedes (stegomyia) albopictus skus. mosquitoes on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus].

There is evidence that in the Black Sea coastal area, Ae.albopictus mosquitoes are encountered everywhere from N. Afon to Dzhubga over a length of 250 km of the coast and Ae.aegypti ones are from N. Afon to Agoi, Tuapse District (215 km). The Ae.albopictus mosquitoes have extended 44 km in length and 600 m in height in the eastern part of the coast (Krasnaya Polyana).

[Biological agents for controlling the density of blood-sucking black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in the north of Armenia].

Biological agents were found to have high larvicidal activity against Simuliidae of two Bacillus thuringiensis spp. israelensis strains. To reduce the number of the pre-imago stages of black flies, the biological agent BLP-2477 should be used as most effective from an environmental point of view.

[Detection of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus skus. Mosquitoes in the Russian Federation].

Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus Skus. mosquitoes were for the first time collected in the Bolshoi Sochi region in the Russian Federetion. 16 females and 1 male were morphologically and genetically identified as Ae. albopictus and Aedes aegypti, respectively.

[New and reemerging viral fever carriers--a threat of epidemic complications in southern Europe and Russia].

Issues of emergence and spread of viral fever and malaria carriers in non-endemic areas are discussed. The role of asian tiger mosquito global spread--a dangerous arbovirus carrier--is noted. Epidemic consequences of emergence of West Nile fever virus in the New World that is presumably connected with Culex pipiens complex mosquitoes are discussed. Rigorous monitoring and prophylaxis measures are suggested.