[Effect of Nitrification on N2O Emissions and Their Environmental Factors in Saline-alkali Wetlands].

Wetlands are important sources and sinks for N2O. Exploring the role of N2O emissions in saline-alkali wetlands has great significance in understanding the nitrification mechanism of N2O production and assessing the role of saline-alkali wetlands in the greenhouse effect. The present study examined the N2O fluxes and environmental factors of a typical Zhalong reed wetland during the growing season. The results suggested that the N2O fluxes tended to decrease in volatility, with the highest value in mid-July. The mean flux of N2O was (37.49±15.75) µg·(m2·h)-1, indicating that the typical Zhalong reed wetland was a source of N2O. The N2O fluxes exhibited a significantly positive correlation with soil temperature at different depths (P<0.05), and the impact of the upper soil temperature on N2O flux was higher than that of deep soil. In the flooding period, the relationship between N2O fluxes and water table depth was negatively correlated (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the TOC and TN contents were lower, and the N2O flux was significantly positively correlated with the NH4+-N content in the 0-40 cm soil layer (P<0.05), but it was not related to NO3--N content. Nitrification was stronger than denitrification. There was a significant positive correlation between ammonia-oxidizing bacterial activity and soil temperature in 0-20 cm layer (P<0.01). Additionally, the activity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria also presented significantly positive linear correlation with the N2O fluxes (P<0.001), which indicated that the release of N2O in saline-alkali wetlands was greatly affected by nitrification.

[Effect of Temperature on the Performance and Microbial Community Structure in an Integrated Anaerobic Fluidized-bed Membrane Bioreactor Treating Benzothiazole Wastewater].

An integrated anaerobic fluidized-bed membrane bioreactor (IAFMBR) was applied to treat synthetic high-strength benzothiazole wastewater. This study investigated the effect of temperature on the performance, membrane fouling and microbial community structure of IAFMBR. The results showed that decreasing temperature had an adverse effect on the performance and the cycle of membrane fouling. When temperature declined from 35℃ to 15℃, the COD efficiency dropped 7.4%, benzothiazole removal efficiency dropped 49.2%, the accumulation of total VFAs increased 225.66 mg·L-1, and methane yield (in CH4/CODremoved) dropped 0.118 m3·kg-1. The membrane fouling cycle shortened from 5.2 d to 2.5 d. For cake layer, the concentration of soluble microbial product (SMP) increased from 42.47 mg·L-1 to 70.62 mg·L-1, and the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) content (in VSS) increased from 46.30 mg·g-1 to 82.22 mg·g-1 when the TMP was 15 kPa. For mixed liquor, the concentration of SMP increased from 36.46 mg·L-1 to 69.35 mg·L-1 and the EPS content increased from 47.47 mg·g-1 to 81.63 mg·g-1. Protein was the main component of EPS and SMP, and occurred in proportion of 80%.The microbial community structure showed that the dominant phyla were Firmicutes and Chloroflexi, which accounted for 42.6%-61.0% of the total relative abundance. The genera Clostridium (13.7%), Levilinea (15.2%), and Lactococus (17.9%) dominated with decreasing temperatures. The dominant methanogen was Methanosaeta.

Dynamics of Archaeal and Bacterial Communities in Response to Variations of Hydraulic Retention Time in an Integrated Anaerobic Fluidized-Bed Membrane Bioreactor Treating Benzothiazole Wastewater.

An integrated anaerobic fluidized-bed membrane bioreactor (IAFMBR) was investigated to treat synthetic high-strength benzothiazole wastewater (50 mg/L) at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 24, 18, and 12 h. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency (from 93.6% to 90.9%), the methane percentage (from 70.9% to 69.27%), and the methane yield (from 0.309 m3 CH4/kg·CODremoved to 0.316 m3 CH4/kg·CODremoved) were not affected by decreasing HRTs. However, it had an adverse effect on membrane fouling (decreasing service period from 5.3 d to 3.2 d) and benzothiazole removal efficiency (reducing it from 97.5% to 82.3%). Three sludge samples that were collected on day 185, day 240, and day 297 were analyzed using an Illumina® MiSeq platform. It is striking that the dominant genus of archaea was always Methanosaeta despite of HRTs. The proportions of Methanosaeta were 80.6% (HRT 24), 91.9% (HRT 18), and 91.2% (HRT 12). The dominant bacterial genera were Clostridium in proportions of 23.9% (HRT 24), 16.4% (HRT 18), and 15.3% (HRT 12), respectively.

Occurrence and risk assessment of phthalate esters (PAEs) in agricultural soils of the Sanjiang Plain, northeast China.

This study looks at the pollution status of six priority control phthalate esters (PAEs) under different cultivation of agricultural soils in the Sanjiang Plain, northeast China. Results show the total concentration of PAEs ranged from 162.9 to 946.9 µg kg-1 with an average value of 369.5 µg kg-1. PAE concentrations in three types of cultivated soils exhibited decreasing order paddy field (532.1 ± 198.1 µg kg-1) > vegetable field (308.2 ± 87.5 µg kg-1) > bean field (268.2 ± 48.3 µg kg-1). Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) were the most abundant PAEs congeners. Compared with previous studies, agricultural soils in the Sanjiang Plain showed relatively low contamination levels. Anthropogenic activities such as cultivation practices and industrial emissions were associated with the distribution pattern of PAEs. Furthermore, human health risks of PAEs were estimated and the non-cancer risk shown negligible but carcinogenic risk of DEHP exceeded the threshold limits value. PAE contaminants originated from cultivation practices and intense anthropogenic activities result in placing the agricultural soils under a potential risk to human health and also to ecosystems in the Sanjiang Plain. Therefore, the contamination status of PAEs in agricultural soil and potential impacts on human health should attract considerable attention.

Performance and microbial community structure in an integrated anaerobic fluidized-bed membrane bioreactor treating synthetic benzothiazole contaminated wastewater.

This study investigated the impact of benzothiazole on the performance and microbial community structures in an integrated anaerobic fluidized-bed membrane bioreactor fed with synthetic benzothiazole wastewater (with gradually increasing doses of benzothiazole (1-50mg/L)). The addition of benzothiazole had an adverse effect on volatile fatty acids accumulation (from 10.86mg/L to 57.83mg/L), and membrane fouling (service period from 5.9d to 5.3d). The removal efficiency of benzothiazole was 96.0%. Biodegradation was the major benzothiazole removal route and the biodegradation efficiency obviously improved from 25.7% to 98.3% after adaptation. Sludge 1 (collected on day 58 without benzothiazole) and sludge 2 (collected on day 185 with 50mg/L benzothiazole) were analyzed using the Illumina®MiSeq platform. The most abundant genera were Trichococcus (43.1% in sludge 1) and Clostridium sensu stricto (23.9% in sludge 2). The dominant genus of archaea was Methanosaeta (90.3% in sludge 1 and 80.8% in sludge 2).

[Storage and Reactivation of Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation (ANAMMOX) Sludge at Room Temperature].

Slow growth rates limit the widespread application of anaerobic ammonia oxidation (ANAMMOX) reactions, which presents a need for the study of long-term storage and rapid reactivation of ANAMMOX sludge. Under room temperature conditions (14~30℃), this study investigated the effects of storage duration on the residual activity and the activity after reactivation of ANAMMOX sludge without the addition of external substances. The chosen storage durations were 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 100 days, respectively. The results show that the residual specific ANAMMOX activities (SAAs) of the stored ANAMMOX sludge were 90.9%, 64.3%, 61.7%, 43.2%, 25.8% and 19.3% of the initial activity (activity before sludge storage) after 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 100 days, respectively. Therefore, the residual SAA decreases linearly with an increase in the storage duration of ANAMMOX sludge (R2 was 0.978). The SAAs after reactivation with a storage duration of 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 days were all higher than the initial SAA and reached 103.4%, 129.3%, 124.8%, 111.7% and 116.9% of the initial SAA before its storage, respectively. However, the SAA after reactivation after storage for 100 days was just 98.9% of the initial SAA. In conclusion, after as long as 100 days of storage duration under room temperature, the residual SAA of ANAMMOX sludge decreases to 0.0513 g·(g·d)-1, and its ANAMMOX activity can still be recovered after 9.5 days of reactivation culture.

Seasonal changes and spatial distributions of nonylphenol ethoxylates in sewage treatment plant with BAF process.

Recently, there has been growing concern over the prevalence of Nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPnEOs) in the natural environment as these compounds are known endocrine disruptors. This study focuses on the seasonal variation and spatial distribution of NPnEOs in the wastewater of a full scale sewage treatment plant, operating a Biological Aerated Filter (BAF), in Harbin, a city in Northeast China. Water samples were collected seasonally from 2009 to 2010, with the findings revealing remarkable seasonal variations in the concentrations of NPnEOs. The total influent concentrations of short-chain NPnEOs (NP, NP1EO and NP2EO) measured during winter was 16 mg L-1, with decreasing concentrations observed during autumn, summer and spring of 89, 67 and 41 mg L-1, respectively. The concentrations of the short-chain NPnEOs measured during autumn become higher (89 mg L-1), with summer becoming the lowest (16 mg L-1). Although the removal efficiencies of short-chain NPnEOs in STP showed various trends in different seasons, they all achieve relatively good performance during summer and winter. The BAF process plays the main role in the elimination of short-chain NPnEOs compounds; however, the ambient temperatures were not found to significantly influence the removal efficiency of short-chain NPnEOs compounds from the STP.

Synergistic effect using vermiculite as media with a bacterial biofilm of Arthrobacter sp. for biodegradation of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate.

Vermiculite is one of matrix material used for constructed wetland (CW) for the treatment of municipal wastewater. Arthrobacter sp. strain C21 (CGMCC No. 7671), isolated from a constructed wetland receiving municipal wastewater, forms biofilm on the surface of vermiculite. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a typical phthalate pollutant in environment, can be degraded by the biofilm of strain C21 formed on vermiculite. Results of laboratory studies indicated that DEHP was removed from aqueous phase via biodegradation, adsorption by vermiculite, and adsorption by biofilm biomass. Synergistic effect of these three reactions enhanced the overall DEHP removal efficiency. During a batch incubation test with vermiculite and the cell suspension, bacterial adhesion to the media surface occurred within 5h and the phthalate esters (PEs) removal was due to both biodegradation and vermiculite adsorption. As the biofilm developed on surface of vermiculite (5-36 h), biodegradation became the predominance for PEs removal. As mature biofilm was formed (36-54 h), the adsorption of PEs by biofilm biomass became a main driving force for the removal of PEs from aqueous phase. The content of extracellular polymers (EPS) of the biofilm and DEHP removal performance showed a significant positive correlation (rp>0.86).

Phthalate esters in the environment: A critical review of their occurrence, biodegradation, and removal during wastewater treatment processes.

Phthalate esters are one of the most frequently detected persistent organic pollutants in the environment. A better understanding of their occurrence and degradation in the environment and during wastewater treatment processes will facilitate the development of strategies to reduce these pollutants and to bioremediate contaminated freshwater and soil. Phthalate esters occur at measurable levels in different environments worldwide. For example, the concentrations of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) in atmospheric particulate matter, fresh water and sediments, soil, and landfills are N.D.-10.4 ng/m(3), N.D.-31.7 µg/L, N.D.-316 µg/kg dry weight, and N.D.-200 µg/kg dry weight, N.D.-43.27 µg/L, respectively. Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) are primary phthalate ester pollutants. Urbanization has increased the discharge of phthalate esters to atmospheric and aquatic environments, and the use of agricultural plastics has exacerbated soil contamination by phthalate esters in rural areas. Aerobic biodegradation is the primary manner of phthalate ester mineralization in the environment, and this process has been widely studied. Phthalate esters can be removed during wastewater treatment processes. The combination of different wastewater treatment technologies showed greater efficiency in the removal of phthalate esters than individual treatment steps, such as the combination of anaerobic wastewater treatment with a membrane bioreactor would increase the efficiency of phthalate ester removal from 65%-71% to 95%-97%. This review provides a useful framework to identify future research objectives to achieve the mineralization and elimination of phthalate esters in the environment.

Membrane biofouling process correlated to the microbial community succession in an A/O MBR.

The microbial community succession of the biofouling layer in a submerged anoxic/oxic membrane biological reactor (A/O MBR) that fed with synthesized domestic wastewater was investigated under three different flux conditions without the changing of the nutrient load. The noticeable microbial community succession and its significant correlation with the metabolic products were observed under the subcritical flux condition. Under the supercritical flux condition, the microbial community shift was in a different pattern compared with that under the subcritical flux condition and it was affected by the increased permeable suction more than the metabolic products. The most abundant microorganisms in the foulants were ß-proteobacteria and γ-proteobacteria which can reach more than 20% of the microbial community. However the microorganisms which had significant correlation with the metabolic products were in lower abundance.

High-capacity adsorption of aniline using surface modification of lignocellulose-biomass jute fibers.

Pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) modified jute fiber (MJF) were prepared with microwave treatment to generate a biosorbent for aniline removal. The characterization of the biosorbent was investigated by SEM, BET and FT-IR analysis to discuss the adsorption mechanism. The studies of various factors influencing the adsorption behavior indicated that the optimum dosage for aniline adsorption was 3g/L, the maximum adsorption capacity was observed at pH 7.0 and the adsorption process is spontaneous and endothermic. The aniline adsorption follows the pseudo second order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model. Moreover, the biosorbent could be regenerated through the desorption of aniline by using 0.5M HCl solution, and the adsorption capacity after regeneration is even higher than that of virgin MJF. All these results prove MJF is a promising adsorbent for aniline removal in wastewater.

Sewage treatment by an UAFB-EGSB biosystem with energy recovery and autotrophic nitrogen removal under different temperatures.

A system combined an upflow anaerobic fixed bed (UAFB) and an expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) was designed and verified as a success for treating real sewage with simultaneous energy recovery and autotrophic nitrogen removal. The impact of temperature (stepwise decreased from 30 °C to 20 °C and 10 °C) was a primary focus, aiming to reveal the response of the anaerobic digestion (AD) and anammox efficiency to the temperature variation. As the temperature decreases, the soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD) removal rate was 90.6%, 90.0% and 84.7%, respectively; total nitrogen (TN) removal was 69.4%, 48.8%, 38.4%, respectively; NH4(+)-N removal was 91.3%, 74.9%, 65.1%, respectively. Methanogenic activity of UAFB was significantly influenced by low temperatures, while the unavoidable growth of heterotrophic organisms in EGSB also contributed to the sCOD removal, even at 10 °C. Lower working temperature (10/20 °C) limited the growth and activity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and anaerobic ammonia oxidation bacteria (AnAOB), but improved the nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) activity.

[Effect of different volume loading of aerobic/anaerobic zone on nitrogen and phosphorus removal by biofilm and granular sludge coupling process].

The effect of different aerobic/anaerobic zone volume loading on nitrogen and phosphorus removal by biological film and granular coupling process was investigated using a self-designed Biofilm/Granular sludge coupling reactor. Three operating modes were conducted in the experiment. In operating mode I ,the volume of aerobic zone was 9. 66 L, and the volume of anaerobic zone was 15. 34 L. In operating mode II , the volume of aerobic zone was 12. 56 L, and the volume of anaerobic zone was 12. 44 L. In operating mode III , the volume of aerobic zone was 15.42 L, and the volume of anaerobic zone was 9.58 L. Three operating modes expressed different volume loading of the reactor because of different aerobic/anaerobic zone. The results showed that the performance of ammonia nitrogen and phosphorus removal was a bit poor in operating mode I , the effluent nitrate nitrogen was higher in operating mode III compared with other modes, which brought the total nitrogen removal efficiency lower. The operating mode II was optimal for nitrogen and phosphorus removal. In operating mode II , the ammonia nitrogen removal efficiency was about 80. 63% , the volume loading rate of nitrogen removal was about 150. 27 g(m3 d)-1, and the COD removal efficiency was higher than 83.24%; the amounts of phosphorus release and uptake under anaerobic conditions were 7. 23 mg L-1 and 11. 93 mg L-1.

Treatment of domestic wastewater by an integrated anaerobic fluidized-bed membrane bioreactor under moderate to low temperature conditions.

The performance of a novel integrated anaerobic fluidized-bed membrane bioreactor (IAFMBR) for treating practical domestic wastewater was investigated at a step dropped temperature from 35, 25, to 15°C. The COD removal was 74.0 ± 3.7%, 67.1 ± 2.9% and 51.1 ± 2.6% at 35, 25 and 15°C, respectively. The COD removal depended both on influent strength and operational temperature. The accumulation of VFAs (Volatile Fatty Acids) was affected by temperature, and acetic acid was the most sensitive one to the decrease of temperature. The methanogenic activity of the sludge decreased eventually and the methane yield was dropped from 0.17 ± 0.03, 0.15 ± 0.02 to 0.10 ± 0.01 L/Ld. And as compared with a mesophilic temperature, a low temperature can accelerate membrane biofouling. Proteins were the dominant matters causing membrane fouling at low temperature and membrane fouling can be mitigated by granular active carbon (GAC) through protein absorption.

Biodegradation and kinetic analysis of phthalates by an Arthrobacter strain isolated from constructed wetland soil.

A bacterial strain C21 isolated from constructed wetland soil was identified as Arthrobacter sp. based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and physio-biochemical characteristics and was capable of utilizing di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) as a carbon and energy source for growth. Strain C21 can also utilize other phthalates (PAEs) up to a molecular weight of 390.56 and phthalic acid (PA). The biodegradability of these compounds decreased with the increase in the length of phthalate alkyl chains and molecular weight. Kinetic analysis indicated that the strain C21 cell growth on DBP fitted well with Haldane-Andrews' model (R (2) > 0.98) with µ max, K s, and K i of 0.12/h, 4.2 mg/L, and 204.6 mg/L, respectively. When the initial DBP concentration was lower than 100 mg/L, DBP biodegradation reaction fitted with the first-order kinetics. The results suggested that Arthrobacter strain C21 played an active role in the bioremediation of the wetland contaminated with phthalates.

Microbial community structure characteristics associated membrane fouling in A/O-MBR system.

The study demonstrated the potential relationship between microbial community structure and membrane fouling in an anoxic-oxic membrane bioreactor (A/O-MBR). The results showed that the microbial community structure in biocake was different with aerobic mixture, and the dominant populations were out of sync during the fouling process. Based on microbial community structure and metabolites analysis, the results showed that the succession of microbial community might be the leading factor to the variation of metabolites, and it might be the primary cause of membrane fouling. The rise of Shannon diversity index (H) of the microbial community in A/O-MBR went with the gradually serious membrane fouling. Pareto-Lorenz curve was used to describe the evenness of microbial distribution in A/O-MBR, and the result indicated when community evenness was low, the membrane fouling took place smoothly or slightly, otherwise, high evenness of microbial community would lead to more seriously membrane fouling.

[Effects of salinity on N2O production during nitrification using aerobic granular sludge].

An aerobic SBR biological wastewater treatment system was adopted to measure the N2O production and nitrogen removal using aerobic granular sludge nitrification process under 0, 5, 10 g x L(-1) salinity conditions. The results showed that the N2O production increased with the increase of salinity concentration. At three salinity levels (0, 5, 10 g x L(-1)), the dissolved N2O production was 1.21, 8.99, 24.81 mg x m(-3), respectively, and the released N2O was 0.95, 3.46, 16.45 mg x m(-3), respectively. The N2O release rates at the 5 g x L(-1) and 10 g x L(-1) salinity levels were 3.6 and 17.4 times as high as that at the 0 g x L(-1) salinity level. Under various salinity conditions both the dissolved and releasing state N2O production first increased and then decreased, and the dissolved N2O production was greater than that in the releasing state. In addition, when the salinity was low (less than 5 g x L(-1)), the NH4(+)-N removal rate was less affected and almost the same with the condition of 0 g x L(-1), both over 98%. When the salinity was increased to 10 g x L(-1), the NH4(+)-N removal rate dropped to 70%. Thus, increasing the salinity of wastewater not only affected the system nitrogen removal rate but also increased the amount of N2O production.

Simultaneous energy recovery and autotrophic nitrogen removal from sewage at moderately low temperatures.

This study assessed the technical feasibility of treating sewage with a combination of direct anaerobic treatment and autotrophic nitrogen removal, while simultaneously achieving energy recovery and nitrogen removal under moderately low temperatures. The concentrations of ammonia, nitrite, and COD in effluent were below 1, 0.1, and 30 mg/L, respectively. In the up-flow, anaerobic sludge fixed-bed, there was no obvious change observed in the total methane production at temperatures of 35 ± 1 °C, 28 ± 1 °C, 24 ± 3 °C, and 17 ± 3 °C, with the accumulation of volatile fatty acids occurring with decreasing temperatures. The control strategy employed in this study achieved a stable effluent with equimolar concentrations of nitrite and ammonium, coupled with high nitrite accumulation (>97 %) in the partial nitrification sequencing batch reactor system at moderately low temperatures. In the anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) reactor, a short hydraulic retention time of 0.96 h, with a nitrogen removal rate of 0.83 kgN/(m(3)/day) was achieved at 12-15 °C. At low temperatures, the corresponding fluorescence in situ hybridization image revealed a high amount of anammox bacteria. This study demonstrates that efficient nitrogen removal and energy recovery from sewage at moderately low temperatures can be achieved by utilizing a combined system. Additionally, this system has the potential to become energy-neutral or even energy-producing.

[N2O production in nitrogen removal by micro-expansion of granular sludge].

Controlled low dissolved oxygen (DO) in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was used to study the realization of micro-expansion of aerobic granular sludge, and the removal efficiency of COD and NH4+ -N as well as the production of the greenhouse gas N2O by the micro-expansion of granular sludge was investigated. The results showed that under the condition of low dissolved oxygen micro-expansion of sludge could be achieved, and the sludge volume index (SVI) was mostly in the range of 150-250 mL x g(-1). The micro-expansion of granular sludge did not have significant influence on the removal of COD and NH4+ -N. The COD removal rate increased from 89.45% to 90.99%, the NH4+ -N removal rate decreased from 77.29% to 68.29%, and the nitrification rate dropped from 38.95 x 10(-3) mg (g x min)(-1) to 33.46 x 10(-3) mg x (g x min)(-1). The micro-expansion of granular sludge had a big influence on the production of N2O, and the N2O production by the micro-expanded granular sludge was 2.42 mg x m(-3), which was 1.26 times of the N2O production of the granular sludge without micro-expansion. The N2O release rate in the micro-expanded granular sludge increased from 3.63 x 10(-3) mg x (L x min)(-1) to 4.72 x 10(-3) mg x (L x min)(-1).

[Influence of different recovery methods on the activity of nitrification granular sludge].

Aerobic nitrifying granule sludge cultivated in sequential batch reactor (SBR) was used to investigate the critical activity point of granules and the effect of different ammonia concentration and aeration time on reactivation after storage. The results showed that there was big difference in the activity (SOUR, 02/VSS) of nitrifying bacteria after different storage time. The specific oxygen utilization rate (SOUR) of granules before storage was 13. 15 mg.(g h)-1. After a storage period of 20 days, the SOUR decreased by 1.26 mg.(g.h)-1 , after 5 cycles of reactivation, the ammonia removal efficiency was already increased to 95% while the SOUR was recovered to 13.87 mg.(g.h)-1. But after a storage period of 30 days, the SOUR decreased by 11.63 mg.(g.h)-1, after 51 cycles of reactivation, the ammonia removal efficiecny only eached 92. 64% while the SOUR was recovered to 14.92 mg.(g.h)-1. Meanwhile, this storage method required a longer recovery time. Therefore, we put forward that the critical activity of denitrifying granular sludge should be the activity when activity recovery starts and the nitrifying bacteria SOUR begins to decline. On the basis of the critical activity, we began to restore the activity when the activity of the denitrifying bacteria was reduced to critical activity, and then started a new storage cycle. This storage method was named dynamic storage. Different influent ammonia concentrations of 20, 30 and40 mg.L-1 were applied to reactivate the aerobic granules. Highest SOUR could be achieved when fed with an ammonia concentration of 40 mg.L-1 after reactivation. After three times of dynamic storage, the SOUR remained stable. Different aeration time of 1, 2 and 3 h was applied to reactivate the aerobic granules. Highest SOUR could be obtained when aeration time of 1 h was applied after reactivation and remained stable along with dynamic storage.