[Effect of combined application of inorganic and organic fertilizers on growth and quality of Salvia miltiorrhiza].

The study is aimed through field experiments to study the effect of combined application of organic and chemical fertilizers on the growth and quality of Salvia miltiorrhiza, provide ideas for reducing fertilization while increasing the efficiency as well as improving the quality of produces. The experiment included 6 treatments viz., no fertilization(CK), full application of chemical fertilizer(F), 25% orga-nic fertilizer with 75% chemical fertilizer(M25), 50% organic fertilizer with 50% chemical fertilizer(M50), 75% organic fertilizer with 25% chemical fertilizer(M75), and fully apply organic fertilizer(M100). The results showed that:(1)from the perspective of yield and economic benefits, M75 was the best and M100 second;(2)for effective components, the combined application of organic and chemical fertilizers increased the content of main water-soluble components and the total content of effective components, among which M25 and M50 were better.

A Bis(Salamo)-Based Fluorogenic Sensor for Highly Selective and Sequential Recognition of Cu2+ and B4O72- Ions in Semi-Aqueous Medium.

A new type of multifunctional bis(salamo)-based fluorogenic sensor H2BS was designed and synthesized. Under the action of VDMF: VH2O = 9: 1, the fluorogenic sensor can identify Cu2+ and B4O72-, in which N and O atoms can serve as binding sites for Cu2+ and B4O72-, the stoichiometry of the binding of the fluorogenic sensor H2BS and Cu2+ has been confirmed by titration experiment, working curve, ESI-MS analysis and DFT calculation. The pH response experiment also confirmed that the fluorogenic sensor can recognize Cu2+ and B4O72- in the pH range applicable to the physiological environment. The minimum detection limit of H2BS for Cu2+ and B4O72- recognition reaches 1.12 × 10-7 and 5.56 × 10-8 M, and the fluorogenic sensor H2BS has been successfully applied to Cu2+ detection in actual water samples, and the test strip for detecting Cu2+ and B4O72- was obtained. Meanwhile, the success of the test strip experiment made the fluorogenic sensor H2BS to recognize Cu2+ and B4O72- widely used in daily life. A new type of salamo-based multifunctional fluorogenic sensor H2BS was designed and synthesized to identify Cu2+ and B4O72- in aqueous solvent systems. Added Cu2+ to H2BS can cause fluorescence quenching. Further experiments showed that H2BS and Cu2+ form a stable 1:2 complex, while B4O72- can also cause fluorescence quenching of H2BS, which is the occurrence of the PET effect. Meanwhile, H2BS can be used for quantitative detection in the environment and rapid identification in life.

Higher plasticity in feeding preference of a generalist than a specialist: experiments with two closely related Helicoverpa species.

Herbivorous insects have been categorized as generalists or specialists depending on the taxonomic relatedness of the plants they use as food or oviposition substrates. The plasticity in host plant selection behavior of species belonging to the two categories received little attention. In the present work, fifth instar caterpillars of the generalist herbivore Helicoverpa armigera and its closely related species, the specialist Helicoverpa assulta, were fed on common host plants or artificial diet, after which their feeding preference was assessed individually by using dual - and triple- plant choice assays. Results show both the two Helicoverpa species have a preference hierarchy for host plants. Compared to the fixed preference hierarchy of the specialist H. assulta, the generalist H. armigera exhibited extensive plasticity in feeding preference depending on the host plant experienced during larval development. Whereas the specialist H. assulta exhibited a rigid preference in both dual and triple-plant choice assays, our findings demonstrate that the generalist H. armigera expressed stronger preferences in the dual-plant choice assay than in the triple-plant choice assay. Our results provide additional evidence supporting the neural constraints hypothesis which predicts that generalist herbivores make less accurate decisions than specialists when selecting plants.

Fitness traits and underlying genetic variation related to host plant specialization in the aphid Sitobion avenae.

Sitobion avenae (F.) is an important cereal pest worldwide that can survive on various plants in the Poaceae, but divergent selection on different host plants should promote the evolution of specialized genotypes or host races. In order to evaluate their resource use strategies, clones of S. avenae were collected from oat and barley. Host-transfer experiments for these clones were conducted in the laboratory to compare their fitness traits. Our results demonstrated that barley clones had significantly lower fecundity and tended to have longer developmental times when transferred from barley to oat. However, oat clones developed faster after they were transferred to barley. Clones from oat and barley had diverged to a certain extent in terms of fecundity and developmental time of the nymphs. The separation of barley clones and oat clones of S. avenae was also evident in a principal component analysis. Barley clones tended to have higher broad-sense heritabilities for fitness traits than oat clones, indicating the genetic basis of differentiation between them. Barley clones showed significantly higher extent of specialization compared to oat clones from two measures of specialization (i.e., Xsp and Ysp). Therefore, barley clones were specialized to a certain extent, but oat clones appeared to be generalized. The fitness of S. avenae clones tended to increase with higher extent of specialization. The evolution toward ecological specialization in S. avenae clones, as well as the underlying genetic basis, was discussed.

(E)-2-{4-[1-(Hydroxyimino)ethyl]phenyl-iminomethyl}-6-methoxyphenol mono-hydrate.

In the title compound, C(16)H(16)N(2)O(3)·H(2)O, the benzene rings are nearly coplanar with each other, forming a dihedral angle of 4.46 (3)°. There is a strong intra-molecular O-H⋯N hydrogen bond which results in a six-membered ring. In the crystal, the mol-ecules are connected into a three-dimensional network via O-H⋯O and O-H⋯N inter-molecular hydrogen bonds, forming a centrosymmetric ring along the b axis with graph-set motif R(4) (4)(10). In addition, the short distances between the centroids of six-membered rings [3.555 (1) Å], indicate the existence of π-π stacking inter-actions, which may stabilize the crystal structure.

5,5'-Dimeth-oxy-2,2'-[(nonane-1,9-diyldi-oxy)bis-(nitrilo-methyl-idyne)]diphenol.

The mol-ecule of the title compound, C(25)H(34)N(2)O(6), adopts a fully extended configuration. The oxime (-CH=N-O-) group is coplanar with the aromatic ring and the two benzene rings are almost parallel, making a dihedral angle of 0.16 (3)°. In the crystal structure, strong intra-molecular O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds generate six-membered S(6) ring motifs. Inter-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link each mol-ecule to five others, forming an infinite three-dimensional supra-molecular structure. The crystal is further stabilized by π-π stacking inter-actions between neighbouring benzene rings [centroid-centroid distance = 3.744 (2) Å].

1,3-Bis[(4-methylbenzylidene)amino-oxy]propane.

The title bis-oxime compound, C(19)H(22)N(2)O(2), synthesized by the reaction of 4-methyl-2-hydroxy-benzaldehyde with 1,3-bis-(amino-oxy)propane in ethanol, adopts a V-shaped conformation. The dihedral angle between the rings is 84.59 (3)°. The mol-ecule is disposed about a crystallographic twofold rotation axis, with one C atom lying on the axis. In the crystal, mol-ecules are packed by C-H⋯π(Ph) inter-actions, forming chains.

4-({4-[1-(Methoxy-imino)eth-yl]anilino}(phen-yl)methyl-ene)-3-methyl-2-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5(4H)-one.

In the title compound, C(26)H(24)N(4)O(2), the dihedral angles between the central pyrazole ring and the other three benzene rings are 40.02 (3), 77.51 (5) and 55.72 (3)°. A strong intra-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bond forms a six-membered ring with an S(6) motif. In the crystal structure, a weak inter-molecular C-H⋯N inter-action with graph-set motif R(2) (2)(8) and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link each mol-ecule to three others, forming an infinite two-dimensional supra-molecular structure.

{4,4'-Dimeth-oxy-2,2'-[ethyl-enedioxy-bis(nitrilo-methyl-idyne)]diphenolato}copper(II).

The title complex, [Cu(C(18)H(18)N(2)O(6))], was synthesized by the reaction of copper(II) acetate mono-hydrate with the ligand 4,4'-dimeth-oxy-2,2'-[ethyl-enedioxy-bis(nitrilo-methyl-idyne)]diphenol (H(2)L). The Cu atom is coordinated by two O atoms and two N atoms of the L(2-) unit. A bridged dimer is formed through inter-molecular Cu⋯O inter-actions [Cu⋯O = 1.9408 (15) Å], creating a distorted square-pyramidal geometry about the Cu atoms.