Identification of Factors on Blood Selenium Levels in the US Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for humans and its low or high concentration in vivo is associated with the high risk of many diseases. It is important to identify influential factors of Se status. The present study aimed to explore the association between several factors (Se intake, gender, age, race, education, body mass index (BMI), income, smoking and alcohol status) and blood Se concentration using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017-2020 data. Demographic characteristics, physical examination, health interviews and diets were compared among quartiles of blood Se concentration using the Rao-Scott χ2 test. Se levels were compared between the different groups of factors studied, measuring the strength of their association. A total of 6205 participants were finally included. The normal reference ranges of blood Se concentration were 142.3 (2.5th percentile) and 240.8 µg/L (97.5th percentile), respectively. The mean values of dietary Se intake, total Se intake and blood Se concentration of the participants were 111.5 µg/day, 122.7 µg/day and 188.7 µg/L, respectively, indicating they were in the normal range. Total Se intake was the most important contributor of blood Se concentration. Gender, race, education status, income, BMI, smoking and alcohol status were associated with blood Se concentration.

The Associations of Vitamin D Level with Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components Among Adult Population: Evidence from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017-2018.

Background and Purpose: Vitamin D can both stimulate and inhibit adipogenesis, indicating that associations of the vitamin D level with some metabolic disorders may be nonlinear. This cross-sectional study aims to explore potential nonlinear associations of the 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D] level with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components. Methods: Adults without previously diagnosed specific noncommunicable disease were selected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017-2018 (n = 870). Their demographic, physical, and laboratory data were obtained. The associations of serum 25(OH)D with MetS and its components were analyzed using logistic regression. Restricted cubic spline was applied to flexibly model the nonlinear association if the nonlinearity test was statistically significant. Results: The 25(OH)D level was inversely associated with risk of MetS [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.986; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.978-0.993] and most MetS components, but not with the risk of raised triglycerides (adjusted OR = 0.996; 95% CI = 0.988-1.005). The association of serum 25(OH)D with central obesity risk was significantly nonlinear (P for the nonlinearity test: 0.037). The OR for risk of central obesity decreased rapidly with increase in serum 25(OH)D concentration until the concentration reached 50 nmol/L, and then, the intensity of decrease in OR slowed down. Conclusions: Vitamin D is inversely associated with MetS, but not all MetS components. A nonlinear association between the vitamin D level and risk of central obesity has been found for the first time among the adult population, which reflects the complex roles of vitamin D in lipid metabolism. Although vitamin D deficiency (<50 nmol/L) was defined to avoid abnormal calcium and phosphorus metabolism, preventing its deficiency may also be beneficial for reduction of central obesity risk.

The association of prediabetes with dietary patterns, life behavior and cardiovascular risk factors among adult population without previously diagnosed non-communicable diseases.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Prediabetes and its risk factors are difficult to recognize because there may be no clear symptoms in that stage of diabetes mellitus (DM) progression. This cross-sectional study aims to examine associations between prediabetes and potential risk factors among adult population without previously diagnosed non-communicable diseases. METHODS AND RESULTS: Study participants (n = 30823) were selected all over China. Their dietary, life behavior and laboratory data were obtained through questionnaires, physical examination or biochemical measurement. Factor analysis was applied to identify dietary patterns. Non-proportional odds model was applied to analyze associations between those data and stages of DM progression. The prevalence of prediabetes and DM was 20.6% and 4.5%, respectively. Two dietary patterns were identified: the first pattern was characterized by high consumption of diverse plant- and animal-based food items, and the second pattern was characterized by high consumption of starchy food items. The risk of prediabetes was inversely associated with sufficient sleep duration (OR: 0.939, 95% CI: 0.888-0.993) and the second pattern (OR: 0.882, 95% CI: 0.850-0.914), but not significantly associated with the first pattern (OR: 1.030, 95% CI: 0.995-1.067). High density lipoprotein cholesterol was inversely associated with DM risk (OR: 0.811, 95% CI: 0.667-0.986) but not prediabetes (OR: 1.035, 95% CI: 0.942-1.137). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of undetected prediabetes was high among adult population, and some factors may exert different effects on different stages of DM progression. Dietary diversity, which was reflected by the first pattern to a certain extent, may be not significantly associated with risk of prediabetes.

The association between vitamin D levels and metabolic syndrome components among metropolitan adolescent population.

OBJECTIVES: Vitamin D promotes both lipolysis and lipogenesis, and some pediatric studies showed inconsistent associations between vitamin D and metabolic syndrome (MetS). This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the association between vitamin D levels and MetS components among metropolitan adolescents. METHODS: A total of 4,149 adolescents aged 10-18 years were recruited from 23 metropolises in China. The MetS conditions were assessed according to the International Diabetes Federation consensus definition, and the serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations were analyzed. The association between MetS components and serum 25(OH)D levels was analyzed by the logistic regression model. Restricted cubic spline was applied to the model nonlinear association. RESULTS: Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 74.9%, and 41.2% of study participants had at least one MetS component. After adjustment, the significant trend for a lower waist-to-height ratio was not observed in study participants with higher serum 25(OH)D quartile (p=0.57), but a significant nonlinear association between abdominal obesity and serum 25(OH)D levels was found (p=0.04): the highest risk of abdominal obesity occurred at 14.1 ng/mL of serum 25(OH)D. The association of serum 25(OH)D was significantly inverse with MetS (OR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.92-0.98), but not with raised triglycerides (OR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.96-1.01), raised blood pressure (OR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.97-1.01) and impaired fasting glycemia (OR: 1.03; 95% CI: 1.01-1.04). CONCLUSIONS: The net effect of vitamin D on lipid metabolism may be concentration-dependent, and the actual effect of vitamin D on MetS process may be complex among metropolitan adolescents, though serum 25(OH)D is inversely associated with MetS.

The fasting serum triglyceride levels of elderly population with different progression stages of diabetes mellitus in China.

AIMS: This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate triglyceride level among Chinese elderly population with different diabetic progressions and related factors of triglyceride. METHODS: Study participants (≥65years) were recruited from a nationwide cross-sectional surveillance and were divided into four subgroups according to diabetic progression. Their information was obtained via questionnaire and physical examination. Their lipids in fasting serum samples were analyzed. RESULTS: The serum triglyceride levels (mmol/L, mean±SD) were 1.3±0.8 (subgroup of no prediabetes and no DM), 1.5±1.0 (subgroup of prediabetes), 1.6±1.1 (subgroup of newly diagnosed DM) and 1.7±1.1 (subgroup of previously diagnosed DM), respectively. Only one female participant had a higher triglyceride than upper limit for prevention of acute pancreatitis (11.0mmol/L). However, 23.1% of participants and 34.8% of DM participants had higher triglyceride than upper limit for prevention of cardiovascular diseases (1.7mmol/L). Triglyceride level was positively correlated with diabetic progression (rs=0.17, p<0.01). Age, gender, waist-to-height ratio (rather than BMI), systolic pressure, serum total cholesterol and HDL-C levels were statistically correlated with triglyceride level for total participants (R2=0.39, p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Aggravation of serum triglyceride level was related to diabetic progression in Chinese elderly population. Triglyceride control was unsatisfactory in Chinese elderly population, especially in elderly population with DM.

The Benefit Risk Assessment of Consumption of Marine Species Based on Benefit-Risk Analysis for Foods (BRAFO)-tiered Approach.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the net health effect caused by the consumption of specific marine species based on Benefit-Risk Analysis for Foods (BRAFO)-tiered approach. METHODS: Twenty species were collected from the Zhoushan Archipelago, China. Concentrations of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, methyl mercury (MeHg), and dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) in the samples were analyzed for benefit risk assessment based on BRAFO-tiered approach. RESULTS: Based on the BRAFO-tiered approach, reference scenario (no intake) and alternative scenario (intake of specific species of 200 g/week) were determined. The exposure to MeHg/DLCs via alternative scenario of all studied species did not exceed provisional tolerable weekly/monthly intake. However, the adult population with high DLCs exposure in China would significantly exceed the upper limit of DLCs via an additional alternative scenario of some species such as Auxis thazard. The results of deterministic computation showed that alternative scenario of all studied species generated clear net beneficial effects on death prevention and child IQ gain. CONCLUSION: The alternative scenario of all studied species could be recommended to population with average DLCs exposure, and the reference scenario of species with relatively high DLCs concentration could be recommended to population exposed to high DLCs.

Risk and benefit assessment of potential neurodevelopmental effect resulting from consumption of marine fish from a coastal archipelago in China.

The aim of this study was to assess net neurodevelopmental effect via maternal consumption of marine fish. A total of thirty-one species were collected from Zhoushan, China. The net IQ point gain was assessed by FAO/WHO deterministic approach and probabilistic computation (if necessary). Results of the deterministic assessment of two samples belonging to Scoliodon sorrakowah showed negative IQ point gain in both common and extreme consumption scenarios (175 and 450 g/week, respectively); the net IQ gain caused by both consumption scenarios of other species were positive. Both consumption scenarios of Scoliodon sorrakowah showed beneficial neurodevelopmental effect according to probabilistic computation (95% CI for mean of net IQ gain: 0.0536-0.0554 and 0.1377-0.1425, respectively). Except for Scoliodon sorrakowah, this study indicates that both consumption scenarios of other studied species would be recommended according to the FAO/WHO approach. There would be no recommendation of consumption scenarios of Scoliodon sorrakowah for the reason for carefulness.

[Fatty acid composition of edible marine fish in Zhoushan, Zhejiang province].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the main fatty acids in edible marine fish from Zhoushan, Zhejiang province. METHODS: From September to October 2011, a total of 186 edible marine fish (31 species,6 individual fishes/species) were collected in local markets. Total lipids of edible part were extracted by Folch's method and fatty acids were separated and quantified by gas chromatographic after the homogenization of edible part. The differences of composition of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-6 PUFA), n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA),saturated fatty acid (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) among fishes were analyzed. RESULTS: Among the 31 fishes, total lipids were highest in Auxis thazard ((13.2 ± 1.2)g/100 g edible part) and lowest in Thamnaconus modestus ((0.6 ± 0.1)g/100 g edible part). Total n-6 PUFA were highest in Mugil cephalus ((875.7 ± 506.4)mg/100 g edible part) and lowest in Seriola quinqueradiata((2.1 ± 1.9)mg/100 g edible part). Total n-3 PUFA were highest in Auxis thazard ((2623.8 ± 426.1)mg/100 g edible part) and lowest in Scoliodon sorrakowah ((82.0 ± 13.9)mg/100 g edible part). SFA were highest in Trachinotus ovatus((3014.9 ± 379.0)mg/100 g edible part) and lowest in Seriola quinqueradiata ((89.7 ± 5.8)mg/100 g edible part). MUFA were highest in Coilia nasus ((3335.7 ± 383.5)mg/100 g edible part) and lowest in Thamnaconus modestus ((32.1 ± 16.9)mg/100 g edible part). CONCLUSION: There were significant differences of composition of total lipids and of fatty acids among 31 edible marine fish species from Zhoushan.

The fatty acid composition of colostrum in three geographic regions of China.

PURPOSE: To describe the fatty acid composition of human colostrum in three different regions of China. METHODS: Women were recruited from river/lake, coastal and inland regions of China during late pregnancy. Their diet frequency was assessed during the 34th week of pregnancy. Colostrum samples were collected between postpartum days 3 and 5. Thirty-one different fatty acids were separated and identified in colostrum. RESULTS: There were significant differences among the women in the three regions with respect to food and culinary oil consumption patterns. The mean±SD fat content (g/100 g) of colostrum from river/lake, coastal and inland regions was 2.17±1.26, 2.50±1.39 and 2.68±1.26, respectively (p=0.265, adjusted by pregnant women's age). The main saturated, monounsaturated, n-6 polyunsaturated and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in colostrum were 16:0, 18:1n9, 18:2n6 and 18:3n3, respectively. Colostrum from river/lake region had the lowest composition of total SFA and of total n-6 PUFA and the highest composition of total MUFA and of total n-3 PUFA. The amount of DHA (22:6n3) in colostrum (mean±SD, % wt/wt) was 0.51±0.18, 0.52±0.20 and 0.35±0.13 in the river/lake, coastal and inland regions, respectively (p=0.0002, adjusted by pregnant women's age). Frequency of maternal marine fish intake during the late pregnancy was positively correlated with DHA in colostrum (r=0.203, p=0.040). CONCLUSIONS: The fatty acid composition of colostrum differs across geographical regions in China, which may be related to differences in maternal dietary pattern.