Functional and structural characterization of an endo-ß-1,3-glucanase from Euglena gracilis.

Endo-ß-1,3-glucanases from several organisms have attracted much attention in recent years because of their capability for in vitro degrading ß-1,3-glucan as a critical step for both biofuels production and short-chain oligosaccharides synthesis. In this study, we biochemically characterized a putative endo-ß-1,3-glucanase (EgrGH64) belonging to the family GH64 from the single-cell protist Euglena gracilis. The gene coding for the enzyme was heterologously expressed in a prokaryotic expression system supplemented with 3% (v/v) ethanol to optimize the recombinant protein right folding. Thus, the produced enzyme was highly purified by immobilized-metal affinity and gel filtration chromatography. The enzymatic study demonstrated that EgrGH64 could hydrolyze laminarin (KM 23.5 mg ml-1,kcat 1.20 s-1) and also, but with less enzymatic efficiency, paramylon (KM 20.2 mg ml-1,kcat 0.23 ml mg-1 s-1). The major product of the hydrolysis of both substrates was laminaripentaose. The enzyme could also use ramified ß-glucan from the baker's yeast cell wall as a substrate (KM 2.10 mg ml-1, kcat 0.88 ml mg-1 s-1). This latter result, combined with interfacial kinetic analysis evidenced a protein's greater efficiency for the yeast polysaccharide, and a higher number of hydrolysis sites in the ß-1,3/ß-1,6-glucan. Concurrently, the enzyme efficiently inhibited the fungal growth when used at 1.0 mg/mL (15.4 µM). This study contributes to assigning a correct function and determining the enzymatic specificity of EgrGH64, which emerges as a relevant biotechnological tool for processing ß-glucans.

Spin-labeled stearic acid behavior and perturbations on the structure of a gel-phase-lipid bilayer in water: 5-, 12- and 16-SASL.

We have studied the effect of the insertion of spin-labeled molecules n-doxyl-stearic acid (n-SASL, n = 5, 12, 16) on the structure and dynamics of a model lipid bilayer in gel-like phases using molecular dynamics simulations. We have studied the atomic density depth profiles and configurations of the labeled molecules in a host hydrated stearic acid bilayer system. We have found that the 5-SASL label positions its paramagnetic group at the water-lipid interface, and its polar head builds H bonds to neighboring lipids and to the solvent. 16-SASL positions its paramagnetic group at the lipid-lipid interface. The 12-SASL label presents two configurations at high lateral pressure. In one configuration, the doxyl ring lays at the lipid-lipid interface, shifting its polar head toward the bilayer center. The other equilibrium configuration of 12-SASL presents its paramagnetic group laying in the center of the compact hydrophobic region of the layer (erected configuration). It was determined that the coexistence of these two configurations is governed by the polar head-water interaction. We have found that the insertion of the labeled molecules at the concentrations used in the present work (0.36 mol %) do not perturb global properties like area per lipid, tilt angle, or order parameters. Nevertheless, there are local perturbations of the host system that are confined to a 10 angstroms neighboring shell around the spin label molecule. To study the interactions that determine the position of the labeled molecules in the bilayer, we performed simulations at different lateral pressures, which allowed us to extract important conclusions.

Effects of the inclusion of the spin label 10-doxyl-stearic acid on the structure and dynamics of model bilayers in water: stearic acid and stearic acid/cholesterol (50:20).

The effects of the insertion of a spin-labeled molecule (10-doxyl-stearic acid) on the structure and dynamics of model lipid bilayers in gel-like as well as in liquid-ordered-like phases are studied using molecular dynamic simulations. The perturbing effects of the labeled molecule on the structure of the bilayers are analyzed. We have also studied the relationship between the structural and dynamic properties of the bilayer phase and those of the labeled molecule. We found that the insertion of the labeled molecule in the bilayer at the concentration considered here (1:70) produces local and global perturbations in the gel-like phase. There is an increase of the area associated with the lipid molecules that produces a larger tilting angle of this condensed phase. In this gel-like phase, we also found that the z component of the order parameter of the labeled molecule associated with the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra has the same temperature dependence as the axial correlation times of the lipid molecules. The mechanism by which the doxyl reorientation senses the dynamics of the layers is determined by the correlation between the gauche defect transitions of the labeled alkyl chain and its environment. For the liquid-ordered-like phase, we found that cholesterol molecules play the role of wedges that open free spaces in the lipid structure below the ring position and order the alkyl chains at the depths of the rings, leading to small inclination angles. The doxyl ring of the labeled molecule is located just below the cholesterol ring moiety, having fewer gauche defects than in the case of the gel-like phase. The change in depth of the doxyl ring causes a reorientation of this group that leads to an increase of the order parameter as the temperature rises.