ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Relationship quality in families with a schizophrenic adolescent is demonstrated by means of the concepts of ambivalence and Expressed Emotions. A concept for the work with families focusing on relationship quality as well as an empirical study analysing the correlation between symptom state and relationship quality are presented. METHODS: A questionnaire to register the family atmosphere (FEF) and the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) were administered to 43 schizophrenic patients. RESULTS: The sample replicated the parental relationship styles "criticism" and "emotional over-involvement". Both styles show different correlations with particular symptom areas: uncertainty in social relationships and somatic symptoms support the criticism relationship style and depression protects the adolescents from emotional over-involvement. CONCLUSIONS: The results are helpful with regard to parent counseling because they enable the parents to develop alternative relationship styles in time.
Subject(s)
Caregivers/psychology , Caregivers/statistics & numerical data , Family Relations , Psychology, Adolescent/statistics & numerical data , Psychometrics/methods , Schizophrenia/epidemiology , Schizophrenic Psychology , Adolescent , Adult , Family/psychology , Germany/epidemiology , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Schizophrenia/diagnosis , Statistics as Topic , Young AdultABSTRACT
Intragastric concentrations of bile acids, lysolecithin, 14C-bile acids, pH-value, bacterial growth and gastric mucosa histology were analysed in 47 patients following selective proximal vagotomy with and without pyloroplasty. Without pyloroplasty there were normal amounts of lysolecithin, bile acids and 14C-marked bile acids. Following pyloroplasty (Heineke-Mikulicz and Jabouly) the reflux values were 2 to 4 times higher. This increase of reflux after pyloroplasty was only one fifth of that following gastric resection. Only 20% of the vagotomized stomachs showed a bacterial contamination, an atrophic gastritis could be observed in 20% of the pyloroplasty-patients. The results demonstrate, that in selective proximal vagotomy there is no, in combination with pyloroplasty only a slight reflux gastritis.
Subject(s)
Duodenum/physiopathology , Vagotomy , Duodenal Ulcer/therapy , Gastric Juice/microbiology , Humans , Lysophosphatidylcholines/analysis , Pylorus/surgery , Stomach Ulcer/therapyABSTRACT
1. After gastrectomy or vogotomy with pyloroplasty the reflux of bile acids and lysolecithin increased. 2. The highest values of reflux were observed in the retrocolic (short loop) B-II anastomosis. The different types of B-I antrectomy and the antecolic B-II with Braun's enterostomy have each the same reflux, which is significantly lower than the retrocolic B-II. Even these types of gastrectomy have 6 - 10-fold elevated reflux values compared to the controls. After vagotomy with pyloroplasty the reflux was reduced to two or three times normal. After selective proximal vagotomy without pyloroplasty no reflux was observed. 3. After an isoperistaltic jejunal transportation, the reflux was reduced, the reduction depending on the length of the transposed segment. The same result was obtained with a ROUX-en-Y-gastro-enterostomy. 4. After hemigastrectomy and isoperistaltic transposition of 25 cm of jejunum, more reflux could be observed under experimental and clinical conditions.
