Changes in brain activity with tominersen in early-manifest Huntington's disease.

It is unknown whether alterations in EEG brain activity caused by Huntington's disease may be responsive to huntingtin-lowering treatment. We analysed EEG recordings of 46 patients (mean age = 47.02 years; standard deviation = 10.19 years; 18 female) with early-manifest Stage 1 Huntington's disease receiving the huntingtin-lowering antisense oligonucleotide tominersen for 4 months or receiving placebo as well as 39 healthy volunteers (mean age = 44.48 years; standard deviation = 12.94; 22 female) not receiving treatment. Patients on tominersen showed increased resting-state activity within a 4-8 Hz frequency range compared with patients receiving placebo (cluster-based permutation test, P < 0.05). The responsive frequency range overlapped with EEG activity that was strongly reduced in Huntington's disease compared with healthy controls (cluster-based permutation test, P < 0.05). The underlying mechanisms of the observed treatment-related increase are unknown and may reflect neural plasticity as a consequence of the molecular pathways impacted by tominersen treatment. Hawellek et al. report that patients with Huntington's disease treated with the huntingtin-lowering antisense oligonucleotide tominersen exhibited increased EEG power in the theta/alpha frequency range. The underlying mechanisms of the observed changes are unknown and may reflect neural plasticity as a consequence of the molecular pathways impacted by tominersen treatment.

The Effect of Different Oxygen Surface Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes on the Electrical Resistivity and Strain Sensing Function of Cement Pastes.

Different studies in the literature indicate the effectiveness of CNTs as reinforcing materials in cement-matrix composites due to their high mechanical strength. Nevertheless, their incorporation into cement presents some difficulties due to their tendency to agglomerate, yielding a non-homogeneous dispersion in the paste mix that results in a poor cement-CNTs interaction. This makes the surface modification of the CNTs by introducing functional groups on the surface necessary. In this study, three different treatments for incorporating polar oxygen functional groups onto the surface of carbon nanotubes have been carried out, with the objective of evaluating the influence of the type and oxidation degree on the mechanical and electrical properties and in strain-sensing function of cement pastes containing CNTs. One treatment is in liquid phase (surface oxidation with HNO3/H2SO4), the second is in gas phase (O3 treatment at 25 and 160 °C), and a third is a combination of gas-phase O3 treatment plus NaOH liquid phase. The electrical conductivity of cement pastes increased with O3- and O3-NaOH-treated CNTs with respect to non-treated ones. Furthermore, the oxygen functionalization treatments clearly improve the strain sensing performance of the CNT-cement pastes, particularly in terms of the accuracy of the linear correlation between the resistance and the stress, as well as the increase in the gage factor from 28 to 65. Additionally, the incorporation of either non-functionalized or functionalized CNTs did not produce any significant modification of the mechanical properties of CNTs. Therefore, the functionalization of CNTs favours the de-agglomeration of CNTs in the cement matrix and consequently, the electrical conductivity, without affecting the mechanical behaviour.

Spatiotemporal Oscillatory Patterns During Working Memory Maintenance in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Subjective Cognitive Decline.

Working memory (WM) is a crucial cognitive process and its disruption is among the earliest symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. While alterations of the neuronal processes underlying WM have been evidenced in mild cognitive impairment (MCI), scarce literature is available in subjective cognitive decline (SCD). We used magnetoencephalography during a WM task performed by MCI (n = 45), SCD (n = 49) and healthy elders (n = 49) to examine group differences during the maintenance period (0-4000ms). Data were analyzed using time-frequency analysis and significant oscillatory differences were localized at the source level. Our results indicated significant differences between groups, mainly during the early maintenance (250-1250ms) in the theta, alpha and beta bands and in the late maintenance (2750-3750ms) in the theta band. MCI showed lower local synchronization in fronto-temporal cortical regions in the early theta-alpha window relative to controls (p = 2 × 10-03) and SCD (p = 4 × 10-03), and in the late theta window relative to controls (p = 1 × 1003) and SCD (p = 0.01). Early theta-alpha power was significantly correlated with memory scores (rho = 0.24,p = 0.02) and late theta power was correlated with task performance (rho = 0.24,p = 0.03) and functional activity scores (rho = -0.23,p = 0.02). In the early beta window, MCI showed reduced power in temporo-posterior regions relative to controls (p = 3 × 10-03) and SCD (p = 0.02). Our results may suggest that these alterations would reflect that memory-related networks are damaged.

Electrophysiological assessment methodology of sensory processing dysfunction in schizophrenia and dementia of the Alzheimer type.

Schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease impacts on various sensory processings are extensively reviewed in the present publication. This article describes aspects of a research project whose aim is to delineate the neurobiology that may underlie Social Withdrawal in Alzheimer's disease, Schizophrenia and Major Depression. This is a European-funded IMI 2 project, identified as PRISM (Psychiatric Ratings using Intermediate Stratified Markers). This paper focuses specifically on the selected electrophysiological paradigms chosen based on a comprehensive review of all relevant literature and practical constraints. The choice of the electrophysiological biomarkers were fundamentality based their metrics and capacity to discriminate between populations. The selected electrophysiological paradigms are resting state EEG, auditory mismatch negativity, auditory and visual based oddball paradigms, facial emotion processing ERP's and auditory steady-state response. The primary objective is to study the effect of social withdrawal on various biomarkers and endophenotypes found altered in the target populations. This has never been studied in relationship to social withdrawal, an important component of CNS diseases.

Alpha band disruption in the AD-continuum starts in the Subjective Cognitive Decline stage: a MEG study.

The consideration of Subjective Cognitive Decline (SCD) as a preclinical stage of AD remains still a matter of debate. Alpha band alterations represent one of the most significant changes in the electrophysiological profile of AD. In particular, AD patients exhibit reduced alpha relative power and frequency. We used alpha band activity measured with MEG to study whether SCD and MCI elders present these electrophysiological changes characteristic of AD, and to determine the evolution of the observed alterations across AD spectrum. The total sample consisted of 131 participants: 39 elders without SCD, 41 elders with SCD and 51 MCI patients. All of them underwent MEG and MRI scans and neuropsychological assessment. SCD and MCI patients exhibited a similar reduction in alpha band activity compared with the no SCD group. However, only MCI patients showed a slowing in their alpha peak frequency compared with both SCD and no SCD. These changes in alpha band were related to worse cognition. Our results suggest that AD-related alterations may start in the SCD stage, with a reduction in alpha relative power. It is later, in the MCI stage, where the slowing of the spectral profile takes place, giving rise to objective deficits in cognitive functioning.

Sífilis e infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana / Syphilis and human immunodeficiency virus infection

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MEG spectral analysis in subtypes of mild cognitive impairment.

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) has been described as an intermediate stage between normal aging and dementia. Previous studies characterized the alterations of brain oscillatory activity at this stage, but little is known about the differences between single and multidomain amnestic MCI patients. In order to study the patterns of oscillatory magnetic activity in amnestic MCI subtypes, a total of 105 subjects underwent an eyes-closed resting-state magnetoencephalographic recording: 36 healthy controls, 33 amnestic single domain MCIs (a-sd-MCI), and 36 amnestic multidomain MCIs (a-md-MCI). Relative power values were calculated and compared among groups. Subsequently, relative power values were correlated with neuropsychological tests scores and hippocampal volumes. Both MCI groups showed an increase in relative power in lower frequency bands (delta and theta frequency ranges) and a decrease in power values in higher frequency bands (alpha and beta frequency ranges), as compared with the control group. More importantly, clear differences emerged from the comparison between the two amnestic MCI subtypes. The a-md-MCI group showed a significant power increase within delta and theta ranges and reduced relative power within alpha and beta ranges. Such pattern correlated with the neuropsychological performance, indicating that the a-md-MCI subtype is associated not only with a "slowing" of the spectrum but also with a poorer cognitive status. These results suggest that a-md-MCI patients are characterized by a brain activity profile that is closer to that observed in Alzheimer disease. Therefore, it might be hypothesized that the likelihood of conversion to dementia would be higher within this subtype.

Plasmin degradation of the alpha chain of fibrinogen/fibrin: improved activation constant and activity determination in assays for tissue plasminogen activator / Degradación por la plasmina de la cadena alfa del fibrinógeno/fibrina: mejoría de la constante de activación y determinación de la actividad en ensayos para el activador del plasminógeno tisular

Objectives. The aim of this investigation was to increase the efficiency of ternary complex formation (fibrin-plasminogen-tissue-plasminogen activator) in the degradation process of the three-dimensional soluble fibrin monomer. Materials and methods. Fibrinogen was purified from human plasma by repeating precipitation six times, using different concentrations of cold ethanol. Fibrinogen was converted to DesAAfibrinogen by degradation with bathroxobin. Human plasminogen was purified by affinity and ion-exchange chromatography, and activated to plasmin by incubation with urokinase. Digested DesAAfibrinogen was prepared by controlled digestion with plasmin. Results. This study demonstrates that the α-chains of DesAAfibrinogen sterically hinder the formation of the ternary complex and are first degraded by plasmin. The degradation of fibrin(ogen) facilitates the in vitro determination of tissue plasminogen activator activity. Finally, release of fibrinopeptide A from bathroxobin-cleaved fibrinogen was confirmed, optimized and evaluated by various methods. Conclusions. Use of digested desAAfibrinogen with plasmin yielded a more stable activation constant of the ternary complex than that of undigested DesAAfibrinogen.

Objetivos. El propósito de la presente investigación fue incrementar la eficacia de la formación del complejo terciario (fibrina-plasminógeno-activador tisular del plasminógeno) en el proceso de degradación de la estructura tridimensional del monómero de fibrina soluble. Materiales y métodos. El fibrinógeno fue purificado de plasma humano, por seis precipitaciones repetidas, con diferentes concentraciones de etanol frío. El fibrinógeno fue convertido a desAAfibrinógeno por degradación con batroxobina. El plasminógeno humano fue purificado por cromatografías de afinidad e intercambio iónico y activado a plasmina con uroquinasa. El desAAfibrinogeno digerido fue preparado por digestión controlada con plasmina. Resultados. Este estudio demuestra que la cadena α del desAAfibrinógeno, dificulta la formación del complejo terciario, por impedimentos estéricos, por lo cual la cadena α se sometió a hidrólisis controlada con plasmina, facilitando así la determinación in vitro de la actividad del activador tisular del plasminógeno. Finalmente, la liberación del fibrinopéptido A por hidrólisis del fibrinógeno con batroxobina, fue confirmada, optimizada y evaluada por varios métodos. Conclusiones. El uso de desAAfibrinogeno digerido con plasmina da una constante de activación más estable en la formación del complejo terciario que el desAAfibrinógeno no digerido (fibrina-plasminogeno- activador tisular del plasminógeno).

Las proteínas del plasma seminal incrementan la viabilidad espermática post-descongelación del semen de toros Sanmartinero / Seminal plasma proteins increase the post-thaw sperm viability of Sanmartinero bull’s semen

Objetivo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la adición de proteínas del plasma seminal sobre el porcentaje de espermatozoides bovinos viables post-descongelación. Materiales y métodos. Los espermatozoides se congelaron usando dos medios (citrato-fructosa-yema y Bioxcell®) y la obtención de proteínas de plasma seminal de bajo peso molecular se realizó por medio de cromatografía líquida de baja presión. Las proteínas de interés eluyeron en las fracciones 21-25 y se sometieron a electroforésis en una y dos dimensiones. Los espermatozoides se incubaron a 37°C durante una hora, con 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 y 2.0 mg de la fracción 21-25. Se incluyeron dos tratamientos adicionales: uno con proteínas totales del plasma seminal y otro sin proteína. Resultados. La electroforésis bidimensional de las fracciones confirmó la presencia de siete puntos de proteína de bajo peso molecular (14-16 kDa y punto Isoeléctrico de 5.0 - 5.5). La adición de estas proteínas aumentó 20% (p<0.05), el porcentaje de espermatozoides viables post-descongelación en muestras congeladas en medio citrato-fructosa-yema (con dosis de 1 ó 1.5 mg de proteína/106 espermatozoides), y 25% (p<0.05) en muestras congeladas en medio Bioxcell® (con dosis de 0.5 mg de proteína/106 espermatozoides). Conclusiones. Los resultados de esta investigación sugieren el posible uso de proteínas de bajo peso molecular del plasma seminal, para disminuir el efecto deletéreo de la criopreservación en los espermatozoides.

Objective.This study was performed to evaluate the effect of the addition of proteins on the post-thawing viability of spermatozoa. Materials and methods. Spermatozoa were frozen with two different media: Citrate-fructose and Bioxcell®. The isolation of seminal plasma proteins of low molecular weight was performed through low pressure liquid chromatography. It was determined that the proteins of interest eluted in fractions 21-25, and two dimensional electrophoresis was performed. Thawed sperm was incubated at 37°C for one hour with 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2.0 mg of 21-25 fraction protein. Two additional treatments were included: one with seminal plasma total protein, and another one without protein. Results. Two dimensional electrophoresis of protein confirmed the presence of two bands of 14 and 16 kDa and seven spots with iso-electric points between 5.0 - 5.5 respectively. Incubation of the spermatozoa with the 21-25 fraction showed that sperm viability increases by 20% with doses of 1 and 1.5 mg of protein/106 spermatozoa in the citrate-fructose medium, and 25% with 0.5 mg of protein/106 spermatozoa in Bioxcell® medium. A positive effect in sperm viability was demonstrated although it depends on the doses of protein and the cryopreservation medium used. Conclusions. This investigation suggests that the use of seminal plasma proteins can be useful for reducing the harmful effect on sperm cryopreservation.

Factores asociados con el tamizaje de cáncer de cuello uterino en mujeres de nivel socioeconómico medio y bajo en Bogotá, Colombia / Factors associated with cervical cancer screening in women from middle and low socioeconomic status in Bogotá, Colombia

OBJETIVO: en Colombia el cáncer de cuello uterino (CaCu) es el segundo más común en las mujeres con una incidencia estandarizada de 21,5/100.000. En este estudio se examinaron el conocimiento y los factores percibidos asociados con el tamizaje de CaCu en mujeres de nivel socioeconómico bajo/ medio en Bogotá, Colombia. METODOLOGIA: 10 grupos focales segmentados por grupos de edad (18-33, 34-49 y 50-66). Dos investigadores realizaron análisis de contenido, identificando categorías emergentes. RESULTADOS: participaron 81 mujeres entre 18 y 66 años. Aunque se encontraron diferencias por grupos de edad, el inicio temprano de la actividad sexual, promiscuidad, infecciones vaginales, VPH, genética, abortos y falta de higiene, fueron identificados como los principales factores de riesgo para CaCu. Ellas reconocieron que esta enfermedad no siempre tiene síntomas, y que las citologías la detectan tempranamente. Sin embargo, mencionaron miedo a practicarse la citología, incomodidad/dolor, pena, mala atención, procrastinación y miedo al diagnóstico de cáncer como las principales barreras para el tamizaje rutinario. Las mujeres recomendaron campañas educativas y mejorar el servicio como estrategias para motivarlas. CONCLUSION: las participantes reportaron conocimientos básicos acerca del CaCu y el tamizaje. Las acciones para facilitar el tamizaje deben ser multifacéticas y acordes con las barreras y facilitadores reportados en cada grupo etario.

OBJECTIVE: in Colombia, cervical cancer (cc) is the second most common type of cancer among women. It has an agestandardized incidence of 21.5/100,000. The purpose of this study was to examine the knowledge and perceived factors associated with CC screening among women from low medium income status in Bogotá, Colombia. METHODOLOGY: the study was conducted with 10 focus groups segmented by age groups (18-33, 34-49, and 50-66). Two researchers conducted content analysis and identified the emerging categories. RESULTS: the sample consisted of 81 women whose ages ranged from 18 to 66. Early onset of sexual activity, promiscuity, vaginal infections, hpv, genetics, abortions, and lack of hygiene were identified as the most important risk factors for cc. Participants recognized that this disease does not always have symptoms, and that pap smears detect it early. However, they mentioned fear of undergoing a pap test, discomfort or pain, embarrassment, poor services, procrastination, and fear of a cancer diagnosis as the main barriers preventing regular screening. Women recommended educational campaigns and improved customer service as strategies to motivate them. CONCLUSION: participants reported basic knowledge about CC and screening. Actions to facilitate screening must be multifaceted and based on the barriers and facilitators mentioned by each age group.

A survey of beef carcass quality and quantity attributes in Mexico.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate quality and yield attributes of Mexican beef carcasses to serve as a benchmark for production in the Mexican beef cattle industry. Seven packing plants were surveyed nationwide. Carcass yield and quality traits were assessed in the cooler at approximately 24 h postmortem. Results indicated that around 90% of the beef slaughter population in Mexico has a strong Bos indicus genetic background. Moreover, 71.6% of the surveyed cattle are presented for slaughter at a BW between 400 and 500 kg. Chilled carcass weight was between 220 and 340 kg in 88.9% of the surveyed population. According to European beef carcass grading standards, carcass conformation varied from poor to good in 82% of the carcasses, whereas in 17.8% the conformation was very good or excellent. In 60.7% of the surveyed carcasses the KPH was 2% or less. The subcutaneous fat depth was 1 cm or less in 90% of the carcasses. In 71.8% of the carcasses the LMA was of 80 cm(2) or less, whereas only 8.6% had LMA values of 90 cm(2) or greater. Carcass maturity score USDA B(100) or less was found in 92.4% of the evaluated carcasses, whereas 28.5% were graded as USDA A(100)/B(00). A total of 93.6% of the sample had marbling scores of 300 or less, corresponding to the categories slight, practically devoid, or traces. Only 12.9% of the carcasses exhibited a yellow fat cover. In the remaining 87.1% the fat cover was white or beige. The backfat layer was uniform in 43.2% of the carcasses, whereas 55.9% had an uneven fat cover. Information from this survey provided data that could serve as a means to develop a yield and quality evaluation program that can be further developed into a value system for Mexican beef carcasses and live cattle.

Autologous attenuated T-cell vaccine (Tovaxin) dose escalation in multiple sclerosis relapsing-remitting and secondary progressive patients nonresponsive to approved immunomodulatory therapies.

An open-label dose escalation study of T-cell vaccination in multiple sclerosis patients was conducted using attenuated myelin reactive T-cells (MRTC) selected with six myelin peptides, two each from MBP, PLP and MOG. The dose range of subcutaneous injections given at weeks 0, 4, 12 and 20 was 6-9E6, 30-45E6 and 60-90E6 irradiated MRTC. Assessments were over 52 weeks for MRTC levels, EDSS, MSIS-29, brain MRI and relapses. The 30-45E6 dose was the most effective with reductions in MRTC ranging from 92.4% at week 5 to 64.8% at week 52. The reduction in relapses compared to baseline for the M-ITT and evaluable per-protocol analyses were 63.5%, and 85.0% at week 52. The MRI lesions were stable while there was an improvement trend in the EDSS and MSIS-29 physical subscore following the second injection. Adverse events were mild to moderate in intensity with mild injection site reactions occurring with increasing dosage. The mid-dose was selected for further clinical development studies because of the rapid depletion of peripheral blood MRTC and a trend for improvements in clinical outcomes following immunization.

Mechanical and physical properties of cement blended with sewage sludge ash.

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the compatibility of sewage sludge ash (SSA) with various types of commercially available cements (CEM I and CEM II types, cements with several proportions of clinker). The behaviour of mortars fabricated with various percentages (10-30% by weight) of the cement replaced by SSA has been analyzed in terms of workability, mechanical strength, porosity and shrinkage/expansion. SSA exhibits moderate pozzolanic activity; the highest compressive strengths were obtained with 10% of the cement replaced by SSA. The CEM II/B-M (V-LL) 42.5R cement is considered ideal for preparing mortars containing SSA. Shrinkage data demonstrate that sulphates present in SSA are not reactive towards cement.

Una propuesta de manejo práctico del paciente coinfectado en el medio penitenciario / A proposal for the practical management of coinfected patients in prison

En España la prevalencia de coinfección VIH-VHC es una de las más elevadas ya que tanto el VIH como el VHC se encuentran fuertemente asociadas a la ADVP, oscila entre el 61 y 69% de los pacientes y si la transmisión ha sido por UDVP del 95%. En la población reclusa la prevalencia de ambos virus se incrementa incluso hasta 15-18 veces. Todos los pacientes con infección por el VIH y el VHC, deben ser evaluados para saber si son subsidiarios para recibir tratamiento de la HCC. Los mejores candidatos para recibir el tratamiento son aquellos que tienen los linfocitos CD4 mayores de 350, no consumo de tóxicosy libres de trastornos neuropsiquiátricos. Los efectos secundarios, que en ocasiones obligan a la interrupción del tratamiento, son una de las principales causas de la menor eficacia del tratamiento en el paciente coinfectado, por lo que es fundamental que el paciente tenga accesibilidad al equipo sanitario para el buen control de los acontecimientos adversos que puedansurgir

In Spain the prevalence of HIV-HCV coinfection is very high. This is due to the fact that HIV and HCV are closely linked to intravenous drug abuse, a causative factor in between 61 to 69% of patients receiving treatment. In 95% of the cases IDU has been established as the cause of transmission. In the prison population the prevalence of both viral infections is some15-18 times higher. Each HIV and HCV infected patient requires evaluation to establish if he/she fulfils the necessary requirements for chronic hepatitis C treatment. The most suitable candidates are those whose CD4 lymphocyte count is higher than 350, do not consume substances and who do not suffer from neuropsychiatric disorders. Interruption of treatment is sometimes necessary because of side effects, which are one of the main causes of reduced therapeutic efficacy in the coinfected patient. Consequently it is important for the patient to have access to the health care team for efficient control of any negative consequences arising from therapy

[Lowering plasma homocysteine with vitamins B6, B12, and folic acid. Effect on lipids concentration in patients with secondary hyperlipoproteinemia type IV, with and without Lovastatina treatment]. / Disminución de homocisteina plasmática con vitaminas B6, B12 y ácido fólico. Su efecto en la concentración de los lípidos en pacientes con hiperlipoproteinemia secundaria tipo IV, con y sin tratamiento con lovastatina.

The concentration of plasma homocysteine was diminished by the oral use of vitamins B6 (300 mg/day), B12 (250 microg/day) and folic acid (10 mg/day), and the effect was studied in the lipids of patient with hiperlipoproteinemia secondary type IV, during 120 days, in 30 patients, 45 to 70 years old, with myocardial heart attack. They were divided in group A (n=15) without treatment with Lovastatin and group B (n=15) with Lovastatin. Basal homocysteine concentration was 17.4 +/- 1.0 micromol/L and 16.7 +/- 1.0 micromol/L for the groups A and B respectively, diminishing 24% at the end of the experimental time, in both groups. Total cholesterol decreased below 220 mg/dl, while the triglycerides diminished 25.4 mg/dl and 27.0 mg/dl in groups A and B respectively, by each micromol/L of homocysteine catabolissed. Low density lipoproteins (LDL) and very low density (VLDL) diminished significantly (p < 0.005), while the high-density (HDL) increased 1.0 mg/dl in group A and 1.15 mg/dl in group B, for each micromol/L of homocysteine metabolized, lowering the coronary risk factor in 28.5% group A and 35.9% group B. We concluded that these vitamins decreased plasma homocysteine concentration, promoting the lowering of lipids and lipoprotein concentratation in this type of patients; while Lovastatin doesn't reduce homocysteine, but it had a synergic effect with the vitamins, dicreasing the lipid concentration, in group B.

Disminución de homocisteína plasmática con vitaminas B6, B12 y ácido fólico. Su efecto en la concentración de los lípidos en pacientes con hiperlipoproteinemia secundaria tipo IV, con y sin tratamiento con Lovastatina / Lowering plasma homocysteine with vitamins B6, B12 and folic acid. Effect on lipids concentration in patients with secondary hyperlipoproteinemia type IV, with and without Lovastatina treatment

Se disminuyó la concentración de homocisteina plasmática mediante el uso oral de vitaminas B6 (300 mg/día), B12 (250μg/dνa) y ácido fólico (10 mg/día), y se estudió su efecto en los lípidos de pacientes con hiperlipoproteinemia secundaria tipo IV, durante 120 días, en 30 pacientes, de 45 a 70 años de edad, con infarto al miocardio. Se dividieron en grupo A (n=15) sin tratamiento con Lovastatina y grupo B (n=15) con el hipolipemiante. La homocisteina basal fue de 17,4±1,0 μmol/L y 16,7±1,0 µmol/L para los grupos A y B respectivamente, disminuyendo un 24% al final del tiempo experimental, en ambos grupos. El colesterol total se redujo por debajo de 220 mg/dl, mientras que los triglicéridos disminuyeron 25,4 mg/dl y 27,0 mg/dl en los grupos A y B respectivamente, por cada µmol/L de homocisteina catabolizada. Las lipoproteínas de baja densidad (LDL) y de muy baja densidad (VLDL) disminuyeron significativamente (p<0,005), mientras que las de alta densidad (HDL) se incrementaron en 1,0 mg/dl para el grupo A y 1,15 mg/dl para el grupo B, por cada μmol/L de homocisteina metabolizada, disminuyendo el riesgo coronario en un 28,5% grupo A y 35,9% grupo B. Se concluye que estas vitaminas disminuyen la concentración de homocisteína plasmática, promoviendo la disminución de la concentración de lípidos y lipoproteínas en este tipo de pacientes; mientras que la Lovastatina no reduce la concentración plasmática del aminoácido; pero si ejerce un efecto sinérgico con las vitaminas en la disminución de la concentración de los lípidos, en el grupo B.

The concentration of plasma homocysteine was diminished by the oral use of vitamins B6 (300 mg/day), B12 (250μg/day) and folic acid (10 mg/day), and the effect was studied in the lipids of patient with hiperlipoproteinemia secondary type IV, during 120 days, in 30 patients, 45 to 70 years old, with myocardial heart attack. They were divided in group A (n=15) without treatment with Lovastatin and group B (n=15) with Lovastatin. Basal homocysteine concentration was 17,4±1,0 µmol/L and 16,7±1,0 µmol/L for the groups A and B respectively, diminishing 24% at the end of the experimental time, in both groups. Total cholesterol decreased below 220 mg/dl, while the triglycerides diminished 25,4 mg/dl and 27,0 mg/dl in groups A and B respectively, by each µmol/L of homocysteine catabolissed. Low density lipoproteins (LDL) and very low density (VLDL) diminished significantly (p<0,005), while the high-density (HDL) increased 1,0 mg/dl in group A and 1,15 mg/dl in group B, for each μmol/L of homocysteine metabolized, lowering the coronary risk factor in 28,5% group A and 35,9% group B. We concluded that these vitamins decreased plasma homocysteine concentration, promoting the lowering of lipids and lipoprotein concentratation in this type of patients; while Lovastatin doesn't reduce homocysteine, but it had a synergic effect with the vitamins, dincreasing the lipid concentration, in group B.

Linfoma tipo malt subglótico, una extraña localización / Subglottic malt-type lymphoma, a rare locution

Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 79 años que presentaba una tumoración subglótica cuyo análisis anatomopatológico dio diagnóstico de linfoma tipo MALT. Tras descartar diseminación de la enfermedad se administró tratamiento radioterápico, con evidencia de remisión de la enfermedad. El interés de este trabajo estriba en la escasez y rareza de los linfomas laríngeos, y en especial del linfoma tipo MALT de localización subglótica. Hacemos una revisión bibliográfica sobre el tema, exponiendo las pautas diagnósticas a seguir y el tratamiento de elección según su estado de evolución (AU)

We report a case of a 79-year-old woman presenting subglottic tumor whose hystopathological study was MALT-type lymphoma. After excluding the possibility of systemic dissemination, local radiotherapy treatment was applied. The interest of this study lies in the rare involvement of haematopoietic neoplasms in the larynx, especially the MALT-type in subglottic location. We review the literature on this subject, exposing the clinical, therapeutical and follow up data in respect to the initial location of the lymphoma (AU)