ABSTRACT
This study explored the potential association between chronic exposure to pesticide mixtures including paraquat and respiratory outcomes among Colombian farmers. Sociodemographic and occupational data, respiratory symptoms and spirometric data were collected. Paraquat in spot urine samples were quantified with solid-phase extraction high-performance liquid chromatography. Multiple Poisson regressions with robust variance were used to determine factors associated with respiratory outcomes. Profiles of pesticide mixtures used were identified among 217 farmworkers, but profenofos and methamidophos-based mixtures were more frequent. Chronic paraquat exposure was slightly associated with self-reported asthma (PR: 1.06; 95% CI 1.00 to 1.13). Different pesticide mixtures were associated with flu, thoracic pain, allergic rhinitis, and obstructive pattern in spirometry. Although acute exposure to paraquat is low among Colombian farmers participating in the study, associations between respiratory outcomes and chronic pesticide mixtures exposure including profenofos, methamidophos or glyphosate require further specific studies.
Subject(s)
Farmers , Occupational Exposure/adverse effects , Paraquat/adverse effects , Pesticides/adverse effects , Respiratory Tract Diseases/epidemiology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Chest Pain/epidemiology , Colombia/epidemiology , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Organothiophosphates/adverse effects , Organothiophosphorus Compounds/adverse effects , Paraquat/urine , Rhinitis, Allergic , SpirometryABSTRACT
Ubiquitination of the TrkA neurotrophin receptor in response to NGF is critical in the regulation of TrkA activation and functions. TrkA is ubiquitinated, among other E3 ubiquitin ligases, by Nedd4-2. To understand mechanistically how TrkA ubiquitination is regulated, we performed a siRNA screening to identify deubiquitinating enzymes and found that USP36 acts as an important regulator of TrkA activation kinetics and ubiquitination. However, USP36 action on TrkA was indirect because it does not deubiquitinate TrkA. Instead, USP36 binds to Nedd4-2 and regulates the association of TrkA and Nedd4-2. In addition, depletion of USP36 increases TrkA·Nedd4-2 complex formation, whereas USP36 expression disrupts the complex, resulting in an enhancement or impairment of Nedd4-2-dependent TrkA ubiquitination, respectively. Moreover, USP36 depletion leads to enhanced total and surface TrkA expression that results in increased NGF-mediated TrkA activation and signaling that augments PC12 cell differentiation. USP36 actions extend beyond TrkA because the presence of USP36 interferes with Nedd4-2-dependent Kv7.2/3 channel regulation. Our results demonstrate that USP36 binds to and regulates the actions of Nedd4-2 over different substrates affecting their expression and functions.
Subject(s)
Cell Differentiation/physiology , Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport/metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation/physiology , KCNQ2 Potassium Channel/biosynthesis , KCNQ3 Potassium Channel/biosynthesis , Neural Stem Cells/metabolism , Receptor, trkA/metabolism , Ubiquitin Thiolesterase/metabolism , Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/metabolism , Animals , Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport/genetics , HEK293 Cells , Humans , KCNQ2 Potassium Channel/genetics , KCNQ3 Potassium Channel/genetics , Mice , Nedd4 Ubiquitin Protein Ligases , Neural Stem Cells/cytology , PC12 Cells , Protein Binding , Rats , Receptor, trkA/genetics , Ubiquitin Thiolesterase/genetics , Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/geneticsABSTRACT
Se estudian las modificaciones de los grupos ácidos superficiales de un carbón activado comercial después de someterlo a un tratamiento de oxidación con ácido nítrico a diferentes tiempos -entre 1,5 y 9 horas-, y diferentes concentraciones -entre 4 y 7 molL-1-. El estudio se realiza determinando entalpías de inmersión, titulaciones tipo Boehm, FTIR, y el pH en el punto de carga cero, pHPZC. Se encuentra que los grupos ácidos totales están en un rango de 0,207 mmolg-1 a 1,247 mmolg-1, y son proporcionales a las entalpías de inmersión en NaOH que están entre 40 y 54 Jg-1. El pHPZC disminuye con el tratamiento de oxidación y sus valores están entre 8,3 y 4,3.
The changes of the surface acid groups of an activated commercial carbon after placing it under oxidation treatment with nitric acid are studied. The time used was in the range 1.5 and 9 hours, the concentrations range was from 4 to 7 molL-1. The study included the determination of immersion entalphy, Boehm´s type titrations, FTIR, and pH at the point of zero charge, pHPZC. It was found that total the acid groups are in a range from 0.207 mmolg-1 to 1.247 mmolg-1, and that they are proportional to the immersion entalphy in NaOH that are between 40 and 54 Jg-1. The pHPZC decreases with the oxidation treatment and have values between 8.3 and 4.3.
Estudam-se as modificações dos grupos ácidos superficiais de um carvão ativado comercial após submetê-lo a umtratamento de oxidación com ácido nítrico a diferentes tempos, entre 1,5 e 9 horas, e diferentes concentrações, entre 4 e 7 molL-1. O estudo realiza-se determinando entalpias de imersão, titulações tipo Boehm, FTIR, e o pH no ponto de ónus zero, pHPZC. Encontra-se que os grupos ácidos totais estão num rango de 0,207 mmolg-1 a 1,247 mmolg-1, e são proporcionales às entalpias de imersão em NaOH que estão entre 40 e 54 Jg-1.OpHPZC diminui com o tratamento de oxidación e seus valores estão entre 8,3 e 4,3.
ABSTRACT
El presente estudio evalúa diferentes métodos de cálculo del volumen de microporos para materiales carbonosos. Se buscó un método que permitiera obtener valores cercanos al volumen de microporos calculado en las isotermas de metano a alta presión, a partir de isotermas de adsorción a bajas presiones (N2 y CO2 ). El mejor ajuste lo presentó el cálculo por medio de la ecuación de Dubinin-Astakhov aplicado a las isotermas de dióxido de carbono, CO2, a 273 K.
Different methods for micropore volume calculation in carbonaceous materials were studied. It was investigated a method which approximates the micropore volume calculated from high pressure methane adsorption isotherms by means of low pressure adsorption isotherms (N2 and CO2 ). The best fit was achieved for the Dubinin-Astakhov equation for carbon dioxide isotherms, CO2, at 273 K.
Os métodos diferentes para cálculos do volume do microporo em materiais carbonosos foram estudados. Foi pesquisado um método que aproximasse o volume do microporo calculado das isotérmicas de alta pressão do adsorção do metano por meio das isotérmicas de adsorção da pressão baixa (N2 e CO2 ). O melhor ajuste foi conseguido para a equação de Dudinin- Astakov para o dióxido de carbono, CO2 , em 273 K.
