Fluocinolone Implant for Idiopathic Retinal Vasculitis, Aneurysms, and Neuroretinitis Syndrome: A Case Report.

Idiopathic retinal vasculitis, aneurysms, and neuroretinitis (IRVAN) syndrome is a rare and progressive disorder that predominantly affects both the eyes of young female individuals and can threaten visual function. Peripheral ischemia and macular exudation are common findings in patients. The treatment options include panretinal photocoagulation (PRP), systemic immunosuppression, and intravitreal antiangiogenic and corticosteroid therapy. Fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant is approved for the treatment of nonanterior noninfectious uveitis and diabetic macular edema (ME), with an estimated therapeutic duration of 3 years. We describe a case of IRVAN syndrome in a child with ME who had been previously treated with PRP, antiangiogenic therapy, and several dexamethasone intravitreal implants and received a fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant in her right eye. The patient showed stabilization of the visual acuity and a marked reduction of the macular thickness 1 month after the treatment. At 12-month follow-up, the patient required perifoveal focal photocoagulation due to a rebound of the ME. After 2 years of follow-up, visual acuity remains stable and macular retinal thickening under control. Local long-standing steroid therapy has proved to be quite efficient in controlling the progression of the disease in our patient.

Utilidad del empleo de mepivacaína-fentanilo en el bloqueo del plexo braquial vía axilar para la analgesia postoperatoria / Utility of mepivacaine-fentanyl in the blockade of brachial plexus axillary via for postoperative analgesia

Introducción: actualmente se usan más técnicas regionales para la anestesia en las cirugías y para analgesia de los dolores posoperatrios de miembros superiores. El empleo de adyuvantes junto con anestésicos locales para el bloqueo del plexo braquial vía axilar, proporciona anestesia-analgesia adecuada de la extremidad superior para cirugías de mano y antebrazo. Objetivo: evaluar la utilidad de mepivacaína-fentanilo en el bloqueo del plexo braquial vía axilar para la analgesia postoperatoria. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico, longitudinal y prospectivos en el Hospital Militar Docente "Dr. Mario Muñoz Monroy", en el período comprendido entre enero de 2014 a noviembre de 2016. La muestra fueron 40 pacientes consecutivos divididos en dos grupos homogéneos de 20 pacientes cada uno. Se evaluó la calidad y duración de la analgesia postoperatoria mediante escala análoga visual del dolor (EVA) en 2da, 4ta y 6ta h postoperatoria, se consideró analgesia satisfactoria cuando (EVA) ≤ 3, analgesia moderada de 4 a 6 y analgesia no satisfactoria ≥ 7. Para el análisis estadístico descriptivo se determinó la media y la desviación estándar, se utilizó el test de la T de Student. Resultados: en la 2da hora grupo I EVA ≤ 3: 20 pacientes (100 %) y Grupo II: 19 pacientes (95 %) p=0.5; 4ta hora GI EVA ≤ 3: 20 pacientes (10 %) y GII: 17 pacientes (85 %) p=1; 6ta hora GI EVA ≤ 3: 19 pacientes (95 %) y GII: 10 pacientes (50 %) p=1. Las complicaciones ocuparon 10 % en ambos grupos. Conclusiones: la aplicación de mepivacaína-fentanilo para la analgesia postoperatoria resultó ser útil, con calidad y duración de la analgesia postoperatoria y con escasas complicaciones (AU).

Introduction: currently, more regional techniques are used for anesthesia in surgeries and for analgesia in postoperative pains of upper limbs. The use of adjuvants together with local anesthetics for the brachial plexus blockade by axillary way provides the adequate anesthesia-analgesia of the high limb for hand and forearm surgery. Objective: to assess the utility of mepivacaine-fentanyl in the brachial plexus blockade by axillary way for postoperative anesthesia. Materials and methods: an observational, analytic, longitudinal and prospective study was carried out in the Teaching Military Hospital ¨Dr. Mario Munoz Monroy¨ in the period from January 2014 to November 2016. The sample were 40 consecutive patients divided into two homogenous groups of 20 patients each. The quality and duration of postoperative analgesia were assessed through the pain visual analogue scale (EVA in Spanish) in the 2nd, 4th and 6th postoperative hour; analgesia was considered satisfactory when EVA ≤3; moderated when from 4 to 6, and nonsatisfactory ≥7. The media and standard deviation were determined for the descriptive statistical analysis; the T Student test was used. Results: In the 2nd hour, Group I, EVA ≤ 3: 20 patients (100 %), and Group II: 19 patients (95 %) p=0.5; in the 4th hour, Group I, EVA ≤3: 20 patients (10 %) and Group II: 17 patients (85 %) p=1. Complications were 10 % in both groups. Conclusions: the application of mepivacaine-fentanyl for postoperative analgesia was useful, with quality and duration of postoperative analgesia and scarce complications (AU).

Utilidad del empleo de mepivacaína-fentanilo en el bloqueo del plexo braquial vía axilar para la analgesia postoperatoria / Utility of mepivacaine-fentanyl in the blockade of brachial plexus axillary via for postoperative analgesia

Introducción: actualmente se usan más técnicas regionales para la anestesia en las cirugías y para analgesia de los dolores posoperatrios de miembros superiores. El empleo de adyuvantes junto con anestésicos locales para el bloqueo del plexo braquial vía axilar, proporciona anestesia-analgesia adecuada de la extremidad superior para cirugías de mano y antebrazo. Objetivo: evaluar la utilidad de mepivacaína-fentanilo en el bloqueo del plexo braquial vía axilar para la analgesia postoperatoria. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico, longitudinal y prospectivos en el Hospital Militar Docente "Dr. Mario Muñoz Monroy", en el período comprendido entre enero de 2014 a noviembre de 2016. La muestra fueron 40 pacientes consecutivos divididos en dos grupos homogéneos de 20 pacientes cada uno. Se evaluó la calidad y duración de la analgesia postoperatoria mediante escala análoga visual del dolor (EVA) en 2da, 4ta y 6ta h postoperatoria, se consideró analgesia satisfactoria cuando (EVA) ≤ 3, analgesia moderada de 4 a 6 y analgesia no satisfactoria ≥ 7. Para el análisis estadístico descriptivo se determinó la media y la desviación estándar, se utilizó el test de la T de Student. Resultados: en la 2da hora grupo I EVA ≤ 3: 20 pacientes (100 %) y Grupo II: 19 pacientes (95 %) p=0.5; 4ta hora GI EVA ≤ 3: 20 pacientes (10 %) y GII: 17 pacientes (85 %) p=1; 6ta hora GI EVA ≤ 3: 19 pacientes (95 %) y GII: 10 pacientes (50 %) p=1. Las complicaciones ocuparon 10 % en ambos grupos. Conclusiones: la aplicación de mepivacaína-fentanilo para la analgesia postoperatoria resultó ser útil, con calidad y duración de la analgesia postoperatoria y con escasas complicaciones (AU).

Introduction: currently, more regional techniques are used for anesthesia in surgeries and for analgesia in postoperative pains of upper limbs. The use of adjuvants together with local anesthetics for the brachial plexus blockade by axillary way provides the adequate anesthesia-analgesia of the high limb for hand and forearm surgery. Objective: to assess the utility of mepivacaine-fentanyl in the brachial plexus blockade by axillary way for postoperative anesthesia. Materials and methods: an observational, analytic, longitudinal and prospective study was carried out in the Teaching Military Hospital ¨Dr. Mario Munoz Monroy¨ in the period from January 2014 to November 2016. The sample were 40 consecutive patients divided into two homogenous groups of 20 patients each. The quality and duration of postoperative analgesia were assessed through the pain visual analogue scale (EVA in Spanish) in the 2nd, 4th and 6th postoperative hour; analgesia was considered satisfactory when EVA ≤3; moderated when from 4 to 6, and nonsatisfactory ≥7. The media and standard deviation were determined for the descriptive statistical analysis; the T Student test was used. Results: In the 2nd hour, Group I, EVA ≤ 3: 20 patients (100 %), and Group II: 19 patients (95 %) p=0.5; in the 4th hour, Group I, EVA ≤3: 20 patients (10 %) and Group II: 17 patients (85 %) p=1. Complications were 10 % in both groups. Conclusions: the application of mepivacaine-fentanyl for postoperative analgesia was useful, with quality and duration of postoperative analgesia and scarce complications (AU).

Identification of novel CYP4V2 genotypes associated with Bietti crystalline dystrophy and atypical anterior segment phenotypes in Spanish patients.

PURPOSE: To identify the spectrum of disease-causing CYP4V2 variants in Spanish patients with clinically diagnosed Bietti crystalline dystrophy (BCD) over an 8-year period and to analyse the phenotype-genotype correlation of the identified variants. METHODS: Four unrelated Spanish probands with a clinical diagnosis of BCD were recruited. Ophthalmological examination included visual acuity (VA), slit lamp examination, in vivo corneal confocal microscopy, funduscopy and fluoresceinic angiography. Genomic DNA was obtained from blood samples, and the exons and flanking intron sequences of the CYP4V2 gene were screened by Sanger sequencing. Family members of the patients with mutations in CYP4V2 gene were subsequently studied. RESULTS: Clinical examination revealed retinal and corneal patterns compatible with BCD in all the participants. We identified a total of six CYP4V2 variants among the four carriers. As far as we know, the variant p.(Trp244Cysfs*33) has not previously been reported. This variant along with p.(Ala204Thr) and p.(Arg443Trp) were combined in three novel pathogenic phenotypes that share the presence of bilateral limbic glistening deposits, severe retinal damage and visual impairment and a fast rate of progression of the disease. CONCLUSION: To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the largest effort to determine the genetic alterations underlying BCD in Spain to date. Our results show that analysis of CYP4V2 variants is required for a reliable diagnosis of BCD. We report a high prevalence of anterior segment changes in this Spanish BCD cohort, which we consider representative of the Spanish patients.

Ocular Injury With Chestnut Burr: Our Experience.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the medical and surgical management and treatment of ocular injuries with chestnut burr recorded at the Hospital El Bierzo between 2009 and 2015. METHODS: A prospective study of ocular injuries with chestnut burr was conducted for the period from 2009 to 2015. Patients were detected in the Emergency Department and referred to the Ophthalmology Department for study and medical and surgical treatment. Ten eyes were evaluated in 10 patients. The injuries ranged from ocular contusion without corneal involvement to trauma with corneal perforation caused by spines. One patient with chronic retention of spines in the intrastromal corneal ring was included. RESULTS: Six of the eyes studied had chestnut burr spines in the cornea, one of which was chronically retained in the intrastromal cornea. One case of spine-induced corneal perforation was also studied. Six of the patients required surgery, 2 required removal of the spine using a slit lamp, 2 required outpatient medical treatments, and a wait-and-see approach was taken in 1 patient. All patients progressed favorably, and no surgical complications were recorded. CONCLUSIONS: Proper occupational risk prevention and the use of eye protection glasses are fundamental in avoiding these accidents. Once they have occurred, medical and surgical management must be done early and on an individual basis depending on the severity and location of the injuries, to avoid potentially serious complications.

Bloqueo continuo del plexo braquial en el posoperatorio inmediato / Continuous brachial plexus block in immediate postoperative

OBJETIVO: evaluar el período posoperatorio inmediato en pacientes con lesiones traumáticas quirúrgicas del miembro superior que han recibido dos métodos de anestesia-analgesia. MÉTODOS: se estudiaron 240 pacientes, todos ASA I-II-III según la clasificación del estado físico de la Sociedad Americana de Anestesiología. Se dividieron en dos grupos iguales, grupo G: anestesia general endotraqueal más fentanil y analgesia con dipirona 1,2 g IM cada 6 h, y grupo B: anestesia regional por técnicas continuas de bloqueo del plexo braquial con 100 mg de bupivacaína y analgesia regional con igual anestésico local cada 6 h. RESULTADOS: las complicaciones respiratorias se presentaron solamente en el grupo G (p= 0,01), mientras que las cardiovasculares se observaron 5,3 veces más en el grupo G (p= 0,000). Las náuseas y vómitos se manifestaron en más de la mitad de los pacientes (55 %) del grupo G y solo en seis (5 %) del grupo B (p= 0,000). La retención de orina y la oliguria se observó en tres y cuatro pacientes respectivamente, todos masculinos y del grupo G (p= 0,000). La tendencia a la hiperglucemia apareció en el grupo G en 27 pacientes (22,5 %) y solo en cinco (4,2 %) del grupo B (p= 0,000). Las molestias por la manipulación de la vía aérea superior, se presentaron en 79 pacientes (65,8 %) del grupo G; mientras que las molestias por el catéter solo se refirió en 16 pacientes (13,3 %) del grupo B. El grupo G a las 24 h llegó a tener 69 pacientes (57,5 %) en el nivel de analgesia no satisfactoria (p= 0,01). CONCLUSIONES: el método de anestesia-analgesia regional por bloqueo continuo del plexo braquial tuvo menor incidencia de complicaciones en el posoperatorio inmediato y mejor calidad de analgesia.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the immediate postoperative period in surgical patients with traumatic injuries of the upper limb who have undertaken two methods of anesthesia-analgesia. METHODS: 240 patients were studied, all ASA I-II-III according to the classification of the American Society of Anesthesiologists for physical state. They were divided into two equal groups. Group G had general endotracheal anesthesia and analgesia with fentanyl plus dipyrone 1.2 g IM every 6 h, and group B who had regional anesthesia techniques for continuous brachial plexus block with 100 mg of bupivacaine and regional analgesia with equal local anesthetic every 6 h. RESULTS: respiratory complications occurred only in group G (p= 0.01), cardiovascular complications were observed 5.3 times more in G group (p= 0.000). Nausea and vomiting were expressed in more than half of patients (55 %) in group G and only in six (5 %) from group B (p= 0.000). Urine retention and oliguria were observed in three and four patients respectively, all male from group G (p= 0.000). Hyperglycemia tendency appeared in group G in 27 patients (22.5 %) and in only five (4.2 %) from group B (p= 0.000). Discomfort by manipulating the upper airway occurred in 79 patients (65.8 %) from group G; nuisance due to the catheter was only referred in 16 patients (13.3 %) from group B. 24 hours after surgery, Group G had 69 patients (57.5 %) in unsatisfactory analgesia level (p= 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: the method of regional anesthesia-analgesia by continuous brachial plexus block had lower incidence of complications in the immediate postoperative period and better quality of analgesia.

Bloqueo continuo del plexo braquial en el posoperatorio inmediato / Continuous brachial plexus block in immediate postoperative

Objetivo: evaluar el período posoperatorio inmediato en pacientes con lesiones traumáticas quirúrgicas del miembro superior que han recibido dos métodos de anestesia-analgesia. Métodos: se estudiaron 240 pacientes, todos ASA I-II-III según la clasificación del estado físico de la Sociedad Americana de Anestesiología. Se dividieron en dos grupos iguales, grupo G: anestesia general endotraqueal más fentanil y analgesia con dipirona 1,2 g IM cada 6 h, y grupo B: anestesia regional por técnicas continuas de bloqueo del plexo braquial con 100 mg de bupivacaína y analgesia regional con igual anestésico local cada 6 h. Resultados: las complicaciones respiratorias se presentaron solamente en el grupo G (p= 0,01), mientras que las cardiovasculares se observaron 5,3 veces más en el grupo G (p= 0,000). Las náuseas y vómitos se manifestaron en más de la mitad de los pacientes (55 por ciento) del grupo G y solo en seis (5 por ciento) del grupo B (p= 0,000). La retención de orina y la oliguria se observó en tres y cuatro pacientes respectivamente, todos masculinos y del grupo G (p= 0,000). La tendencia a la hiperglucemia apareció en el grupo G en 27 pacientes (22,5 por ciento) y solo en cinco (4,2 por ciento) del grupo B (p= 0,000). Las molestias por la manipulación de la vía aérea superior, se presentaron en 79 pacientes (65,8 por ciento) del grupo G; mientras que las molestias por el catéter solo se refirió en 16 pacientes (13,3 por ciento) del grupo B. El grupo G a las 24 h llegó a tener 69 pacientes (57,5 por ciento) en el nivel de analgesia no satisfactoria (p= 0,01).Conclusiones: el método de anestesia-analgesia regional por bloqueo continuo del plexo braquial tuvo menor incidencia de complicaciones en el posoperatorio inmediato y mejor calidad de analgesia(AU)

Objective: to evaluate the immediate postoperative period in surgical patients with traumatic injuries of the upper limb who have undertaken two methods of anesthesia-analgesia. Methods: 240 patients were studied, all ASA I-II-III according to the classification of the American Society of Anesthesiologists for physical state. They were divided into two equal groups. Group G had general endotracheal anesthesia and analgesia with fentanyl plus dipyrone 1.2 g IM every 6 h, and group B who had regional anesthesia techniques for continuous brachial plexus block with 100 mg of bupivacaine and regional analgesia with equal local anesthetic every 6 h. Results: respiratory complications occurred only in group G (p= 0.01), cardiovascular complications were observed 5.3 times more in G group (p= 0.000). Nausea and vomiting were expressed in more than half of patients (55 percent) in group G and only in six (5 percent) from group B (p= 0.000). Urine retention and oliguria were observed in three and four patients respectively, all male from group G (p= 0.000). Hyperglycemia tendency appeared in group G in 27 patients (22.5 percent) and in only five (4.2 percent) from group B (p= 0.000). Discomfort by manipulating the upper airway occurred in 79 patients (65.8 percent) from group G; nuisance due to the catheter was only referred in 16 patients (13.3 percent) from group B. 24 hours after surgery, Group G had 69 patients (57.5 percent) in unsatisfactory analgesia level (p= 0.01). Conclusions: the method of regional anesthesia-analgesia by continuous brachial plexus block had lower incidence of complications in the immediate postoperative period and better quality of analgesia(AU)

Farmacopuntura con tramadol como analgesia posoperatoria preventiva en la herniorrafia inguinal / Pharmacopuncture with tramadol as preventive postoperative analgesia in inguinal herniorrhaphy

INTRODUCCIÓN: estudios demuestran que más del 40 % de los pacientes sufren dolor en el posoperatorio inmediato, y tres de cada cuatro lo experimentan los dos primeros días. OBJETIVO: evaluar la efectividad de la farmacopuntura con tramadol en la prevención del dolor posoperatorio en pacientes operados de hernia inguinal. MÉTODOS: estudio prospectivo, descriptivo, aleatorio y controlado a 60 pacientes operados de manera electiva de herniorrafia inguinal en el Hospital Militar Central "Dr. Carlos J. Finlay" en el período de septiembre de 2010 a septiembre de 2011. Se conformaron dos grupos de igual cantidad de pacientes: grupo F (estudio) en el que se aplicó farmacopuntura con tramadol 12,5 mg en los puntos del meridiano de estómago (E36, E44) y anestesia regional subaracnoidea, y el grupo C (control) en el que se empleó tramadol 100 mg por vía intramuscular e igual método anestésico. Se evaluó el dolor posoperatorio, según criterios del paciente por ubicación en la escala análoga visual. RESULTADOS: predominó el sexo masculino y el rango de más de 60 años de edad. Los pacientes que recibieron el método de anestesia-analgesia y farmacopuntura presentaron mayor grado de analgesia posoperatoria con ausencia completa de dolor en 60 %, con menor cantidad de náuseas y vómitos posoperatorios y una excelente estabilidad hemodinámica. CONCLUSIONES: la farmacopuntura con tramadol constituye un método terapéutico analgésico en la prevención del dolor posoperatorio.

INTRODUCTION: studies have shown that over 40 % of patients suffer from pain in the immediate postoperative period, and three out of every four during the first two days. OBJECTIVE: evaluate the effectiveness of pharmacopuncture with tramadol to prevent postoperative pain in patients undergoing surgery for inguinal hernia. METHODS: a prospective descriptive randomized controlled study was conducted of 60 patients electively operated on for inguinal hernia at Dr. Carlos J. Finlay Central Military Hospital from September 2010 to September 2011. Patients were divided into two equal groups: Group F (study) received pharmacopuncture with tramadol 12.5 mg at stomach meridian acupoints (E36, E44) and regional subarachnoid anaesthesia, and Group C (control) received intramuscular tramadol 100 mg and the same anaesthetic procedure. Postoperative pain was ranked on the visual analog scale based on criteria provided by patients. RESULTS: there was a predominance of the male sex and the over-60 age group. Patients receiving anaesthesia-analgesia and pharmacopuncture showed greater postoperative analgesia, with total absence of pain in 60 %, less postoperative nausea and vomiting, and excellent hemodynamic stability. CONCLUSIONS: pharmacopuncture with tramadol constitutes an analgesic therapeutic method to prevent postoperative pain.

Farmacopuntura con tramadol como analgesia posoperatoria preventiva en la herniorrafia inguinal / Pharmacopuncture with tramadol as preventive postoperative analgesia in inguinal herniorrhaphy

Introducción: estudios demuestran que más del 40 por ciento de los pacientes sufren dolor en el posoperatorio inmediato, y tres de cada cuatro lo experimentan los dos primeros días. Objetivo: evaluar la efectividad de la farmacopuntura con tramadol en la prevención del dolor posoperatorio en pacientes operados de hernia inguinal.Métodos: estudio prospectivo, descriptivo, aleatorio y controlado a 60 pacientes operados de manera electiva de herniorrafia inguinal en el Hospital Militar Central Dr. Carlos J. Finlay en el período de septiembre de 2010 a septiembre de 2011. Se conformaron dos grupos de igual cantidad de pacientes: grupo F (estudio) en el que se aplicó farmacopuntura con tramadol 12,5 mg en los puntos del meridiano de estómago (E36, E44) y anestesia regional subaracnoidea, y el grupo C (control) en el que se empleó tramadol 100 mg por vía intramuscular e igual método anestésico. Se evaluó el dolor posoperatorio, según criterios del paciente por ubicación en la escala análoga visual. Resultados: predominó el sexo masculino y el rango de más de 60 años de edad. Los pacientes que recibieron el método de anestesia-analgesia y farmacopuntura presentaron mayor grado de analgesia posoperatoria con ausencia completa de dolor en 60 por ciento, con menor cantidad de náuseas y vómitos posoperatorios y una excelente estabilidad hemodinámica. Conclusiones: la farmacopuntura con tramadol constituye un método terapéutico analgésico en la prevención del dolor posoperatorio(AU)

Introduction: studies have shown that over 40 percent of patients suffer from pain in the immediate postoperative period, and three out of every four during the first two days. Objective: evaluate the effectiveness of pharmacopuncture with tramadol to prevent postoperative pain in patients undergoing surgery for inguinal hernia. Methods: a prospective descriptive randomized controlled study was conducted of 60 patients electively operated on for inguinal hernia at Dr. Carlos J. Finlay Central Military Hospital from September 2010 to September 2011. Patients were divided into two equal groups: Group F (study) received pharmacopuncture with tramadol 12.5 mg at stomach meridian acupoints (E36, E44) and regional subarachnoid anaesthesia, and Group C (control) received intramuscular tramadol 100 mg and the same anaesthetic procedure. Postoperative pain was ranked on the visual analog scale based on criteria provided by patients. Results: there was a predominance of the male sex and the over-60 age group. Patients receiving anaesthesia-analgesia and pharmacopuncture showed greater postoperative analgesia, with total absence of pain in 60 percent, less postoperative nausea and vomiting, and excellent hemodynamic stability. Conclusions: pharmacopuncture with tramadol constitutes an analgesic therapeutic method to prevent postoperative pain(AU)

Genotype-phenotype analysis of Bietti crystalline dystrophy in a family with the CYP4V2 Ile111Thr mutation.

PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were to evaluate the genotypic and phenotypic correlations of Bietti crystalline dystrophy and to investigate the utility of in vivo corneal confocal microscopy in diagnosing this disorder. METHODS: A Spanish woman (proband) with a clinical diagnosis of Bietti crystalline dystrophy and 7 members of her family were recruited prospectively for complete clinical ophthalmic examination and genetic study. The medical records of an additional family member were reviewed retrospectively. Genomic DNA was obtained from blood samples, and 11 exons of the CYP4V2 gene were screened for mutations by polymerase chain reaction DNA sequencing. RESULTS: Clinical examination revealed an atypical pattern of corneal dystrophy with central and paracentral distribution not only in the proband but also in 2 elderly heterozygous carriers. Corneal deposits were observed by slit-lamp examination and in vivo corneal confocal microscopy. Genetic analysis revealed the homozygous CYP4V2 Ile111Thr mutation in the proband and identified 5 heterozygous carriers. CONCLUSIONS: The authors identified a case of Bietti crystalline dystrophy with central and paracentral keratopathy and the molecular analysis of the causative gene in a Spanish family. Data suggest a dose-dependent phenotype ranging from subclinical corneal changes in subjects carrying 1 mutant Ile111Thr CYP4V2 allele to the complete manifestation of the disease in homozygous subjects. In vivo corneal confocal microscopy is a useful technique in the diagnosis of this disorder.

Correlación clinicometabólica del miembro superior traumático quirúrgico y bloqueo continuo del plexo braquial / Metabolic and clinical correlation in traumatic upper limb surgery and continuous brachial plexus block

Objetivo: evaluar las alteraciones en la correlación clinicometabólica del miembro superior con lesión traumática quirúrgica en pacientes que recibieron anestesia-analgesia regional por bloqueo continuo del plexo braquial (BCPB). Métodos: se realizó un estudio en 60 pacientes, todos ASA-I, divididos en dos grupos iguales: G (control), anestesia general y analgesia sistémica con dipirona 1,2 g IM cada 6 h, y B (estudio), anestesia regional por vía axilar o supraclavicular con 100 mg de bupivacaína y analgesia con igual anestésico local cada 6 h. Se correlacionaron las alteraciones clinicometabólicas a las 24 h del posoperatorio por examen clínico y gasometría capilar a ambos miembros superiores. Resultados: predominaron el sexo masculino y los grupos de edades de 30-44 y 45-59 años en ambos grupos (p = 0,05). Las fracturas múltiples y simples constituyeron el 60 % del total de la muestra de los grupos G y B respectivamente (p = 0,05) y predominó el tratamiento de urgencia en ambos grupos (p = 0,05). Se percibió frialdad en el miembro lesionado en 70 % de los pacientes del grupo G, y 13,3 % del B (p = 0,01). Se constató un llene capilar lento en 53,3 % de los pacientes del grupo G y 10 % del B (p = 0,01) y se observó palidez de la mano en 56,7 y 10 % de los pacientes de los grupos G y B respectivamente (p = 0,01). Se comprobó HbO2 £ 89 % en el miembro lesionado en 60 y 6,7 % de los pacientes de los grupos G y B correspondientemente (p = 0,01), y se corroboró una diferencia de HbO2 > 5 % entre los miembros superiores: 76,7 % de los pacientes del grupo G y 16,7 % del B (p = 0,01). Conclusiones: el método de anestesia-analgesia regional por bloqueo continuo del plexo braquial es superior en cuanto a ventajas, ya que existe una reducción en cuanto a alteraciones en la correlación clinicometabólica en el miembro superior lesionado.

Objective: to assess changes in metabolic clinical correlation with traumatic upper limb surgery in patients receiving regional-analgesia anesthesia by continuous brachial plexus block (DNB). Methods: 60 patients were studied. All of them were ASA-I, and they were placed into two equal groups: G (control), general anesthesia and systemic analgesia with dipyrone 1.2 g IM every 6 hours, and B (study), DNB regional anesthesia (axillary or supraclavicular) with 100 mg of bupivacaine and analgesia with the same local anesthetic every 6 hours. Clinical and metabolic alterations were correlated 24 hours postoperatively by clinical examination and capillary blood gasometry in both upper limbs. Results: most of the subjects studied were male and most of them aged 30-44 and 45-59 years in both groups (p = 0.05). Simple and multiple fractures accounted for 60% of the total sample in groups G and B respectively (p = 0.05) and emergency treatment was required in both groups (p = 0.05). 70 % of patients in group G felt the injured limb cold, and 13.3 % in group B (p = 0.01). A slow capillary refill was found in 53.3 % of patients in group G and 10 % in B (p = 0.01) and 56.7 and 10% patients in groups G and B (p = 0.01) showed pale hand respectively. HbO2 £ 89 % was found in the injured limb in 60 and 6.7 % patients in groups G and B respectively (p = 0.01), and a difference HbO2 > 5 % was corroborated among the upper limbs: 76.7 % patients in group G and 16.7 % in B (p = 0.01). Conclusions: the method of regional anesthesia-analgesia by continuous brachial plexus block is superior in terms of advantages, as there is a reduction in terms of changes in the metabolic clinical correlation in injured upper limbs.

Parotiditis aguda transitoria posanestésica tras anestesia regional por bloqueo espinal subaracnoideo / Postanesthetic transient acute parotitis after subarachnoid spinal block regional anesthesia

Objetivo: describir un caso de parotidis aguda transitoria, posterior a anestesia regional por bloqueo espinal subaracnoideo para esterilización quirúrgica y revisión de la literatura. Reporte del caso: paciente femenina de 32 años, sin antecedentes de enfermedad asociada que se programó de forma electiva para salpingectomía bilateral y se realizó anestesia regional por bloqueo espinal subaracnoideo. A las seis horas del posoperatorio se observó un progresivo aumento bilateral de volumen de la glándula parótida, se interpretó como una parotiditis aguda y se trató con vitaminoterapia y antibiótico. Hubo evolución con recuperación progresiva total del cuadro de forma espontánea tres horas después, y fue dada de alta hospitalaria al día siguiente. Conclusión: la parotiditis aguda transitoria posanestésica no solo se debe asociar a la instrumentación de la cavidad orofaríngea durante la anestesia general, pues debe tenerse en cuenta su diagnóstico luego del empleo del sulfato de atropina en cualquier acto anestésico general o regional.

Objective: to describe a case of transient acute parotitis, after regional anesthesia by subarachnoid spinal block for surgical sterilization and literature review. Case report: 32 year old female patient with no history of associated disease was scheduled for bilateral salpingectomy and regional anesthesia was spinal subarachnoid block was used. Six hours after the operation there was a progressive bilateral increase of parotid gland volume, which was interpreted as acute parototis and she was treated with vitamin therapy and antibiotics. Evolution with total progressive recovery was observed spontaneously three hours later, and the patient was discharged from hospital the following day. Conclusion: postanesthesic transient acute parotitis should not be only associated with the instrumentation of oropharyngeal cavity for general anesthesia, since its diagnosis should be noted after using atropine sulfate in any general or regional anesthesia.

Correlación clinicometabólica del miembro superior traumático quirúrgico y bloqueo continuo del plexo braquial / Metabolic and clinical correlation in traumatic upper limb surgery and continuous brachial plexus block

Objetivo: evaluar las alteraciones en la correlación clinicometabólica del miembro superior con lesión traumática quirúrgica en pacientes que recibieron anestesia-analgesia regional por bloqueo continuo del plexo braquial (BCPB). Métodos: se realizó un estudio en 60 pacientes, todos ASA-I, divididos en dos grupos iguales: G (control), anestesia general y analgesia sistémica con dipirona 1,2 g IM cada 6 h, y B (estudio), anestesia regional por vía axilar o supraclavicular con 100 mg de bupivacaína y analgesia con igual anestésico local cada 6 h. Se correlacionaron las alteraciones clinicometabólicas a las 24 h del posoperatorio por examen clínico y gasometría capilar a ambos miembros superiores. Resultados: predominaron el sexo masculino y los grupos de edades de 30-44 y 45-59 años en ambos grupos (p = 0,05). Las fracturas múltiples y simples constituyeron el 60 por ciento del total de la muestra de los grupos G y B respectivamente (p = 0,05) y predominó el tratamiento de urgencia en ambos grupos (p = 0,05). Se percibió frialdad en el miembro lesionado en 70 por ciento de los pacientes del grupo G, y 13,3 por ciento del B (p = 0,01). Se constató un llene capilar lento en 53,3 por ciento de los pacientes del grupo G y 10 por ciento del B (p = 0,01) y se observó palidez de la mano en 56,7 y 10 por ciento de los pacientes de los grupos G y B respectivamente (p = 0,01). Se comprobó HbO2 £ 89 por ciento en el miembro lesionado en 60 y 6,7 por ciento de los pacientes de los grupos G y B correspondientemente (p = 0,01), y se corroboró una diferencia de HbO2 > 5 por ciento entre los miembros superiores: 76,7 por ciento de los pacientes del grupo G y 16,7 por ciento del B (p = 0,01). Conclusiones: el método de anestesia-analgesia regional por bloqueo continuo del plexo braquial es superior en cuanto a ventajas, ya que existe una reducción en cuanto a alteraciones en la correlación clinicometabólica en el miembro superior lesionado(AU)

Objective: to assess changes in metabolic clinical correlation with traumatic upper limb surgery in patients receiving regional-analgesia anesthesia by continuous brachial plexus block (DNB). Methods: 60 patients were studied. All of them were ASA-I, and they were placed into two equal groups: G (control), general anesthesia and systemic analgesia with dipyrone 1.2 g IM every 6 hours, and B (study), DNB regional anesthesia (axillary or supraclavicular) with 100 mg of bupivacaine and analgesia with the same local anesthetic every 6 hours. Clinical and metabolic alterations were correlated 24 hours postoperatively by clinical examination and capillary blood gasometry in both upper limbs. Results: most of the subjects studied were male and most of them aged 30-44 and 45-59 years in both groups (p = 0.05). Simple and multiple fractures accounted for 60 percent of the total sample in groups G and B respectively (p = 0.05) and emergency treatment was required in both groups (p = 0.05). 70 percent of patients in group G felt the injured limb cold, and 13.3 percent in group B (p = 0.01). A slow capillary refill was found in 53.3 percent of patients in group G and 10 percent in B (p = 0.01) and 56.7 and 10 percent patients in groups G and B (p = 0.01) showed pale hand respectively. HbO2 ú 89 percent was found in the injured limb in 60 and 6.7 percent patients in groups G and B respectively (p = 0.01), and a difference HbO2 > 5 percent was corroborated among the upper limbs: 76.7 percent patients in group G and 16.7 percent in B (p = 0.01). Conclusions: the method of regional anesthesia-analgesia by continuous brachial plexus block is superior in terms of advantages, as there is a reduction in terms of changes in the metabolic clinical correlation in injured upper limbs(AU)

Parotiditis aguda transitoria posanestésica tras anestesia regional por bloqueo espinal subaracnoideo / Postanesthetic transient acute parotitis after subarachnoid spinal block regional anesthesia

Objetivo: describir un caso de parotidis aguda transitoria, posterior a anestesia regional por bloqueo espinal subaracnoideo para esterilización quirúrgica y revisión de la literatura.Reporte del caso: paciente femenina de 32 años, sin antecedentes de enfermedad asociada que se programó de forma electiva para salpingectomía bilateral y se realizó anestesia regional por bloqueo espinal subaracnoideo. A las seis horas del posoperatorio se observó un progresivo aumento bilateral de volumen de la glándula parótida, se interpretó como una parotiditis aguda y se trató con vitaminoterapia y antibiótico. Hubo evolución con recuperación progresiva total del cuadro de forma espontánea tres horas después, y fue dada de alta hospitalaria al día siguiente. Conclusión: la parotiditis aguda transitoria posanestésica no solo se debe asociar a la instrumentación de la cavidad orofaríngea durante la anestesia general, pues debe tenerse en cuenta su diagnóstico luego del empleo del sulfato de atropina en cualquier acto anestésico general o regional(AU)

Objective: to describe a case of transient acute parotitis, after regional anesthesia by subarachnoid spinal block for surgical sterilization and literature review. Case report: 32 year old female patient with no history of associated disease was scheduled for bilateral salpingectomy and regional anesthesia was spinal subarachnoid block was used. Six hours after the operation there was a progressive bilateral increase of parotid gland volume, which was interpreted as acute parototis and she was treated with vitamin therapy and antibiotics. Evolution with total progressive recovery was observed spontaneously three hours later, and the patient was discharged from hospital the following day. Conclusion: postanesthesic transient acute parotitis should not be only associated with the instrumentation of oropharyngeal cavity for general anesthesia, since its diagnosis should be noted after using atropine sulfate in any general or regional anesthesia(AU)

Impact of chromium and aluminium pollution on the diversity of zooplankton: a case study in the Chimaliapan wetland (Ramsar site) (Lerma basin, Mexico).

Biological monitoring and the use of biotic indices are important in evaluating the health of aquatic systems. However, zooplankton are rarely included in biomonitoring protocols. We conducted a one-year study (March 2008-February 2009) at two sites from the Chimaliapan wetland, with concentrations of aluminium (Al) and chromium (Cr) above and within the permissible limits, respectively. Metals in the sediment and water were analyzed from three locations per site every two months. In addition to analyses of the abundance and diversity of rotifers, cladocerans and copepods, we sampled 11 physicochemical variables in the water and six from the sediments. The metal concentration in the polluted site (significantly above the permissible limits) ranged between 7266-8174 mg Kg(-1) of Al and 14.6-18.3 mg Kg(-1) of Cr. We found 92 species of rotifers, cladocerans and copepods. The Brillouin index for both sites ranged from 3.9-5.4, the Shannon-Wiener index from 4.2-5.5 while the Brachionus-Trichocerca ratio ranged between 1.0 and 1.7. The Wetland Zooplankton Index was significantly different among the sites; 2.63 at site 1 and 2.13 at site 2. The saprobic index was 3.2 for both sites. Data analyses using multifactorial techniques suggested that zooplankton can be used to evaluate the impact of the metals aforementioned, since these organisms are generally more sensitive than other groups and also have a high ecological relevance.

Fístula cutánea de líquido cefalorraquídeo por catéter peridural / Cutaneous fistula of cerebrospinal fluid by peridural catheter

Introducción: La fístula de líquido cefalorraquídeo tras la colocación de un catéter peridural para el tratamiento del dolor crónico en una paciente oncológica es una complicación rara. Objetivos: Describir la conducta perioperatoria y la evolución de una paciente oncológica con dolor crónico, en la que se utilizó para analgesia un catéter peridural durante tiempo prolongado, que presentó una fístula de líquido cefalorraquídeo. Presentación de caso: Paciente femenina de 32 años de edad con un carcinoma de ovario avanzado a la que se le colocó un catéter peridural a nivel de L2- L3 para la administración de analgesia con anestésicos locales y morfina liofilizada. A los 28 días comenzó con pérdida abundante de líquido en el sitio de inserción del catéter. Se estudió por citología y se corroboró la presencia de líquido cefalorraquídeo, por lo que se retiró el catéter. Se indicó, abundante reposición de líquidos y aminofilina por vía oral una tableta cada 8 horas. Se realizó vendaje compresivo del orificio cutáneo. A las 24 horas se mantiene la pérdida de líquido por lo que se realizó parche hemático. Evolucionó satisfactoriamente. Conclusiones: Las fístulas cutáneas cerebroespinales constituyen complicaciones muy poco frecuentes en la práctica anestesiológica, de etiología multifactorial e imprecisa, con una fundamentación fisiopatológica y una conducta terapéutica aun por definir, en las que el parche epidural con sangre autóloga parece ser una alternativa adecuada.

The cerebrospinal fluid fistula after the insertion of a peridural catheter to treat the chronic pain in an Oncology patient is an uncommon complication. Objectives: To describe the perioperative behavior and the course of an Oncology patient presenting with chronic pain using a long-term peridural catheter for analgesia, as well as a cerebrospinal fluid fistula. Case presentation: A female patient aged 32 presenting with an advanced ovarian carcinoma; a peridural catheter was passed at L2-L3 level to administration of analgesia with local anesthetics and lyophilized morphine. At 28 days she had an abundant loss of fluid in the insertion site of catheter. She was studied by cytology corroborating the presence of cerebrospinal fluid and removing the catheter. The prescription was a significant reestablishment of fluid and aminophyline per os (a tablet every 8 hours). A compressing bandage was placed over the cutaneous orifice. At 24 hrs the fluid loss subsists being necessary a hematic patch. She had a satisfactory course. Conclusions: The cutaneous cerebrospinal fistulae are uncommon complications in the anesthesia practice; it is of multifactorial and imprecise origin with a pathophysiological basis and a therapeutical behavior still not well defined where the epidural patch with autologous blood seems a appropriate alternative.

Un hospital de campaña en un área de desastre: nuestra experiencia / A field hospital in a disaster area: our experience

A finales del año 2005 (8 de octubre) se produjo uno de los terremotos más catastróficos de los últimos 100 años, que azotó principalmente la República Islámica de Pakistán y la India, países fronterizos y con una zona en conflicto territorial (Cachemira), la cual fue el centro del movimiento telúrico. Un grupo de médicos cubanos, en un total de 83, acudieron a la región el 13 de octubre, entre los que se encontraban los autores de este trabajo y con él pretendemos hacer llegar nuestra modesta experiencia, por lo tanto realizamos un estudio retrospectivo descriptivo de nuestro trabajo y además de proponernos algunas consideraciones sobre el trabajo en hospitales de campaña acerca del personal médico y paramédico, su composición y preparación, el equipamiento y aseguramiento logístico.

One of the most catastrophic earthquakes of the last 100 years took place at the end of 2005 (October 8), striking mainly the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and India, bordering countries having a territorial conflict zone (Kashmir), the center of the telluric movement. A group of Cuban physicians arrived into the region on October 13; the authors of this work were among them. We pretend to share our modest experience with the retrospective, descriptive study of our job there, and we also propose some considerations on the work in field hospitals, about the medical and paramedical staff, their composition and preparation, the equipment and logistic provision.

Algunas lecciones aprendidas en tiempos de emergencias y desastres / Some lessons learned in times of emergencies and disasters

El planeta está sujeto a la ocurrencia de eventos que repercuten negativamente en la vida de las personas y del ambiente. La ocurrencia de un desastre deja siempre lecciones aprendidas y estas ayudan a identificar indicadores adecuados para un determinado contexto, pero que pueden ser aplicables a otros. Debido a ello nos proponemos brindar nuestra experiencia con vista a futuras contingencias. Mostramos un plan de acción el cual puede ser aplicable a cualquier catástrofe.

Our planet is liable to the occurrence of events negatively implicating its inhabitants life and the environment. The occurrence of a disaster always leaves learned lesson helping to identify adequate indicators for a definite context, but that could be applied in other contexts. That is why we want to share our experience for the future contingencies. We show a plan of actions that could be applied to any catastrophe.

Algunas lecciones aprendidas en tiempos de emergencias y desastres / Some lessons learned in times of emergencies and disasters

El planeta está sujeto a la ocurrencia de eventos que repercuten negativamente en la vida de las personas y del ambiente. La ocurrencia de un desastre deja siempre lecciones aprendidas y estas ayudan a identificar indicadores adecuados para un determinado contexto, pero que pueden ser aplicables a otros. Debido a ello nos proponemos brindar nuestra experiencia con vista a futuras contingencias. Mostramos un plan de acción el cual puede ser aplicable a cualquier catástrofe(AU)

Our planet is liable to the occurrence of events negatively implicating its inhabitants life and the environment. The occurrence of a disaster always leaves learned lesson helping to identify adequate indicators for a definite context, but that could be applied in other contexts. That is why we want to share our experience for the future contingencies. We show a plan of actions that could be applied to any catastrophe(AU)