Serotonin-induced Na+/K+ pump stimulation in vascular smooth muscle cells. Evidence for coupling to multiple receptor mechanisms.

Exposure of cultured canine femoral artery vascular smooth muscle cells to serotonin (5-HT) caused a 3.6-fold stimulation of ouabain-sensitive 86Rb uptake. The 5-HT2 receptor antagonist, ketanserin, partly blocked the 5-HT-mediated Na+/K+ pump stimulation and the 5-HT1/5-HT2 receptor antagonist, methiothepin, completely blocked the response, suggesting that both 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 receptors play a role in the 5-HT-mediated Na+/K+ pump activation. Second messengers generated by 5-HT2 receptor-mediated phosphoinositide hydrolysis, Ins(1,4,5)P3 and diacylglycerol were implicated in the stimulatory action of 5-HT on the vascular Na+/K+ pump. Like some other contractile agonists, 5-HT activated a Na+ influx pathway which caused Na+/K+ pump stimulation by increasing the rate-limiting substrate. The maximum stimulation of Na+ influx by 5-HT was 2.5-fold. The 5-HT-stimulated Na+ influx was totally blocked by methiothepin but only 29% inhibited by ketanserin, indicating that most of the Na+ influx was mediated by the 5-HT1 receptor. The 5-HT-stimulated Na+ influx was substantially inhibited by 50 microM dimethylamiloride, suggesting that the Na+ influx pathway stimulated by 5-HT was Na+/H+ exchange. BAPTA/AM 1,2-[bis(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid, tetra (acetoxymethyl) ester], an intracellular Ca++ chelator, partly blocked 5-HT-stimulated Na+ influx and ouabain-sensitive 86Rb uptake, suggesting that Ca++ is an important mediator of these responses. These data suggest that: 1) 5-HT, in addition to its well known activity as a contractile agonist, can stimulate the electrogenic Na+/K+ pump which, in theory, would tend to oppose contraction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Variedades en la disposición de los elementos anatómicos del funículo o cordón espermático / Varieties in the disposition of the anatomical elements of the spermatic cord

El correcto conocimiento respecto de la disposición de los elementos anatómicos dentro del funículo o cordón espermático, es de importancia para todas las técnicas quirúrgicas que requieren el abordaje de este territorio. El presente estudio pretende mostrar las variedades que hemos detectado en una serie de disecciones efectuadas en nuestra Cátedra, para el cual se utilizaron 30 cadáveres adultos del sexo masculino, inyectados y conservados en solución formol y agua, obteniéndose 60 preparaciones para analizar. Se comprueba que el conducto deferente ocupa siempre una posición media dentro del funículo (50%) o desplazado hacia la parte posteromedial (50%) y va acompañado por la arteria defencial que es su satélite, la cual se observa doble en un 6,7%. La arteria cremastérica se ubica siempre en relación a la fascia espermática interna, siendo un vaso único en la mayoría de los casos. En el interior del funículo, sólo se encontraron nervios autónomos, relacionados con el conducto deferente, la arteria deferencial y la arteria testicular, no observándose ramos nerviosos provenientes de los nervios génitofemoral, iliohipogástrico e ilioinguinal. El grupo venoso anterior presenta un mayor número de vasos y de más calibre que el grupo venoso posterior. Se observan restos del conducto peritoneovaginal en casi todas las disecciones

Variaciones del índice cefálico en chilenos según ascendencia / Variations of the cephalic index in chilean people

Un tipo racial o étnico es una combinación de promedios, por lo que un individuo generalmente no posee todas las características antropométricas que clasifican a su grupo (Hoebel, Firth). El índice cefálico se ha utilizado en forma indiscrinada como medio clasificatorio, lo cual sólo podría ser válido si existieran grupos étnicos totamente puros (Gavrilovic). Como se ha comprobado una tendencia progresiva a la braquicefalía en las distintas poblaciones actuales, nos interesó comprobar si en Chile las migraciones de grupos poblaciones han provocado heterosis (vigor híbrido) y si se presentan diferencias entre individuos con y sin ascendencia étnica hasta los abuelos y entre individuos de distinto sexo. Para estos objetivos se determinó el índice cefálico de 232 individuos, 88 hombres y 144 mujeres, clasificándose en grupos sin ascendencia y con ascendencia europea mediterránea y noroccidental. Se comprobó una mayor braquicefalia en los individuos sin ascendencia. La mesocefalia es predominante en los individuos con ascendencia europea mediterránea. La braquicefalia predomina en el sexo femenino; también los únicos casos de hiperdolicocefalia y el mayor porcentaje de dolicocéfalos se observaron en las mujeres. Los hombres tienden a ser más mesocéfalos, porcentaje que aumenta en los individuos con ascendencia europea. En los individuos sin ascendencia existe un mayor porcentaje de casos de hiperbraquicefalia

Contribución al estudio del índice cefálico en chilenos / Contributions to the study of the cephalic index in chilean people

El índice cefálico es el más clásico de los caracteres antropológicos de la cabeza, durante largo tiempo se consideró como un elemento importante en las clasificaciones raciales o étnicas ya que esta dimensión relativa, que se determina usando los diámetros máximos anteroposterior y tranversal de la cabeza, depende de numerosos factores y entre ellos los de tipo étnico. En las poblaciones modernas existe una tendencia progresiva a la braquicefalia; similar cosa sucede en los niños respecto a los adultos y en las mujeres en relación a los hombres. Este índice varía de una generación a otra y los movimientos de poblacion han determinado una hibridación, un vigor híbrido, que impide que el prototipo de una población o etnia corresponda a la mayoría de los casos analizados. Un tipo racial o étnico es una combinación de promedios, una abstracción matemática y que como causa de estos cruzamientos de población, es difícil encontrar etnias puras, y por ende no es posible usar el índice cefálico como elemento clasificatorio, no obstante lo cual lo podemos utilizar como elemento o caracter evolutivo. En Chile se ha producido una permanente migración de individuos pese a su aislamiento geográfico, por tanto nos interesaba determinar la valoración del índice cefálico. Con ese fin, obtuvimos mediciones en 232 individuos chilenos de ambos sexos, de edades entre 18 y 35 años, lo que permitió obtener, en base a la clasificación de Olivier, las variables existentes respecto al mencionado índice. Los resultados obtenidos nos permiten concluir que todo el grupo de chilenos presenta un promedio de índice cefálico de 81.90 ñ 0.31, en hombres un promedio de 81.51 ñ 0.46 y en mujeres un promedio de 82.14 ñ 0.40, lo que confirma la mayor braquicefalia en los grupos femeninos respecto de los masculinos y que los habitantes de esta región geográfica tienden a presentar una braquicefalización moderada, próxima a la mesocefalía y comparativamente con otros grupos étnicos los chilenos se ubican en lugares intermedios

Pelvimetria externa en chilenas / External pelvimetry in chilean female

Uno de los caracteres antropométricos que ha mantenido su valor clasificatorio e importancia de acuerdo a los aspectos evolutivos corporales, corresponde al estudio mensural de la pelvis femenina. A objeto de determinar ciertas variables morfológicas que se vean influenciadas por la ascendencia de origen y el medio ambiente, realizamos un estudio antropométrico de 138 mujeres chilenas, sanas, sin embarazos ni partos, de una edad promedio de 20,4 años, a las cuales se les mensuró la estatura y los diámetros biespinoso anterior, biespinoso posterior, bitrocantereo, bicrestal y anteroposterior externo máximo, determinándose algunos índices relativos de valor comparativo. Se comprobó la existencia de variables significativas de las dimensiones pelvianas y de sus índices relativos al comparar los distintos grupos estudiados (toda la muestra de chilenas, sin ascendencia hasta los abuelos, con ascendencia europea mediterránea y con ascendencia europea nórdica o noroccidental)

Advances in pediatrics and child care in Cuba, 1959-1974.

This article describes the major activities carried out since 1959 in the field of pediatrics and child care in Cuba. In particular, it notes the improvements made through establishment of a national health system and through the participation of community organizations (the Federation of Cuban Women, Committees for the Defense of the Revolution, associations of small farmers, and trade unions) and shows how perinatal, infant, and childhood mortality have been significantly reduced. As of 1973 perinatal mortality had fallen to 27.9 deaths per 1,000 live births, infant mortality to 27.4 deaths per 1,000 live births, preschool mortality to 1.2 per 1,000 children, and school-age mortality, to 0.4 per 1,000 children. This report also cites data on available physical and manpower resources, and outlines a large range of activities linked to a Comprehensive Child Care Program undertaken in 1967. This program, in which newborns are enrolled upon leaving the maternity, seeks to encourage breast-feeding, to promote the activities of well-baby clinics, to provide special examinations for malnourished infants, to provide health care for preschool and school-age children, to promote pediatric medical visits to the home, to assist with camps for asthmatic and diabetic children, to provide pediatric services at pioneer and other camps for schoolchildren, to carry out health education activities, and to combat communicable disease. In particular, activites to prevent communicable disease appear responsible for a good part of the progress achieved to date. As a result of these activities malaria and diphtheria have been eradicated, poliomyelitis has been overcome, and the incidences of tuberculosis, tuberculous meningitis, tetanus (among both newborns and children under 15), and acute diarrheal disease have been substantially reduced.

Advances in pediatrics and child care in Cuba, 1959-1974

This article describes the major activities carried out since 1959 in the field of pediatrics and child care in Cuba. In particular, it notes the improvements made through establishment of a national health system and through the participation of community organizations (the Federation of Cuban Women, Committees for the Defense of the Revolution, associations of small farmers, and trade unions) and shows how perinatal, infant, and childhood mortality have been significantly reduced. As of 1973 perinatal mortality had fallen to 27.9 deaths per 1,000 live births, infant mortality to 27.4 deaths per 1,000 live births, preschool mortality to 1.2 per 1,000 children, and school-age mortality, to 0.4 per 1,000 children. This report also cites data on available physical and manpower resources, and outlines a large range of activities linked to a Comprehensive Child Care Program undertaken in 1967. This program, in which newborns are enrolled upon leaving the maternity, seeks to encourage breast-feeding, to promote the activities of well-baby clinics, to provide special examinations for malnourished infants, to provide health care for preschool and school-age children, to promote pediatric medical visits to the home, to assist with camps for asthmatic and diabetic children, to provide pediatric services at pioneer and other camps for schoolchildren, to carry out health education activities, and to combat communicable disease. In particular, activites to prevent communicable disease appear responsible for a good part of the progress achieved to date. As a result of these activities malaria and diphtheria have been eradicated, poliomyelitis has been overcome, and the incidences of tuberculosis, tuberculous meningitis, tetanus (among both newborns and children under 15), and acute diarrheal disease have been substantially reduced (Au)

Advances in pediatrics and child care in Cuba, 1959-1974

This article describes the major activities carried out since 1959 in the field of pediatrics and child care in Cuba. In particular, it notes the improvements made through establishment of a national health system and through the participation of community organizations (the Federation of Cuban Women, Committees for the Defense of the Revolution, associations of small farmers, and trade unions) and shows how perinatal, infant, and childhood mortality have been significantly reduced. As of 1973 perinatal mortality had fallen to 27.9 deaths per 1,000 live births, infant mortality to 27.4 deaths per 1,000 live births, preschool mortality to 1.2 per 1,000 children, and school-age mortality, to 0.4 per 1,000 children. This report also cites data on available physical and manpower resources, and outlines a large range of activities linked to a Comprehensive Child Care Program undertaken in 1967. This program, in which newborns are enrolled upon leaving the maternity, seeks to encourage breast-feeding, to promote the activities of well-baby clinics, to provide special examinations for malnourished infants, to provide health care for preschool and school-age children, to promote pediatric medical visits to the home, to assist with camps for asthmatic and diabetic children, to provide pediatric services at pioneer and other camps for schoolchildren, to carry out health education activities, and to combat communicable disease. In particular, activities to prevent communicable disease appear responsible for a good part of the progress achieved to date. As a result of these activities malaria and diphtheria have been eradicated, poliomyelitis has been overcome, and the incidences of tuberculosis, tuberculous meningitis, tetanus (among both newborns and children under 15), and acute diarrheal disease have been substantially reduced (AU)

Advances in pediatrics and child care in Cuba, 1959-1974

This article describes the major activities carried out since 1959 in the field of pediatrics and child care in Cuba. In particular, it notes the improvements made through establishment of a national health system and through the participation of community organizations (the Federation of Cuban Women, Committees for the Defense of the Revolution, associations of small farmers, and trade unions) and shows how perinatal, infant, and childhood mortality have been significantly reduced. As of 1973 perinatal mortality had fallen to 27.9 deaths per 1,000 live births, infant mortality to 27.4 deaths per 1,000 live births, preschool mortality to 1.2 per 1,000 children, and school-age mortality, to 0.4 per 1,000 children. This report also cites data on available physical and manpower resources, and outlines a large range of activities linked to a Comprehensive Child Care Program undertaken in 1967. This program, in which newborns are enrolled upon leaving the maternity, seeks to encourage breast-feeding, to promote the activities of well-baby clinics, to provide special examinations for malnourished infants, to provide health care for preschool and school-age children, to promote pediatric medical visits to the home, to assist with camps for asthmatic and diabetic children, to provide pediatric services at pioneer and other camps for schoolchildren, to carry out health education activities, and to combat communicable disease. In particular, activites to prevent communicable disease appear responsible for a good part of the progress achieved to date. As a result of these activities malaria and diphtheria have been eradicated, poliomyelitis has been overcome, and the incidences of tuberculosis, tuberculous meningitis, tetanus (among both newborns and children under 15), and acute diarrheal disease have been substantially reduced (Au)