Resultado de un proceso para la mejora de las altas hospitalarias precoces / Process for improving early hospital discharge: a study of outcomes

Objetivo: Describir las intervenciones realizadas para acelerar la hora de alta hospitalaria y reducir la demora de ingreso de pacientes adultos médico-quirúrgicos desde urgencias y analizar los resultados alcanzados con la implementación del proceso. Método: Se analizó la situación del proceso de alta de nuestra organización y se identificaron las principales disfunciones. La reingeniería del proceso culminó con la elaboración del plan de alta hospitalaria para cuya implantación fueron necesarias intervenciones diversas sobre circuitos y sistemas de información. Los datos extraídos sobre las altas de pacientes adultos médico-quirúrgicos producidas en las diferentes franjas horarias (9 a 13, 13 a 17 y 17 a 9 horas), antes (2006) y durante los 2 años posteriores a la implementación (2008-2009) se analizaron mediante la prueba de (..) (AU)

Objectives: To describe process changes implemented to encourage early hospital discharge and reduce emergency admission delays for adult medical and surgical patients and to analyze outcomes achieved. Methods: Our hospital’s discharge system was analyzed to identify the main short comings. The process was then reengineered to create a hospital discharge plan whose implementation required several changes in care pathways and information systems. We gathered data on discharges of adult medical and surgical patients during 3 shifts (9 a.m. to 1P.M.; 1 to 5 P.M.; 5 to 9 P.M) before (2006) and during the 2 years (2008-2009) following the plan’s introduction in 2007. Outcomes were compared using the (..) (AU)

Análisis ecológico y perfil materno de la transmisión vertical del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana en la Comunidad de Madrid desde 1980 hasta 2008 / An ecological analysis and the maternal profile of vertical HIV transmission in the Community of Madrid from 1980 until 2008

La pandemia del sida sigue siendo uno de los principales problemas que afectan al desarrollo y la seguridad en todo el mundo. En España, y más específicamente en la Comunidad de Madrid (CM), los primeros afectados fueron hombres homosexual eso bisexuales, seguidos de adictos a drogas por vía parenteral (ADVP) y la vía heterosexual; esta última afectaba principalmente a las mujeres, y la transmisión vertical (TV). La TV es la prioritaria en los niños (95,3%). A 31 de diciembre de 2008, la cohorte de niños infectados por TV de la CM estaba constituida por 261 pacientes, de los que 48 se habían quedado huérfanos de madre; estos niños vivieron el deterioro de la madre a causa de la enfermedad, con las graves repercusiones en la calidad de vida que este hecho implica, y afectando de manera significativa a su desarrollo. Además, se observó un cambio en la vía de transmisión de las madres a partir de 2002 (la principal vía era la heterosexual frente a ADVP), debido al aumento de la población inmigrante y a una modificación en el paradigma socioambiental, ya que estas madres no pertenecían a grupos con prácticas de riesgo, aunque sí mantuvieron contactos de riesgo. En cuanto a la TV, existe una asociación significativa entre el descenso de infecciones por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) tipo 1 y los tratamientos antirretrovirales recibidos como profilaxis en el embarazo y el parto. Sin embargo, no puede decirse que la TV esté erradicada, por lo que sigue siendo un problema de salud pública relevante (AU)

The AIDS pandemic continues to be one of the main problems affecting development and safety throughout the world, in Spain and more specifically in the Community of Madrid(CM). The first to be affected were homosexual/bisexual men, followed by intravenous drug users and infection through heterosexual transmission, a route which affected women, and vertical transmission (VT). VT dominates in children (95.3%). At 31 December 2008, the cohort of children infected via VT in the CM was made up of 261 children. Of those children, 48 had lost their mothers after witnessing their deterioration due to the disease, which had serious repercussions on the children’s quality of life and substantially affected their development. Moreover, a change was seen in the route of transmission in mothers as of 2002, with the main route being heterosexual contact versus intravenous drug use. That change was brought about by the increase in the immigrant population and by a change in the socio-environmental paradigm since these mothers did not belong to groups with risk practices, but their sexual practices did involve contact that put them at risk. With regard to VT, there is a significant association between the decrease in HIV-1 infections and the taking of antiretroviral treatments like prophylaxis during pregnancy and birth. Nevertheless, VT has not yet been eradicated, which means it continues to be a relevant public health problem (AU)

Análisis socioeconómico y demográfico de la prevalencia en niños infectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana por transmisión vertical en la Comunidad de Madrid / A socio-economic and demographic analysis of the prevalence of paediatric HIV due to vertical transmission in the Community of Madrid

España sigue siendo uno de los países con tasas más altas deincidencia del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH)/sidaen Europa occidental. La Comunidad de Madrid es la zona másafectada por la infección, con un total de 17.667 casos de sidahasta diciembre de 2008, lo que representa el 23,9% de loscasos registrados en toda España. En dicha comunidad se identificaroncomo áreas básicas de transmisión los distritos delsur y del norte-este, especialmente Usera, Puente de Vallecas,San Blas y Hortaleza, con una mayor prevalencia en el númerode casos de transmisión vertical. También se observó un cambiorespecto al flujo migratorio en los diferentes distritos de laciudad, coincidiendo los distritos con mayor censo de inmigrantescon un registro superior de las tasas de prevalencia de lainfección por el VIH por transmisión vertical. La prevalencia decasos de VIH por transmisión vertical se correlacionó significativamentecon el porcentaje de los inmigrantes (p= –0,544; p=0,011), personas sin estudios (p= 0,487; p= 0,025), mujeres desempleadas(p= 0,477; p= 0,029) y población con una renta percápita baja (p= –0,508; p= 0,019). Por otra parte, cabe pensarque estas zonas sur y norte-este, a su vez, pueden ser franjasimportantes para la propagación de otras enfermedades infecciosas,por lo que la presente memoria podría contribuir aldesarrollo de estrategias efectivas para la educación sobre elVIH, en cuanto a la prevención de situaciones de riesgo(AU)

Spain continues to be one of the countries with the highest HIV/AIDS incidence rates in Western Europe. The Community of Madrid is the area most affected by the infection, with a total of 17,667 cases of AIDS until December 2008, accounting for 23.9% of the cases recorded on a nation level. The south and north-eastern districts of the aforementioned Community, and especially Usera, Puente de Vallecas, San Blas and Hortaleza, were identified as basic transmission areas with a higher prevalence of cases of vertical transmission. A change was also observed with regard to the migration flow in the different districts of the city, with the districts with the highest numbers of immigrants coinciding with those with the highest recorded prevalence rates of cases of vertically transmitted HIV. The prevalence of cases of vertically transmitted HIV was significantly correlated with the percentage of migrants (p= –0.544; p=0.011), people without degrees (p= 0.487; p= 0.025), un employed women (p= 0.477; p= 0.029) and populations with a low per capitain come (p= –0.508; p= 0.019). Moreover, this leads to the thought that these south and north-eastern districts may also be important areas for the spread of other infectious diseases and, therefore, this report may contribute to the development of effective strategies for HIV education as regards the prevention of risk situations (AU)

[Characterization of urinary tract symptoms and quality of life in patients with double-pig-tailed ureteral stents]. / Evaluación de clínica y calidad de vida con catéteres ureterales de tipo doble pig-tail.

OBJECTIVES: To prospectively assess the prevalence of urinary tract symptoms caused by indwelling ureteral stents and how they affect their quality of life using an specific questionnaire. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 100 patients with unilateral indwelling ureteral stents were asked to complete an specific questionnaire that include questions on urinary symptoms: dysuria, frequency of urination, incomplete empting, urgency, incontinence, haematuria and bother or pain associated with urinary stents affecting the daily activities of the patients. They were also asked to compete International Prostate Symptoms Score questionnaire and a question on quality of life. Pain was assessed from 0 to 10 using a VAS (visual analogic scale). RESULTS: 46 men and 54 women, mean age 54 years, completed the study. Mean time after stent insertion was 6.5 weeks. The cause of the insertion was in 40% due to the size of the stone, previous to ESWL, 33% due to urinary tract obstruction, 25% due to infection, and the others after a surgical procedure. 95% of patients with stent positioning without general anesthesia complaint of pain during the procedure. 89% of patients reported bothersome urinary symptoms, named in order of frequence: nycturia, frequence voiding, incomplete empting, dysuria, urgence, haematuria and incontinence. More than 70% of patients experienced pain that impaired daily activities, in 52% pain was located at the flank and in 47% at the bladder. 60% of patients signalled that they were not satisfied with their quality of life with the indwelling catheter. CONCLUSIONS: Urinary symptoms and pain related to indwelling double pig tailed ureteral stens affect the daily activities and reduces the quality of life of 60% of patients.

Evaluación de clínica y calidad de vida con catéteres ureterales de tipo doble pig-tail / Characterization of urinary tract symptoms and quality of life in patients with double-pig-tailed ureteral stents

Objetivos: Valoración de la prevalencia de la clínica asociada a los catéteres ureterales tipo doble pig-tail y de su impacto en la calidad de vida a través de un cuestionario. Material y métodos: 100 pacientes portadores de doble pig-tail cumplimentaron el cuestionario. Este incluye preguntas sobre clínica urinaria: disuria, polaquiuria, tenesmo, urgencia, incontinencia, hematuria y dolor o malestar provocado por el catéter durante las actividades normales del paciente. También contestaron el tes IPSSy una cuestión sobre la calidad de vida. El dolor se valoró de 1 a 10 mediante una escala visual analógica. Resultados: Se valoró 46 varones y 54 mujeres, con una edad media de 54 años. El tiempo medio de colocación del catéter fue de 6,5 semanas. La colocación se debió en un 40% al tamaño de la litiasis, previo a la litotricia,en un 33% por obstrucción, en un 25% por infección y en el resto fue postquirúrgico. El dolor de la colocación sin anestesia general se produjo en el 95% de los pacientes. En un 89% de los pacientes la presencia del catéter produjo clínica, el orden de frecuencia fue: nicturia, polaquiuria, tenesmo, disuria, urgencia, hematuria e incontinencia. En un 73 % les produjo dolor, en un 52% éste se localizó en el flanco y en el 47% en la vejiga. Un 60% de los pacientes se consideraron insatisfechos con su calidad de vida con el catéter. Conclusiones: La clínica urinaria y el dolor asociados a los catéteres ureterales tipo doble pig-tail interfiere con las actividades de la vida diaria y reduce la calidad de vida en un 60% de los pacientes

Objectives: To prospectively assess the prevalence of urinary tract symptoms caused by indwelling ureteral stents and how they affect their quality of life using an specific questionnaire. Material and methods: A total of 100 patients with unilateral indwelling ureteral stents were asked to completean specific questionnaire that include questions on urinary symptoms: dysuria , frequency of urination, incomplete empting, urgency, incontinence, haematuria and bother or pain associated with urinary stents affecting the daily activities of the patients. They were also asked to compete International Prostate Symptoms Score questionnaire and a question on quality of life. Pain was assessed from 0 to 10 using a VAS (visual analogic scale). Results: 46 men and 54 women, mean age 54 years, completed the study. Mean time after stent insertion was 6.5 weeks. The cause of the insertion was in 40% due to the size of the stone, previous to ESWL, 33% due to urinary tract obstruction, 25% due to infection, and the others after a surgical procedure. 95% of patients with stent positioning without general anesthesia complaint of pain during the procedure. 89% of patients reported bother so meurinary symptoms, named in order of frequence: nycturia, frequence voiding, incomplete empting, dysuria, urgence, haematuria and incontinence. More than 70 % of patients experienced pain that impaired daily activities, in 52% pain was located at the flank and in 47 % at the bladder. 60 % of patients signalled that they were not satisfied with their quality of life with the indwelling catheter. Conclusions: Urinary symptoms and pain related to indwelling double pig tailed ureteral stens affect the daily activities and reduces the quality of life of 60% of patients

[Clinical experience and results of ESWL treatment for 1.000 consecutive patients with the Siemens Lithostar Modularis]. / Lithostar Modularis de Siemens: exposición de los resultados de los 1.000 primeros pacientes.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: We describe the outcome of the treatment of 1.000 consecutive patients treated since may 2000 to december 2003 with Siemens Lithostar Modularis to evaluate the efficacy of this new lithotripter RESULTS: 60.5% male and 39.5% female's patients were treated. Average age of 53.5 years old. 44.1% of the urinary stones were located on the right side and 55.9% on the left. The mean size of the stones was 1.22 +/- 0.74 cm with 59% lesser than 1 cm, 27.6% between 1 and 2 cm and 13.4% bigger than 2 cm. Mean number of sessions required were 1.6. There were differences in the number of sessions related to the size of the lithiasis, 1.3 session in the group of lithiasis smaller than 1 cm and 2.01 sessions in the group bigger than 1 cm. The stones that required less number of sessions were located in the ureter and upper calyx. 71.2% of the patients were stone free after one treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Siemens Lithostar Modularis has the adventages of a great confort of the patient during the procedure, better image because of a very good cuality of the fluoroscopy and the main point is a great comminution of the stone doing very easy the elimination of the fragments achieving a stone free rate of more than 90% in our experience, decreasing the need of auxiliary manoeuvres and the leng of the treatment.

Lithostar Modularis de Siemens: exposición de los resultados de los 1.000 primeros pacientes / Clinical experience and results of ESWL treatment for 1.000 consecutive patients with the Siemens Lithostar Modularis

Pacientes y Métodos: Exponemos los resultados de los 1.000 primeros tratamientos de pacientes con litiasis en el sistema urinario efectuados desde mayo 2000 a diciembre 2003 con Lithostar Modularis de Siemens en un intento de valorar la eficacia de este litotritor de nueva generación. Resultados: 60,5 % varones y 39,5% mujeres. Edad media 53,5 años. La localización de la litiasis: derecha 44,1% e izquierda 55,9%. Tamaño medio de las litiasis 1,22+0,74 cm. El 59 % 2 cm. La media de sesiones fue de 1,6 por paciente, existiendo diferencias en el número de sesiones en cuanto al tamaño, 1,3 en 1 cm, y a la localización, menor número en las litiasis en uréter lumbar y en cáliz superior. La tasa de pacientes libres de litiasis en una sola sesión fue del 71,2%. Conclusiones: las ventajas de este litotritor, además de los adelantos técnicos tanto en comodidad del paciente, localización de la litiasis y mejor calidad de la escopia, se deben sobre todo a su alta eficacia, con una fragmentación de la litiasis en pequeños fragmentos, facilitando su eliminación, consiguiendo una resolución sin restos de litiasis por encima del 90%. Además disminuye la necesidad de maniobras complementarias y acorta el tiempo de tratamiento por la fácil eliminación de los restos fragmentados (AU)

Patients and Methods: We describe the outcome of the treatment of 1.000 consecutive patients treated since may 2000 to december 2003 with Siemens Lithostar Modularis to evaluate the efficacy of this new lithotripter Results: 60.5% male and 39.5% female’s patients were treated. Average age of 53.5 years old. 44.1% of the urinary stones were located on the right side and 55.9% on the left. The mean size of the stones was 1,22+0,74 cm with 59% lesser than 1 cm, 27.6% between 1 and 2 cm and 13.4% bigger than 2 cm. Mean number of sessions required were 1.6. There were differences in the number of sessions related to the size of the lithiasis, 1.3 session in the group of lithiasis smaller than 1 cm and 2.01 sessions in the group bigger than 1 cm. The stones that required less number of sessions were located in the ureter and upper calyx. 71.2% of the patients were stone free after one treatment. Conclusions: Siemens Lithostar Modularis has the adventages of a great confort of the patient during the procedure, better image because of a very good cuality of the fluoroscopy and the main point is a great comminution of the stone doing very easy the elimination of the fragments achieving a stone free rate of more than 90 % in our experience, decreasing the need of auxiliary manoeuvres and the leng of the treatment (AU)

[Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy of urolithiasis in patients with urinary diversion]. / Litotricia extracorpórea en litiasis en pacientes con derivación urinaria.

We evaluate the efficacy of ESWL in the management of calculi in patients with urinary diversion. We treated 5 patients who suffered from urinary lithiasis after urinary diversion post cistectomy. We managed the patients with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in monotherapy with a Siemens Lithostar Modularis device. Mean stone size (long axis) was 1.95 cm (range 1 to 3.5 cm). The mean shockwave number per session was 2.6 per patient. Stone free result was 100%. We conclude that ESWL technique can provide acceptable results in patients with urinary diversion and can be used as first choice treatment in these type of patients due to its minimal morbidity and excellent results, equivalent to those achieved in patients without urinary diversion.

Litotricia extracorpórea en litiasis en pacientes con derivación urinaria / Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy of urolithiasis in patients with urinary diversion

Exponemos nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de litiasis en pacientes con derivación urinaria. Hemos tratado 5 pacientes con litiasis en el tracto urinario superior tras cistectomía y derivación urinaria. El tratamiento se ha hecho con monoterapia por ondas de choque con el litotritor Lithostar Modularis de Siemens. El tamaño medio de las litiasis fue de 1,95 cm (rango 1 a 3,5 cm). El número medio de sesiones ha sido 2,6, con 3961 ondas de choque de media por sesión. Hemos conseguido un 100% de pacientes libres de litiasis, indicando que la litotricia extracorpórea tiene unos buenos resultados en el tratamiento de las litiasis en pacientes con derivación urinaria, siendo el tratamiento de elección en estos pacientes, con muy baja morbilidad y alta eficacia, comparable a los pacientes sin derivación urinaria (AU)

We evaluate the efficacy of ESWL in the management of calculi in patients with urinary diversion. We treated 5 patients who suffered from urinary lithiasis after urinary diversion post cistectomy. We managed the patients with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in monotherapy with a Siemens Lithostar Modularis device. Mean stone size (long axis) was 1.95 cm (range 1 to 3.5 cm). The mean shockwave number per session was 2.6 per patient. Stone free result was 100%. We conclude that ESWL technique can provide acceptable results in patients with urinary diversion and can be used as first choice treatment in these type of patients due to its minimal morbidity and excellent results, equivalent to those achieved in patients without urinary diversion (AU)

[Acute cell rejection in ex vivo model of swine-human renal xenotransplantation]. / Rechazo celular agudo en modelo ex vivo de xenotrasplante renal cerdo-hombre.

OBJECTIVE: Ex vivo perfusion model of pig-to-human kidney xenotransplantation to evaluate human antiporcine xenograft rejection once hyperacute rejection (HAR) is avoided. METHODS: Pig kidneys were perfused for 3 hours with pig blood (group 1; n = 5), human blood (group 2; n = 5), complement heat inactivated human blood (group 3; n = 5), platelet-depleted human blood (group 4; n = 5); and xenoreactive natural antibodies (XNA)-depleted human blood (group 5; n = 5). Tissue samples were studied with immunoperoxidase techniques. RESULTS: Pig kidneys perfused with human blood, group 2, showed HAR with interstitial haemorrhage, vascular thrombi and glomerular injury. Pig kidneys perfused with manipulated human blood (groups 3 to 5) had no histologic evidence of HAR, but showed signs of acute cellular rejection with different degrees of interstitial infiltrate of mononuclear cells, specially in the XNA-depleted group. CONCLUSIONS: The model may be valuable in the isolated evaluation of the elements involved in the pig-to-human xenorejection. The depletion of complement, platelets and XNA protected porcine kidneys form HAR in our study and allowed the development of an acute cellular rejection, a very unusual fact in this short time, 3 hours.

Rechazo celular agudo en modelo ex vivo de xenotrasplante renal cerdo-hombre / Cellular acute rejection pig to human in an ex vivo renal transplant model

OBJETIVOS: Desarrollo de un modelo ex vivo de perfusión de riñones de cerdo con sangre humana, intentando reproducir el xenotrasplante renal cerdo-hombre, para el estudio de las manifestaciones que se producen una vez evitado el rechazo hiperagudo. MÉTODO: Perfusión de los riñones de cerdo durante 3 horas con sangre de cerdo (grupo 1; n=5), sangre humana (grupo 2; n=5), sangre humana decomplementada por calor (grupo 3; n=5), sangre humana deplaquetada por centrifugación (grupo 4; n=5), sangre humana inmuonadsobida con proteína A estafilocócica (grupo 5; n=5). Las piezas se estudian por microscopía óptica e inmunohistoquímica. RESULTADOS: Rechazo hiperagudo con hemorragia difusa, trombosis y lesiones glomerulares en el grupo con sangre humana sin manipular. Ausencia de rechazo hiperagudo en el resto de los grupos: decomplementada, deplaquetada e inmunoadsorbida, con presencia de rechazo celular agudo con diferentes grados de infiltración intersticial de células mononucleares, en especial en el grupo con sangre inmunoadsorbida. CONCLUSIONES: El modelo que permite valorar de forma aislada elementos de la respuesta inmune xenogénica cerdo-hombre. La depleción de complemento, plaquetas y xenoanticuerpos protege a los riñones de cerdo del rechazo hiperagudo, observando por primera vez la presencia de rechazo celular agudo en 3 horas, manifestación que suele precisar para su aparición varios días (AU)