Invasive Phenoprofiling of Acute-Myocardial-Infarction-Related Cardiogenic Shock.

BACKGROUND: Studies had previously identified three cardiogenic shock (CS) phenotypes (cardiac-only, cardiorenal, and cardiometabolic). Therefore, we aimed to understand better the hemodynamic profiles of these phenotypes in acute myocardial infarction-CS (AMI-CS) using pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) data to better understand the AMI-CS heterogeneity. METHODS: We analyzed the PAC data of 309 patients with AMI-CS. The patients were classified by SCAI shock stage, congestion profile, and phenotype. In addition, 24 h hemodynamic PAC data were obtained. RESULTS: We identified three AMI-CS phenotypes: cardiac-only (43.7%), cardiorenal (32.0%), and cardiometabolic (24.3%). The cardiometabolic phenotype had the highest mortality rate (70.7%), followed by the cardiorenal (52.5%) and cardiac-only (33.3%) phenotypes, with significant differences (p < 0.001). Right atrial pressure (p = 0.001) and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (p = 0.01) were higher in the cardiometabolic and cardiorenal phenotypes. Cardiac output, index, power, power index, and cardiac power index normalized by right atrial pressure and left-ventricular stroke work index were lower in the cardiorenal and cardiometabolic than in the cardiac-only phenotypes. We found a hazard ratio (HR) of 2.1 for the cardiorenal and 3.3 for cardiometabolic versus the cardiac-only phenotypes (p < 0.001). Also, multi-organ failure, acute kidney injury, and ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation had a significant HR. Multivariate analysis revealed that CS phenotypes retained significance (p < 0.001) when adjusted for the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography & Interventions score (p = 0.011) and ∆congestion (p = 0.028). These scores independently predicted mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Accurate patient prognosis and treatment strategies are crucial, and phenotyping in AMI-CS can aid in this effort. PAC profiling can provide valuable prognostic information and help design new trials involving AMI-CS.

Doble ruptura miocárdica como complicación mecánica de un infarto agudo / Double myocardial rupture as a mechanical complication of an acute infarction

Resumen Las complicaciones del infarto agudo de miocardio se clasifican en mecánicas, eléctricas, isquémicas, tromboembólicas e inflamatorias; entre las complicaciones mecánicas destaca la ruptura de la pared libre del ventrículo izquierdo, músculos papilares y del septum ventricular, con incidencia menor de 1%, que ha descendido con la introducción de la intervención coronaria percutánea como principal estrategia de reperfusión. Se comunica el caso de una paciente de 64 años de edad, que acudió a urgencias por un cuadro de dolor torácico agudo compatible con síndrome coronario agudo con elevación del segmento ST (SICACEST) y durante su evolución tuvo deterioro clínico, se identificó una doble ruptura miocárdica. Se plantea el abordaje del caso y se revisa la bibliografía, porque una doble ruptura miocárdica corresponde solo a 0.3% de los casos reportados.

Abstract The complications of acute myocardial infarction are classified in mechanical, electrical, ischemic, embolic and inflammatory. The main mechanical complications are free wall rupture, papillary muscle and ventricular septal rupture. Its incidence is less than 1% and has decreased with the introduction of percutaneous coronary intervention as the main reperfusion strategy. This article presents a clinical case of a 64-year-old female that arrived to emergency room with thoracic pain, due to an acute coronary syndrome: ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI); with a clinical deterioration presenting a double myocardial rupture. Clinical approach and bibliographic review are reported, the incidence estimation of this disorder is only 0.3% of the reported clinical cases.

Efecto cardiometabólico de los inhibidores del cotransportador sodio glucosa tipo 2 (SGLT2) / Cardiometabolic effect of inhibitors of sodium glucose cotransporter type 2 (SGLT2)

Resumen: El advenimiento de nuevos fármacos para el tratamiento de los distintos componentes del síndrome metabólico, que por su farmacocinética y farmacodinamia tengan un efecto pleiotrópico, ha tomado auge. Hace poco los inhibidores del cotransportador sodio glucosa tipo 2 (SGLT2) prescritos para el tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus 2 han demostrado tener un efecto protector cardiorrenal. Éstos actúan en el segmento S1 del túbulo proximal disminuyendo la filtración de glucosa e incrementando su excreción urinaria; con efecto glucosúrico y natriurético. Este último es el principal mecanismo de protección cardiovascular. Modelos experimentales y estudios, entre los que destacan el estudio EMPAREG y el programa CANVAS, han demostrado que los inhibidores de SGLT2 permiten disminuir la progresión de la miocardiopatía hipertrófica, fibrosis, remodelamiento, disfunción sistólica e insuficiencia cardiaca, por su efecto en la precarga y poscarga. Los resultados de estos estudios reconocen a este grupo de fármacos (específicamente a la empagliflozina y canagliflozina) como tratamiento de protección cardiovascular en pacientes con diabetes mellitus 2, recomendados actualmente por la FDA, ACC/AHA, la Sociedad Europea de Cardiología y recientemente por la Asociación Americana de Diabetes (ADA) en su reciente publicación de 2018.

Abstract: There is an increase in the use of new drugs for the treatment of the different elements that integrate the metabolic syndrome; that, by their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics have a pleiotropic effect. Recently, the inhibitors of sodium glucose cotransporter type 2 (SGLT2) used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2 have demonstrated a cardio-renal protector effect. They function at the S1 segment of the proximal tube, lowering the filtration of glucose and enhancing its excretion; resulting in a glycosuric and natriuretic effect. This is the main mechanism of cardiovascular protection. Experimental essays and different studies, such as the EMAREG study and the CANVAS program, have established that the inhibitors of SGLT2 reduce the progression of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, fibrosis, cardiac remodeling, systolic dysfunction and heart failure. The results of these studies recognize this group of drugs (empaglifozine and canaglifozine) as a valid treatment for cardiovascular protection in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2, and which is recommended by the FDA, the ACC/AHA, the European Society of Cardiology and the American Diabetes Association (ADA) in its last publication in 2018.

Enfermedad de Castleman multicéntrica en una paciente postrasplantada de médula ósea / Multicentric Castleman's disease in a patient post-transplanted of bone marrow

Resumen La enfermedad de Castleman es un grupo heterogéneo de trastornos linfoproliferativos con dos formas de manifestación: variedad unicéntrica y multicéntrica. En términos histológicos se caracteriza por ganglios linfáticos con hiperplasia del centro germinal y aumento en la vascularidad. Se comunica el caso de una paciente de 70 años de edad con antecedente de trasplante autólogo de células troncales y progenitoras hematopoyéticas, que acudió a consulta por padecer astenia, pérdida de peso, dolor abdominal y disnea de evolución progresiva; a la que se le encontró un tumor retroperitoneal y derrame pleural derecho. Se plantea el abordaje del caso y se revisa la bibliografía, ya que se estima la incidencia en 21-25 casos por un millón de habitantes, sólo 14% de los casos reportados con manifestación retroperitoneal.

Abstract Castleman's disease is a heterogeneous group of lymphoproliferative disorders (LPD'S), which has two types of presentation, unicentric (UCD) and multicentric (MCD) variety. Histologically it is characterized by lymph nodes with hyperplasia of germinal centers and increased vascularity. This article reports the clinical case of a 70-year-old female with previous autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplant. She arrived with asthenia, weight loss, abdominal pain and progressive dyspnea. A retroperitoneal tumor and right pleural effusion were found. Clinical approach and bibliographic review are reported, the incidence estimation for this disorder is 21-25 cases per million population, and only 14% of reported cases had a retroperitoneal presentation.