ABSTRACT
Background: Facial scales are used in the assessment of emotional states. The scales present different numbers of faces to measure the varying levels f intensity of childrens emotional responses. This paper seeks to analyze the whether the subjects are able to match the appropriate descriptors of a degree of anxiety with the corresponding facial image. Method: A sample of 463 children aged 6 to 12 years was taken from the Autonomous Communities of Murcia and the Balearics. Results: Significant differences were obtained among the six-year-olds, M = 2.58 (SD = 0. 85), in the three face scale and M = 2.98 (SD = 1.52) in the five-face scale. From 7 years on, there were no significant differences in the number of correct responses between the two scales. In general, girls scored higher than boys on both the three-face scale (M = 2.89, SD = 0.50 vs. M = 2.75, SD = 0.70) and the five face scale (M = 4.08, SD = 1.41 vs. M = 3.76, SD = 1.56). Conclusion: The three-face scale is more appropriate for the correct matching of descriptors to different degrees of anxiety for children aged 6 to 12 years, whereas the five-face scale is more suited to children over 6 years (AU)
Antecedentes: las escalas faciales son utilizadas para la evaluación de los estados emocionales. Estas escalas presentan un número diferente de caras para medir diferentes niveles de intensidad de la respuesta emocional infantil. El propósito del presente estudio es conocer si los participantes son capaces de hacer coincidir los descriptores vinculados al grado de ansiedad con su correspondiente imagen facial. Método: se reclutó una muestra de 463 niños y niñas de 6 a 12 años de edad procedentes de las comunidades de Murcia e Islas Baleares. Resultados: se obtuvieron diferencias significativas en los participantes de seis años con M= 2.58 (DT= .85) en la escala de tres caras y M= 2.98 (DT= 1.52) en la escala de cinco caras. A partir de los siete años no hay diferencias significativas en los aciertos si utilizan la escala de tres o la de cinco caras.En general, las niñas tienen un mayor acierto que los niños en la escala de tres caras (M= 2.89, DT= .50 y M= 2.75, DT= .70) y en la de cinco (M= 4.08, DT= 1.41 y M= .76, DT= 1.56). Conclusiones: la escala de tres caras es más apropiada para discriminar correctamente descriptores vinculados a diferentes grados de ansiedad por niños de 6 a 12 años, mientras que la escala de cinco caras para niños mayores de seis años (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Manifest Anxiety Scale/standards , Anxiety/diagnosis , Anxiety/psychology , Anxiety Disorders/diagnosis , Anxiety Disorders/psychology , Facial Expression , Expressed Emotion/physiology , Affect/physiologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Facial scales are used in the assessment of emotional states. The scales present different numbers of faces to measure the varying levels of intensity of children's emotional responses. This paper seeks to analyze the whether the subjects are able to match the appropriate descriptors of a degree of anxiety with the corresponding facial image. METHOD: A sample of 463 children aged 6 to 12 years was taken from the Autonomous Communities of Murcia and the Balearics. RESULTS: Significant differences were obtained among the six-year-olds, M = 2.58 ( SD = 0. 85), in the three-face scale and M = 2.98 ( SD = 1.52) in the five-face scale. From 7 years on, there were no significant differences in the number of correct responses between the two scales. In general, girls scored higher than boys on both the three-face scale ( M = 2.89, SD = 0.50 vs. M = 2.75, SD = 0.70) and the five-face scale ( M = 4.08, SD = 1.41 vs. M = 3.76, SD = 1.56). CONCLUSION: The three-face scale is more appropriate for the correct matching of descriptors to different degrees of anxiety for children aged 6 to 12 years, whereas the five-face scale is more suited to children over 6 years.
Subject(s)
Anxiety Disorders/diagnosis , Anxiety/diagnosis , Facial Expression , Psychology, Child , Severity of Illness Index , Visual Analog Scale , Age Factors , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Sampling Studies , Sex Factors , SpainABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To determine the type, frequency and cause of the most frequent hostile behaviors in a sample of nurses in the Balearic Islands and the socio-professional variables involved. METHOD: We performed a cross-sectional descriptive study. The sample was composed of 464 members of the association of nurses of the Balearic Islands (392 women and 49 men). Age ranged from 25 to 65 years (mean: 35.11; SD: 9.62); 368 worked in public institutions and 71 in private centers. The instrument used was the Psychological Mobbing Questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 17.2% of the nurses believed they had experienced mobbing at work (men: 22.4%; women: 14.5%). Significant differences were found according to age, but not according to institution. The most frequent hostile behavior was related to distortion of information, criticism of the purported victim, and lack of professional consideration. The perpetrators of mobbing were mainly, and very significantly, the bosses. CONCLUSIONS: According to these results, one in five nurses in the Balearic Islands has experienced mobbing in the workplace. However, because of the low response rate, caution should be exercised when generalizing these results. Nevertheless, health institutions should bear these findings in mind to ensure standards of behavior that do not jeopardize workers' health and dignity.
Subject(s)
Nursing , Occupational Health , Social Behavior , Adult , Aged , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , SociologyABSTRACT
Objetivo. Determinar tipo, frecuencia y procedencia de conductas hostiles habituales en una muestra de enfermeras de Baleares y las variables socioprofesionales implicadas.Método. Estudio transversal y descriptivo. Muestra constituida por 464 enfermeras y enfermeros colegiadas en la Comunidad Autónoma de les Illes Balears: 392 mujeres y 49 varones. Edad situada entre 25 y 65 años (media: 35,11 y desviación típica = 9,62). Trabajaban en instituciones públicas 368 y en privadas 71. Instrumento utilizado: Cuestionario de Hostigamiento Psicológico-HPT.Resultados. El 17,2% de las enfermeras encuestadas se percibe hostigada psicológicamente en el trabajo (varones: 22,4%; mujeres: 14,5%). Aparecen diferencias muy significativas según la edad, pero no según la institución. Los comportamientos hostiles más frecuentes se refieren a distorsiones en la información, críticas hacia la supuesta víctima y falta de consideración profesional. Estas conductas proceden mayoritariamente y de forma muy significativa de los jefes.Conclusiones. Los resultados muestran que 1 de cada 5 enfermeras de Baleares se percibe hostigada. Sin embargo,la baja tasa de respuesta obliga a ser cautos en la generalización. Aun así, consideramos que son datos que hay que tener en cuenta por parte de las instituciones sanitarias para que los órganos de prevención aseguren uncomportamiento que proteja la salud y dignidad de los trabajadores
Objective. To determine the type, frequency and cause of the most frequent hostile behaviors in a sample of nurses in the Balearic Islands and the socio-professional variables involved. Method. We performed a cross-sectional descriptive study. The sample was composed of 464 members of the association of nurses of the Balearic Islands (392 women and 49 men). Age ranged from 25 to 65 years (mean: 35.11; SD: 9.62); 368 worked in public institutions and 71 in private centers. The instrument used was the Psychological Mobbing Questionnaire. Results. A total of 17.2% of the nurses believed they had experienced mobbing at work (men: 22.4%; women: 14.5%). Significant differences were found according to age, but not according to institution. The most frequent hostile behavior was related to distortion of information, criticism of the purported victim, and lack of professional consideration. The perpetrators of mobbing were mainly, and very significantly, the bosses. Conclusions. According to these results, one in five nurses in the Balearic Islands has experienced mobbing in the workplace. However, because of the low response rate, caution should be exercised when generalizing these results. Nevertheless, health institutions should bear these findings in mind to ensure standards of behavior that do not jeopardize workers health and dignity
